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Animals
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Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Infection and/or Disease Progression in Cattle
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Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Infection and/or Disease Progression in Cattle

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Cattle".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 12627

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Steven Van Winden

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Farm Animal Health and Production, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
Interests: cattle; dairy disease; pathophysiology; epidemiology; population; prevention
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease in cattle is an increasing global concern in both the beef and dairy sector. The mainly faeco-oral spread of the causative agent Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis (MAP) between and within farms varies substantially, according to the biosecurity practices in place. With the development of more sensitive testing, such as the phage technology, it has come to light that possibly on farms with the pathogen present many more cattle have been exposed to the pathogen than initially was considered.

Exposure, however, does not always result in the development of paratuberculosis, and associated increase of spread to the next generation of hosts. Identifying the stressor or conditions leading up to the progression of disease may therefore be of specific interest to control the spread of MAP.

The overall aim of this special issue is to further our understanding on the factors associated with infection, facilitating disease progression, as well as factors that allow infected cows spreading the pathogen. We are therefore inviting papers presenting original research that is advancing our understanding of paratuberculosis in cattle. This could include studies into molecular, cellular, and animal level furthering our knowledge on MAP infection, progression and spread, as well as work at their impact on population level being welcome in this special issue.

Dr. Steven Van Winden
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • cattle
  • paratuberculosis
  • infection
  • progression
  • spread
  • population

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1058 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Supplementation of Copper Modulates the Functional Th1/Th2 Phenotype of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Cattle
by Michaela Bunting, Bethan Challice, Amanda Gibson and Steven van Winden
Animals 2021, 11(9), 2739; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11092739 - 19 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2056
Abstract
This study investigated the association of copper levels and monocyte plasticity between M1 (CD14+ CD16−) and M2 (CD14− CD16++) phenotypes. Five samples of female bovine PBMCs were incubated in 0, 4, 8 and 16 μM copper and [...] Read more.
This study investigated the association of copper levels and monocyte plasticity between M1 (CD14+ CD16−) and M2 (CD14− CD16++) phenotypes. Five samples of female bovine PBMCs were incubated in 0, 4, 8 and 16 μM copper and stimulated (PPD-A, TLR- 2 ligand (Pam3CSK4), or media alone) before they were washed and stained for cell surface expression analysis by flow cytometry. M1 function was measured through nitric oxide production using a Griess assay. Flow cytometry analysis showed a significant reduction in viability with increased copper (p < 0.001). Increasing copper had a significant impact on CD14 expression (p = 0.026) and in cows older than 4 years copper levels positively affected CD14 expression (p = 0.001), whereas in animals of four years or younger, Cu did not affect the CD14 expression (p = 0.701 and 0.939, respectively). CD14 expression affected both CD16 expression and NO production. For CD16 expression, there was a further significant negative effect of copper levels in cows older than 4 years, NO was not affected by varying copper levels. In our small sample, monocytes in the presence of a higher copper environment showed a stronger M1 support for better cellular immunity which might contain intracellular infections more effectively. To test this, a randomised clinical trial will be required to determine whether copper supplementation could prevent progression to Johne’s disease in MAP infected cows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Infection and/or Disease Progression in Cattle)
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19 pages, 7407 KiB  
Article
Factors Associated with the Introduction of Mycobacterium avium spp. Paratuberculosis (MAP) into Dairy Herds in Galicia (North-West Spain): The Perception of Experts
by Francisco Javier Villaamil, Eduardo Yus, Bibiana Benavides, Alberto Allepuz, Sebastián Jesús Moya, Jordi Casal, Carmelo Ortega and Francisco Javier Diéguez
Animals 2021, 11(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010166 - 12 Jan 2021
Viewed by 2591
Abstract
This study aimed at quantifying expert opinions on the risk factors involved in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle herds. For this purpose, potential risk factors associated with the introduction of MAP into dairies were chosen based on a literature [...] Read more.
This study aimed at quantifying expert opinions on the risk factors involved in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle herds. For this purpose, potential risk factors associated with the introduction of MAP into dairies were chosen based on a literature review and discussions with researchers and veterinarians. For each factor, a decision tree was developed, and key questions were included in each. Answers to these key questions led to different events within each decision tree. An expert opinion workshop was organized (following the recommendations of the OIE), and ordinal values ranging from 0 to 9 (i.e., a null to very high likelihood of infection) were assigned to each event. The potential risk factors were also incorporated into a structured questionnaire that was responded to by 93 farms where the sanitary status against MAP was known. Thereby, based on the values given by the experts and the information collected in the questionnaires, each farm was assigned a score based on their MAP entry risk. From these scores (contrast variable) and using a ROC curve, the cut-off that best discriminated MAP-positive and -negative farms was estimated. The most important risk factors for the introduction of MAP, according to expert opinions, involved purchase and grazing practices related to animals under six months of age. The scores obtained for each farm, also based on the expert opinions, allowed MAP positive/MAP negative farms to be discriminated with 68.8% sensitivity and 68.7% specificity. These data should be useful for focusing future training initiatives and improving risk-reduction strategies in the dairy industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Infection and/or Disease Progression in Cattle)
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11 pages, 257 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Acute-Phase Protein Response Associated with the Different Pathological Forms of Bovine Paratuberculosis
by José Espinosa, Rubén de la Morena, Julio Benavides, Carlos García-Pariente, Miguel Fernández, Miguel Tesouro, Noive Arteche, Raquel Vallejo, M. Carmen Ferreras and Valentín Pérez
Animals 2020, 10(10), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101925 - 20 Oct 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2896
Abstract
In this study, the concentrations of two acute-phase proteins (APPs), haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), were quantitatively assessed in serum samples from cattle naturally infected with paratuberculosis (PTB). APP profiles were compared across 190 animals classified according to the different pathological [...] Read more.
In this study, the concentrations of two acute-phase proteins (APPs), haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), were quantitatively assessed in serum samples from cattle naturally infected with paratuberculosis (PTB). APP profiles were compared across 190 animals classified according to the different pathological forms associated with infection: uninfected (n = 59), with focal lesions (n = 73), multifocal lesions (n = 19), and diffuse paucibacillary (n = 11) and diffuse multibacillary lesions (n = 28). Our results showed a significant increase in both APPs in infected animals compared to the control group, with differences depending on the type of lesion. Hp and SAA levels were increased significantly in all infected animals, except in cows with diffuse multibacillary lesions that showed similar values to non-infected animals. The expression pattern of both APPs was similar and negatively correlated with the antibody levels against PTB. These results indicate that the release of Hp and SAA is related to the presence of PTB lesions associated with a high cell-mediated immune response and a lower bacterial load, suggesting that the pro-inflammatory cytokines that are associated with these forms are the main stimulus for their synthesis. These molecules could show some potential to be used as putative biomarkers of PTB infection, particularly for the identification of subclinical animals showing pathological forms related to latency or resistance to the development of advanced lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Infection and/or Disease Progression in Cattle)

Review

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11 pages, 826 KiB  
Review
Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis: A Disease Burden on the Dairy Industry
by Mary Garvey
Animals 2020, 10(10), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101773 - 1 Oct 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4173
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease in cows, having economic impacts on the dairy industry and a prevalence rate exceeding 50% in dairy herds. The economic burden of Johne’s disease relates to decreased milk production and costs of disease [...] Read more.
Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis is responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease in cows, having economic impacts on the dairy industry and a prevalence rate exceeding 50% in dairy herds. The economic burden of Johne’s disease relates to decreased milk production and costs of disease prevention, treatment, and management, while having an economic impact on dairy producers, processors, consumers, and stakeholders of the dairy industry. Determining the true economic impact of the disease is difficult at regional and farm level as symptoms are not evident in subclinically infected animals. At present, the virulence, pathogenicity, persistence, and infectious dose of M. avium paratuberculosis are poorly understood, consequently effective paratuberculosis control measures remain obscure. M. avium paratuberculosis is potentially zoonotic with foodborne transmission a public health risk due to a possible causative link with inflammatory bowel disease in humans. A preventive approach is necessary to reduce the presence of this drug-resistant pathogen in dairy herds and subsequently dairy food. The use of inefficient diagnostic tests coupled with the long latency period of infection results in delayed animal culling and trade of asymptomatic animals, leading to regional transmission and increased disease prevalence. To date, there has been limited success at controlling and treating this terminal endemic disease, leading to significant prevalence rates. This study aims to outline the key factors associated with Johne’s’ disease while outlining its significant impact on the dairy sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis Infection and/or Disease Progression in Cattle)
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