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Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens

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A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Welfare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 26729

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Dr. Claire A. Weeks

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Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
Interests: welfare assessment; transport; poultry; housing systems; markets; knowledge exchange; farm animal welfare
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

Overall global consumption of eggs continues to rise, but at the same time, there is an increasing demand for non-cage production systems, which are perceived by consumers to offer improved laying hen welfare. The concern for hen welfare is driving voluntary or legal bans on the practice of beak-trimming in many countries. Major egg procurement companies such as global restaurant chains and retailers have pledged to go cage-free by 2025. The ethics of producing and then killing male chicks at hatching are also under scrutiny, driving new technologies such as in ovo sexing. It is increasingly recognised that rearing is a key stage, laying the foundations for subsequent behaviour, production, health, and welfare.

We invite original research papers that consider the behaviour and welfare of laying hens at all stages of production. Those which address the challenges of keeping hens in loose-housed (non-cage) systems are encouraged, particularly for countries which have little experience of large-scale, non-cage production.

Dr. Claire A. Weeks
Guest Editor

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Keywords

laying hens
behaviour
welfare
pullets
rearing
keel damage
non-cage systems
injurious pecking
beak trimming
housing systems

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Consumers Value Welfare and Environmental Attributes in Egg Production Similarly in Fresh Eggs and Prepared Meals?

by Maurice Doyon, Stéphane Bergeron, Laure Saulais, Marie-Ève Labonté and Véronique Provencher

Animals 2023, 13(3), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030324 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Food items are increasingly chosen based on sustainability attributes as the public is becoming increasingly aware of the environmental and animal welfare impacts of production systems, in addition to the traditional consideration for nutrition. Although surveys have been used to investigate the demand for these attributes in unprocessed products, little information exists on how these attributes impact consumer preferences in the case of processed products or prepared meals. This study uses a stated preference survey to examine Quebec (Canada) consumers’ preferences for eggs from four production systems with different impacts on animal welfare and on the environment. We compare the respondents’ choices of fresh eggs and two prepared meals that contain eggs. Furthermore, we examine the shift in choices following information treatments on animal welfare, nutrition, or environmental impact attributes. Results indicate that respondents choose eggs from more sustainable production systems more frequently when included in prepared meals than in their unprocessed form. The provision of information led participants to update prior beliefs and revise their initial choices, especially for animal welfare attributes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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13 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Plumage Condition of Three Egg-Laying Poultry Genotypes Housed in Non-Cage Systems

by Zofia Sokołowicz, Magdalena Dykiel, Jadwiga Topczewska, Józefa Krawczyk and Anna Augustyńska-Prejsnar

Animals 2023, 13(2), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13020185 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1761

Abstract

The study covered a total of 810 hens in 3 groups (housing systems) of 270 hens each. The plumage condition of laying hens raised in various types of alternative housing systems, i.e., in deep litter (B), free-range (FR), and organic systems (O), was assessed at 20, 36, and 56 weeks of age. The indoor stocking density was 6 hens/m². The study included hens of the native Green-legged Partridge breed (Z-11), Rhode Island Red (R-11) hens covered by a genetic resource protection program, and hybrids of Hy-Line Brown. The plumage of the head, neck, back, tail, and abdomen was assessed on a 5-point scale. The assessment of individual hens' plumage was calculated as the sum of the scores of the head, neck, back, tail and abdomen and could range from 0 (no cover) to 20 points (full plumage). The type of alternative housing system implemented and the age of the laying hens had an effect on the plumage status of all body parts assessed (p < 0.05), while the genotype had an effect on the condition of the neck, back, and tail plumage (p < 0.05). In both the FR and O systems, the plumage status was similar and superior to that in B (p < 0.05). As the age of the birds increased, the condition of the hens' plumage deteriorated. The better state of the plumage in FR and O than in B may indicate improved levels of welfare in housing systems with access to outside runs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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14 pages, 2420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Stocking Rate and Environmental Enrichment on the Ontogeny of Pecking Behavior of Laying Hen Pullets Confined in Aviary Compartments during the First 4 Weeks of Life

by Angela Schwarzer, Michael Erhard, Paul Schmidt, Miriam Zismann and Helen Louton

Animals 2022, 12(19), 2639; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192639 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1699

Abstract

The objective of this study was to describe the ontogeny of the severe feather pecking (SFP), gentle feather pecking (GFP), aggressive pecking (AP), and enrichment pecking (EP) of non-beak-trimmed Lohmann Brown (LB)-pullets during the first 4 weeks of life (observation on 1st, 8th, 15th, 22nd, and 29th days of life) while they were kept within the compartments of a commercial rearing aviary (without access to a litter area). All chicks were placed into compartments of the middle tier of the aviary on the 1st day of life. On the 10th day of life, half of the chicks of each compartment were moved into the compartments of the lower tier. The aviary floor was covered with chick paper before the placement of the chicks and fully or partially removed from the 15th day of life onwards. The pecking behavior patterns were observed in three experimental groups (EG): NE (not enriched): group size until/after 10th day of life: 230/115; 120.8/60.4 birds/m², no enrichment; EL (enriched, low stocking rate): group size until/after 10th day of life: 203/101, 106.6/53.6 birds/m²; and EH (enriched, high stocking rate): group size until/after 10th day of life: 230/115;120.8/60.4 birds/m², both pecking stones and blocks as enrichment) in two rearing periods. For each pecking behavior pattern, an independent regression model with the parameters EG, chick paper, observation day, and functional area was estimated. GFP, SFP, and EP increased with age during the observation. The AP rate was highest in all EGs on the first day of life and decreased during the observation period. A pairwise comparison of NE (high stocking rate without enrichment) with EH (high stocking rate with enrichment and with EL (low stocking rate with enrichment) showed a significant effect of the EG on pecking behavior, with more SFP, AP, and GFP in NE. There were no differences between EL and EH, indicating that the provision of pecking materials had more influence than the stocking rate. However, we presumed that the difference between the stocking rates were too small to observe an effect. AP, SFP, and GFP were significantly higher on wired slats, as compared to the perches and the vicinity of the enrichment materials. The enrichment materials were suitable and intensely used by the pullets. The provision of pecking blocks and pecking stones was recommended as a preventive measure from the first day of life onwards for pullets housed in commercial rearing aviaries. There was no effect of reduced stocking rate, most likely due to the low variation in stocking rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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14 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Increased Freedom of Movement on Welfare and Egg Laying Pattern of Hens Kept in Aviaries

by Eleonora Nannoni, Giovanni Buonaiuto, Giovanna Martelli, Gabriele Lizzi, Giacomo Trevisani, Gloria Garavini and Luca Sardi

Animals 2022, 12(18), 2307; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182307 - 6 Sep 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2848

Abstract

This work investigates the effects of structural modifications on the welfare level and laying patterns of hens in a three-tier commercial aviary system. Four experimental groups were used: C (control, housed in a traditional aviary); LM (longitudinal movement, in which internal partitions were removed); VM (vertical movement, in which ramps were installed); and FM (freedom of movement, both LM and VM modifications). Hens showed worse body condition scores (p < 0.05) in all the modified aviaries, while plumage condition was improved in FM but worsened in VM (p < 0.05). No significant effect was observed on egg deposition patterns, egg quality or keel bone damage. When ramps were available (VM and FM groups), hens reduced the number of flights and increased the number of walks from 0.52 to 7.7% of the displacements on average (p < 0.05). Apart from some feather pecking concerns in VM (likely due to overcrowding in some favourite aviary areas), LM and FM seemed to facilitate animal movement and promote species–specific behaviour. It is concluded that hen welfare in aviary systems can be improved by means of tailored structural modifications. Producers may therefore adopt some of these modifications (providing ramps and/or removing vertical barriers) to enhance the welfare of hens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

15 pages, 1819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing Environmental Complexity by Providing Different Types of Litter and Perches during Early Rearing Boosts Coping Abilities in Domestic Fowl Chicks

by Franco Nicolas Nazar, Lena Skånberg, Kirste McCrea and Linda Jane Keeling

Animals 2022, 12(15), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151969 - 3 Aug 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2582

Abstract

Early experience of a complex environment can improve biologically relevant traits related to coping abilities. However, the mechanisms underlying these positive effects have not been well explored. We hypothesized that giving chicks possibilities to express choices within relevant resources could be an important part of the mechanism, as well as a novel way to increase environmental complexity. In a balanced design, laying hen hatchlings of the white hybrid Bovans Robust were reared in a “single-choice” environment (single litter and perch type) or a “multi-choice” environment (four different litter and perch types). Immunological and behavioral indicators of chicks’ coping abilities were explored in this experimental study at three weeks of age. Chicks from “multi-choice” environments had shorter durations of tonic immobility, lower heterophil/lymphocyte ratios, higher natural antibody concentrations, and were more successful in gaining novel food rewards in a repeated opportunity test. These results imply that chicks having access to variation within resource types were less fearful, experienced less chronic stress, would be more able to cope with pathogenic challenges, and potentially had an improved learning ability. To conclude, the more complex environment, achieved by increasing chicks’ possibilities to choose, seemed to make chicks better prepared for potential challenges, boosting their adaptive capacities and their ability to make the most of opportunities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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16 pages, 2843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Hard Pecking Enrichment during Rear on Feather Cover, Feather Pecking Behaviour and Beak Length in Beak-Trimmed and Intact-Beak Laying Hen Pullets

by Paula Elizabeth Baker, Christine Janet Nicol and Claire Alexandra Weeks

Animals 2022, 12(6), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12060674 - 8 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3131

Abstract

Injurious pecking, commonly controlled by beak trimming (BT), is a widespread issue in laying hens associated with thwarted foraging. This controlled study compared the effect in intact and beak-trimmed pullets of providing pecking pans to eight treatment flocks from six weeks of age. Flocks (mean size 6843) comprised eight British Blacktail, six Lohmann Brown and two Bovans Brown. All young birds (6–7 weeks) pecked more frequently at the pecking pans (mean 40.4) than older pullets (mean 26.0, 23.3 pecks/bird/min at 10–11 weeks and 14–15 weeks, respectively) (p < 0.005). There was no effect on feather pecking or plumage cover. Mean side-beak length and mean top-beak lengths were shorter in treatment flocks at 6–7 weeks and 10–11 weeks (p < 0.001). Intact-beak treatment flocks had shorter mean side-beak length at 10–11 weeks (p < 0.001) and at 14–15 weeks (p < 0.05) and mean top-beak length at 6–7 weeks (p < 0.05) and at 10–11 weeks (p < 0.05). BT treatment flocks had shorter side-beak and top-beak lengths at 6–7 weeks and at 10–11 weeks (p < 0.001). Beak lengths showed linear growth, with individual bird variation indicating a potential for genetic selection. The study demonstrated that abrasive material can reduce beak length in pullets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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18 pages, 2689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Yamenah Gómez, John Berezowski, Yandy Abreu Jorge, Sabine G. Gebhardt-Henrich, Sabine Vögeli, Ariane Stratmann, Michael Jeffrey Toscano and Bernhard Voelkl

Animals 2022, 12(5), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050555 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2601

Abstract

We explored the relationship between social associations and individual activity patterns in domestic hens. Out of 1420 laying hens, 421 hens were equipped with RFID tags attached to RFID-specific leg bands (leg bands from Company Roxan, Selkirk, Scotland) to continuously track their change in location across four different areas (one indoor and three outdoor areas). Using a combination of social network analysis for quantifying social relationships and dynamic time warping for characterizing the movement patterns of hens, we found that hens were consistent in their individual variation in temporal activity and maintained stable social relationships in terms of preferred association partners. In addition to being consistent, social associations correlated with movement patterns and this correlation strengthened over the period of observation, suggesting that the animals aligned their activity patterns with those of their social affiliates. These results demonstrate the importance of social relationships when considering the expression of individual behaviour. Notably, differences in temporal patterns emerge despite rather homogeneous rearing conditions, same environment, and low genetic diversity. Thus, while variation in behavioural phenotypes can be observed across isolated individuals, this study shows that the social environment within a group can shape and enhance variation in general movement patterns of individual animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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11 pages, 1974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Morphology of Adrenal Glands in Hens Kept in Two Different Housing Systems—A Pilot Study

by Franziska Keßler, Angelika Grümpel-Schlüter, Christian Looft and Stefanie Petow

Animals 2021, 11(7), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072124 - 17 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3678

Abstract

It is difficult to objectively assess the chronic effects of housing systems on livestock and particularly on laying hens. However, this seems to be important in the context of animal welfare. Therefore, we conducted the present study in order to compare the effect of two different housing conditions, single cage (SC) and floor pen (FP), on the morphology of the adrenal gland. A higher amount of interrenal cells, which secrete stress hormones, can lead to a difference in the relation of adrenal and interrenal cells, which could be interpreted as an indication of chronic stress. For this purpose, adrenal glands were extracted, prepared, stained and examined by microscopy, and total area of the cut, total area of interrenal cells and total area of adrenal cells were measured. As a result, all laying hens had a higher percentage of interrenal cells than adrenal cells (FP: interrenal cells/adrenal cells = 78.37%/21.63%; SC: 80.00%/20.00%). The median of adrenal–interrenal ratio did not differ significantly (FP = 0.2503, SC = 0.2499), while the variation of the ratio between laying hens in FP and SC showed a slight tendency of a higher ratio in adrenal glands of FP (p < 0.0870). Body weight and adrenal–interrenal ratio were significantly negatively correlated in laying hens in FP (r_S = −0.943, p < 0.0048) but not in SC (r_S = −0.162, p = 0.7283). There was no significant correlation between body weight and total cell area for interrenal cells or adrenal cells. Body weight was significantly lower for laying hens kept in SC than for laying hens kept in FP (p < 0.0001). Due to the present results, it can be concluded that keeping laying hens in single cages can have a negative effect on body weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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Review

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19 pages, 2880 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Understory Production Systems to Improve Laying Hen Welfare

by Shaocong Yan, Chenyujing Yang, Lei Zhu and Yongji Xue

Animals 2022, 12(17), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12172305 - 5 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3852

Abstract

The welfare of laying hens in cage systems is of increasing concern. Represented by the European Union’s ‘End the Cage Age’ initiative, more and more countries have advocated cage-free farming. China, an important country for poultry farming and consumption in the world, is highly dependent on cage systems and lacks confidence in alternative (e.g., free-range) systems. In this context, using China’s abundant woodland resources (including natural forests, plantations, and commercial forests) to facilitate the management of laying hens in a free-range environment may provide highly promising welfare improvement programs. On the basis of the Five Freedoms, we assess the welfare status of understory laying hen management systems with reference to the behavioural needs and preferences of laying hens and the EU standards for free-range and organic production (highest animal welfare standards in the world). The results show that the considered systems meet or even exceed these standards, in terms of key indicators such as outdoor and indoor stocking density, outdoor activity time, and food and drug use. Specifically, the systems provide sufficient organic food for laying hens without using antibiotics. They allow laying hens to avoid beak trimming, as well as to express nesting, foraging, perching, reproductive, dustbathing and other priority behaviours. The presence of roosters and higher use of woodland space allow the laying hens to achieve better feather and bone conditions, thus reducing stress and fear damage. Notably, the predation problem is not yet considered significant. Second, there is evidence that understory laying hen systems are profitable and have been welcomed and supported by farmers and governments in the southwest, south, and north of China. However, whether it can be scaled up is uncertain, and further research is needed. In addition, laying hens in this management system face various risks, such as foot injury, parasitism, and high dependence on consumer markets, which must be considered. Overall, agro-forestry, or accurately, understory poultry raising, provides opportunities and possibilities for free-range laying hens and welfare improvement in China and other countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviour and Welfare of Laying Hens)

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