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12 pages, 2591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mass Balance Studies of Robenidine Hydrochloride in the Body of Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

by Lei Zhang, Xiangxuan Du, Xiaohui Ai and Yongtao Liu

Animals 2023, 13(23), 3745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13233745 - 4 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1219 | Correction

Abstract

This study aims to determine the mass balance of robenidine hydrochloride (ROBH) in the body of Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). ROBH was administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg; following drug administration, the water samples were collected at predetermined time [...] Read more.

This study aims to determine the mass balance of robenidine hydrochloride (ROBH) in the body of Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). ROBH was administered orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg; following drug administration, the water samples were collected at predetermined time points (12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, and 168 h), the experimental fish were executed after the water samples were obtained at 168 h, and the tissue samples were collected separately from the bones. The water and tissue samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) for concentrations of ROBH and its potential major metabolites, 4-chlorohippuric acid (PCHA) and 4-chlorobenzoic acid (PCBA). The tissue samples were prepared using a modified QuEChERS procedure; the water samples were prepared using a liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) procedure. The results show that the recovery rate of ROBH in fish is very low, less than 2% of the total amount of the drug, and the recovery in water can reach 80.7% of the total amount of the drug. The content of PCBA accounted for 42.4% of the total amount of the drug; the content of ROBH accounted for 38.3% of the total amount of the drug. The content of PCHA accounted for less than 1% of the total amount of the drug. The results show that, after a single administration, ROBH is rapidly metabolized in vivo and excreted in the form of ROBH as well as metabolite PCBA. ROBH and PCBA can be used as the main targets for the metabolism detection of ROBH in Channel catfish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Aquatic Animals)

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15 pages, 9295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tissue Distributions and Toxic Effects of Hexavalent Chromium in Laboratory-Exposed Periwinkle (Littorina littorea Linnaeus)

by Olufemi S. Salami, Joseph A. Adeyemi, Toluwase S. Olawuyi, Fernando Barbosa, Jr. and Chris O. Adedire

Animals 2023, 13(21), 3412; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213412 - 3 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1373

Abstract

The increased use of hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) in various industrial applications has contributed to its elevated levels in the environment, especially the aquatic environment. Thus, there is the potential for accumulation of Cr⁶⁺ in the tissues of aquatic organisms and [...] Read more.

The increased use of hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) in various industrial applications has contributed to its elevated levels in the environment, especially the aquatic environment. Thus, there is the potential for accumulation of Cr⁶⁺ in the tissues of aquatic organisms and consequent toxic effects. The toxic effects of Cr⁶⁺ in aquatic organisms have been widely reported; however, little is known about the patterns of tissue accumulation of Cr⁶⁺ and its toxicity in aquatic mollusks. Thus, the present study investigated the effects of Cr⁶⁺ exposure on the tissue distribution, proximate composition, and histopathology of an aquatic mollusk, periwinkle (Littorina littorea). The animals were exposed to sublethal concentrations of Cr⁶⁺ (0.42, 0.84, and 4.2 mg/L) for 30 days, after which the condition index, tissue accumulation, proximate composition, and histopathological effects were determined. The control animals were maintained in a medium that did not contain Cr⁶⁺ (0 mg/L). The condition index did not differ significantly among the groups. The levels of Cr⁶⁺ in the tissues differed significantly among the different tissue types while there was no significant effect of the exposure concentration, except in the foot tissue. The proximate parameters (protein, carbohydrates, lipid, crude fiber, and moisture contents) differed significantly among the groups. The protein contents of the exposed animals were significantly lower than those of the control animals and the histological architecture of the major organs was altered in the chromium-exposed animals. The findings from this study indicate a low potential of L. littorea to bioaccumulate Cr⁶⁺ in its tissues at the low exposure concentrations tested in this study; as such, its consumption may not pose any serious health risks to humans. However, changes in the proximate composition and histological architecture of the exposed L. littorea show that Cr⁶⁺ is potentially toxic to periwinkles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 3754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of Withdrawal Interval for Enrofloxacin in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) after Multiple Oral Administrations at Disparate Temperatures

by Ning Xu, Weiyu Sun, Huan Zhang, Zhi Li, Bo Cheng, Yongzhen Ding and Xiaohui Ai

Animals 2023, 13(16), 2568; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13162568 - 9 Aug 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1156

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to investigate the residue depletion of EF and CF in yellow catfish to estimate its WTs in plasma and tissues after multiple oral doses for 3 days at 20 mg/kg at 15, 20, and 25 °C. [...] Read more.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the residue depletion of EF and CF in yellow catfish to estimate its WTs in plasma and tissues after multiple oral doses for 3 days at 20 mg/kg at 15, 20, and 25 °C. Samples were collected at pre-designed time points after oral doses. A validated method was performed to quantify EF and CF in plasma and tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography. Statistical differences were conducted using one-way ANOVA analysis. According to the maximum residue limit of China and Europe considering 95% percentile with 95% confidence, the WTs were estimated to be 44, 72, 66, 99, and 95 days at 15 °C; 32, 66, 65, 86, and 73 days at 20 °C; and 32, 61, 64, 55, and 59 days at 25 °C in the plasma, muscle and skin, gill, liver, and kidney, respectively. We found that increased temperature shortened the WTs in plasma and tissues. Therefore, this study can help the risk assessment of EF in aquatic products for human health at different temperatures to avoid residue violation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Aquatic Animals)

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13 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Residue Depletion Profile and Estimation of Withdrawal Period for Sulfadimethoxine and Ormetoprim in Edible Tissues of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) on Medicated Feed

by Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas, Carlos Augusto Alvarenga da Mota Júnior, Marina Alves Damaceno, Juliana Grell Fernandes Silveira, Ana Carolina Vellosa Portela, Sarah Chagas Campanharo, Agnaldo Fernando Baldo da Silva, Inácio Mateus Assane, Fabiana Pilarski, James Jacob Sasanya and Jonas Augusto Rizzato Paschoal

Animals 2023, 13(15), 2499; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152499 - 3 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2096

Abstract

Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) are antimicrobials used in combination to treat bacterial infections in fish farming. The use of this drug combination is not yet regulated in some countries, such as Brazil. Due to the lack of regulated drugs for aquaculture in [...] Read more.

Sulfadimethoxine (SDM) and ormetoprim (OMP) are antimicrobials used in combination to treat bacterial infections in fish farming. The use of this drug combination is not yet regulated in some countries, such as Brazil. Due to the lack of regulated drugs for aquaculture in Brazil, this study investigated the residue depletion profile of SDM and OMP in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) after oral administration. Fish were treated with medicated feed containing a 5:1 ratio of SDM:OMP at the dose of 50 mg kg BW⁻¹ for five consecutive days with an average water temperature of 28 °C. The drugs were incorporated into the feed by using a gelatin coating process which promoted homogeneity in drug concentration and prevented the drug leaching into the water during medication. The SDM and OMP determination in fish fillets (muscle plus skin in natural proportions) was performed using the QuEChERS approach followed by LC-MS/MS quantification. The analytical method was validated according to Brazilian and selected international guidelines. A withdrawal period of 9 days (or 252 °C days) was estimated for the sum of SDM and OMP residues at concentration levels below the maximum residue level of 100 µg kg⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Aquatic Animals)

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10 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine ¹⁴C in Lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus)

by Patrícia Alexandre Evangelista, Felipe Machado de Oliveira Lourenço, Darmin Chakma, Chironjit Kumar Shaha, Almamy Konate, Rodrigo Floriano Pimpinato, Helder Louvandini and Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo

Animals 2023, 13(15), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13152464 - 30 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

Antibiotics are present in the environment, primarily due to their release through wastewater treatment plants, agricultural practices, and improper disposal of unused medications. In the environment, these drugs can be bioaccumulated by organisms and transferred along the food chain. This is a problem [...] Read more.

Antibiotics are present in the environment, primarily due to their release through wastewater treatment plants, agricultural practices, and improper disposal of unused medications. In the environment, these drugs can be bioaccumulated by organisms and transferred along the food chain. This is a problem when considering the consumption of fish meat. In the United States, legislation stipulates that the maximum residue limit for sulfadiazine (SDZ) should not exceed 100 μg kg⁻¹. Lambari fishes have potential economic importance in aquaculture, as they are relatively easy to breed and can be raised in small-scale operations. Finally, studying the biology and ecology of lambari could provide valuable information about freshwater ecosystems and their inhabitants. The current work aimed to measure the bioaccumulation and depletion of the antibiotic SDZ ¹⁴C in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus). For this purpose, the tests were divided into two stages; seven days of exposure and seven days of depletion, where one fish was randomly selected and sampled every day. In the exposure phase, the fish were fed the medicated feed three times a day at a concentration of 2.5 mg·g⁻¹. The control fish were fed uncontaminated feed. For the depletion phase, the remaining lambari were transferred to clean tanks and fed uncontaminated feed three times a day. The fish samples were burned in the Oxidizer and the reading of radioactivity was performed in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. It is worth noting that on day 7 and day 14, the water in the aquariums was filtered through filter paper to collect the metabolic excrement. SDZ concentrations increased over the days and accumulation occurred in the fish, with day seven presenting the maximum accumulation value of 91.7 ng·g⁻¹ due to feeding uptake. After the depletion phase on day 13, the value found was 0.83 ng·g⁻¹. The bioconcentration factor calculated was 20 L·kg⁻¹. After the bioaccumulation period, the concentrations of SDZ in the water and excreta were 4.5 µg·L⁻¹ and 363.5 ng·g⁻¹, respectively. In the depletion period, the concentrations in the water and excreta were 0.01 µg·L⁻¹ and 5.96 ng·g⁻¹, respectively. These results imply that there was little SDZ bioaccumulation in the fish, but that it was distributed in larger amounts in the water. This is due to the physicochemical properties of the molecule with the low Log P value. Regarding the maximum residue limit, the value was below the established value. This study contributes to understanding SDZ dynamics in an aquatic species native to Brazil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Aquatic Animals)

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11 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Temperature on Plasma Protein Binding Ratios (PPBRs) of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Yellow Catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides)

by Ning Xu, Weiyu Sun, Huan Zhang, Zhi Li, Xiangzhong Luo, Xiaohui Ai, Yongzhen Ding and Bo Cheng

Animals 2023, 13(11), 1749; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13111749 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1409

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the PPBRs of EF and CF in the plasma of yellow catfish, grass carp, and largemouth bass at different temperatures with different concentrations. A fast and simple ultrafiltration method was used to determine the PPBRs [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to investigate the PPBRs of EF and CF in the plasma of yellow catfish, grass carp, and largemouth bass at different temperatures with different concentrations. A fast and simple ultrafiltration method was used to determine the PPBRs of EF and CF. Results showed that PPBRs of EF decreased from 37.71% to 9.66%, from 46.10% to 13.52%, and from 43.90% to 4.36% in the plasma of yellow catfish with the increase of concentration from 15 to 25 °C. The same trends of PPBRs of EF were presented in the plasma of grass carp and largemouth bass. In comparison to the data at the same concentration of EF at disparate temperatures, the PPBRs of EF at a concentration of 1 µg/mL increased from 37.71% to 46.10% and then decreased to 43.90% in the plasma of yellow catfish with elevated temperature from 15 to 25 °C. There is no obvious regularity with the rise of temperature, and the same phenomenon also were found in other concentrations and species. Meanwhile, the PPBRs of CF also decreased in the three species with the rise in concentration. Under the consistent concentration, the temperature-dependent regularities were not found in the PPBRs of CF. Overall, the increased concentration reduced the PPBRs of EF and CF in the plasma of three fish species, and the alteration in temperature only has a certain effect on the PPBRs of EF and CF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Aquatic Animals)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

13 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessReview

Concepts on Accumulation of Pesticides and Veterinary Drugs in Fish: A Review with Emphasis in Tilapia

by Claudio Martín Jonsson and Sonia Claudia do Nascimento de Queiroz

Animals 2023, 13(17), 2748; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13172748 - 29 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1812

Abstract

The quality of the aquatic environment can be compromised by the practice of intensive use of pesticides in agriculture and by the misuse of veterinary drugs. Therefore, organisms that live in aquatic ecosystems may be affected due to the presence of these chemicals, [...] Read more.

The quality of the aquatic environment can be compromised by the practice of intensive use of pesticides in agriculture and by the misuse of veterinary drugs. Therefore, organisms that live in aquatic ecosystems may be affected due to the presence of these chemicals, through runoff, leaching and other processes. Exposure of aquatic organisms to these xenobiotics could pose health risks. Consequently, there is a growing interest in predicting the bioaccumulation of these substances in aquatic biota from experiments conducted under laboratory conditions. Studies on fish have been performed due to its importance as human food and their wide distribution in most of the aquatic environment. Thus, this article reviews the concepts on determining the accumulation of pesticides and veterinary drugs in fish. The risk regarding the consumption of fish containing residues of these chemical agents, the acceptable daily intake, the testing protocols and the analytical techniques used to determine the residues of these substances in fish tissues are discussed. An emphasis on studies involving tilapia as the test organism was included because, according to Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), this species is one of the most cultivated in the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Aquatic Animals)

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