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Animals
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Animal Health: Bone Metabolism and Development
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Animal Health: Bone Metabolism and Development

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Physiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 18479

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marek Bienko

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Guest Editor
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Interests: bone physiology; animal physiology; densitometry; toxicology; biomechanics; environmental ‎threats
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Radosław P. Radzki

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Guest Editor
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ‎Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Interests: animal physiology; bone physiology; computed tomography; endocrinology; biomechanics; oxidative ‎stress; obesity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bones, as metabolically active structures, play a number of important functions in the body. Bone tissue development begins in the neonatal period, and its metabolic activity is sustained throughout life. During this time, bone tissue undergoes continuous reconstruction, which concerns the size and shape of the bone, as well as its internal spatial structure. The structure and composition of bone tissue reflect the balance between its two main functions: providing mechanical integrity for locomotion and protection, and participation in metabolic pathways related to mineral homeostasis. Normal bone formation is a long-term process that is carefully regulated and involves the sequential expression of growth-regulating factors. It involves complex interrelationships between cellular, molecular, and systemic components. It should also be remembered that the skeletal system undergoes a continuous reconstruction consisting of a balanced reaction of resorption and deposition of minerals in accordance with mechanical and molecular influences. The correctness of all these processes is a prerequisite for maintaining the skeletal system in good condition.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to present the latest research and reviews on bone metabolism and development, taking into account the effects of hormonal, metabolic, mineral, environmental, and nutritional factors that can modify bone health.

Dr. Marek Bienko
Prof. Dr. Radosław P. Radzki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Animals is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bone metabolism and development
  • bone remodeling, bone mechanical resistance
  • metabolic diseases
  • densitometry (DXA)
  • tomography (pQCT)

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 2096 KiB  
Article
Profile of Selected Mineral Elements in Tibiotarsal Bone of the White-Tailed Sea Eagle in Its Natural Habitat
by Jakub J. Ruszkowski, Anetta Hanć, Marcin Komosa, Małgorzata Dzierzęcka, Tadeusz Mizera, Maciej Gogulski and Anita Zaworska-Zakrzewska
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2744; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202744 - 13 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1862
Abstract
Mineral bone composition (dry matter, bones ash, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, Mg, and Cu) and Pb levels of tibiotarsi of seven White-Tailed Sea Eagles were assessed. Lead intoxication in different bird species including waterfowl and raptors is being studied worldwide. The bones were [...] Read more.
Mineral bone composition (dry matter, bones ash, P, Ca, Zn, Mn, Mg, and Cu) and Pb levels of tibiotarsi of seven White-Tailed Sea Eagles were assessed. Lead intoxication in different bird species including waterfowl and raptors is being studied worldwide. The bones were analyzed for Pb by mass spectrometry with excitation in inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS Elan DRC II) and for bone composition by Atomic Emission Spectrometer (Agilent 4100 Microwave Plasma). Pb levels ranging from 3.54 µg/g to 74.6 µg/g DM suggest that some of the investigated birds might have been intoxicated by Pb. Results of this analysis were divided into two groups of bones, with bone Pb levels higher and lower than Pb toxicity levels, and mineral bone compositions of both groups were compared. The present study shows the differentiation of bone mineral composition among seven examined White-Tailed Sea Eagles, considered a specific species in raptors. Pb intoxication may not have a major influence on mineral bone composition in raptors. It also suggests that assessing bone composition of raptor bones may help finding the possible cause of their deaths. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health: Bone Metabolism and Development)
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12 pages, 25903 KiB  
Article
Osteotropic Effect of Parenteral Obesity in Programmed Male Rats Fed a Calorically Differentiated Diet during Growth and Development
by Radoslaw Piotr Radzki, Marek Bienko, Dariusz Wolski, Pawel Polak, Kinga Topolska and Mateusz Wereszczynski
Animals 2022, 12(18), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182314 - 6 Sep 2022
Viewed by 1280
Abstract
The experiment was undertaken to assess whether the continuation or change of the parents’ diet affects the previously programmed bone metabolism of the male offspring during its growth and development. A total of 16 male and 32 female Wistar rats were divided into [...] Read more.
The experiment was undertaken to assess whether the continuation or change of the parents’ diet affects the previously programmed bone metabolism of the male offspring during its growth and development. A total of 16 male and 32 female Wistar rats were divided into groups and fed a standard (diet S) or high-energy (diet F). After the induction of obesity, the rats from groups S and F, as the parent generation, were used to obtain male offspring, which were kept with their mothers until the weaning day (21 days of age). In our earlier study, we documented the programming effects of the diet used in parents on the skeletal system of offspring measured on the weaning day. Weaned male offspring constitute one control group—parents and offspring fed the S diet. There were three experimental groups, where: parents received diet S and offspring were fed with the F diet; parents were treated with the diet F, while offspring received the S diet; and parents and offspring were fed with the diet F. The analyses were performed at 49 and 90 days of life. After sacrifice, cleaned-off soft tissue femora were assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and a three-point bending test. We observed that changing and continuation of nutrition, applied previously in parents, significantly influenced the metabolism of the bone tissue in male offspring, and the osteotropic effects differed, depending on the character of the nutrition modification and age. Additionally, an important conclusion of our study, regarding the previous, is that nutrition modification, affecting the metabolism of bone tissue, also depends on the sex. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health: Bone Metabolism and Development)
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16 pages, 2870 KiB  
Article
When Incorporated into Fruit Sorbet Matrix, Are the Fructans in Natural Raw Materials More Beneficial for Bone Health than Commercial Formulation Added Alone?
by Kinga Topolska, Marek Bienko, Paweł Ptaszek, Adam Florkiewicz, Radoslaw P. Radzki and Agnieszka Filipiak-Florkiewicz
Animals 2022, 12(9), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12091134 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1718
Abstract
We assessed the extent to which fructans from various sources and added in various forms (raw materials in diet alone or incorporated into a strawberry matrix) differ in their effectiveness towards selected parameters related to bone health under calcium hypoalimentation in growing female [...] Read more.
We assessed the extent to which fructans from various sources and added in various forms (raw materials in diet alone or incorporated into a strawberry matrix) differ in their effectiveness towards selected parameters related to bone health under calcium hypoalimentation in growing female Wistar rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of selected parameters involved in calcium metabolism, in response to a 12-week restriction of Ca intake: serum ions (Ca, Mg, P); the activity of alkaline phosphatase—using a BS 120 analyzer; the markers of bone turnover (osteocalcin, CTX; using a Rat-MidTMOsteocalcinEIA Kit and RatLapsTMEIA, respectively); and the bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD), using a Norland Excell Plus Densitometer. Among the examined markers, the CTX concentration increased dramatically under calcium hypoalimentation. The presence of Jerusalem artichoke (independently of the form of addition) and yacon root powder (with strawberry sorbet matrix) in the rats’ diet led to a significantly lower CTX concentration than was observed in the low-calcium control group. The type of fructan influenced the bone mass content. When fructan was added to the low-calcium diet as an ingredient of sorbet, it exerted more pronounced effects on the biochemical parameters of bone metabolism than when added alone, in the growing-female-rat model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health: Bone Metabolism and Development)
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14 pages, 1939 KiB  
Article
Expression of Renal Vitamin D and Phosphatonin-Related Genes in a Sheep Model of Osteoporosis
by Keren E. Dittmer, Anastasia Chernyavtseva, Jonathan C. Marshall, Diana Cabrera, Frances M. Wolber and Marlena Kruger
Animals 2022, 12(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010067 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a significant public health issue around the world, with post-menopausal osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency resulting in approximately ¾ of cases. In this study, 18 aged Merino ewes were ovariectomized, and 10 were controls. Three of the ovariectomized ewes were treated [...] Read more.
Osteoporosis is a significant public health issue around the world, with post-menopausal osteoporosis due to estrogen deficiency resulting in approximately ¾ of cases. In this study, 18 aged Merino ewes were ovariectomized, and 10 were controls. Three of the ovariectomized ewes were treated weekly with 400 mg of methylprednisolone for 5 months and three were treated weekly for 2 months, followed by a 3-month recovery period. At 2 months, five control animals and six ovariectomized animals were euthanized. At 5 months, all the remaining ewes were euthanized. Kidney samples were collected postmortem for qPCR analysis of NPT1, PTH1R, NPT2a, NPT2c, Klotho, FGFR1IIIc, VDR, CYP24A1, CYP27B1, TRPV5, TRPV6, CalD9k, CalD28k, PMCA and NCX1. Ovariectomized sheep had significantly greater VDR expression compared with other groups. Ovariectomized sheep treated with glucocorticoids for 2 months followed by euthanasia at 5 months showed significant differences in TRPV5, CYP24A1 and klotho gene expression compared to other groups. Differences in klotho expression were most marked after adjustment for repeated measures (p = 0.1). Klotho is known as the “anti-aging” hormone and is involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Klotho may be involved in the recovery of bone mineral density in ovariectomized sheep treated with glucocorticoids for 2 months followed by euthanasia at 5 months. Further research on the role of klotho is recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health: Bone Metabolism and Development)
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Review

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22 pages, 1950 KiB  
Review
Structural and Metabolic Changes in Bone
by Agata Wawrzyniak and Krzysztof Balawender
Animals 2022, 12(15), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151946 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 10081
Abstract
As an essential component of the skeleton, bone tissue provides solid support for the body and protects vital organs. Bone tissue is a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can be released or stored in a controlled manner to provide constant [...] Read more.
As an essential component of the skeleton, bone tissue provides solid support for the body and protects vital organs. Bone tissue is a reservoir of calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can be released or stored in a controlled manner to provide constant concentration in body fluids. Normally, bone development or osteogenesis occurs through two ossification processes (intra-articular and intra-chondral), but the first produces woven bone, which is quickly replaced by stronger lamellar bone. Contrary to commonly held misconceptions, bone is a relatively dynamic organ that undergoes significant turnover compared to other organs in the body. Bone metabolism is a dynamic process that involves simultaneous bone formation and resorption, controlled by numerous factors. Bone metabolism comprises the key actions. Skeletal mass, structure, and quality are accrued and maintained throughout life, and the anabolic and catabolic actions are mostly balanced due to the tight regulation of the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This activity is also provided by circulating hormones and cytokines. Bone tissue remodeling processes are regulated by various biologically active substances secreted by bone tissue cells, namely RANK, RANKL, MMP-1, MMP-9, or type 1 collagen. Bone-derived factors (BDF) influence bone function and metabolism, and pathophysiological conditions lead to bone dysfunction. This work aims to analyze and evaluate the current literature on various local and systemic factors or immune system interactions that can affect bone metabolism and its impairments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health: Bone Metabolism and Development)
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