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10 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Overlooked Issue of Outpatient Combination Antibiotic Prescribing in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: An Example from Syria

by Ana Tomas and Saleh Aljadeeah

Antibiotics 2022, 11(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010074 - 9 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2308

Abstract

This study aimed to determine and describe the prevalence of combination antibiotics dispensed in outpatients with health insurance in Syria. Data on all dispensed medicines between June 2018 and May 2019 for 81,314 adults were obtained, and medicines belonging to the J01 group [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine and describe the prevalence of combination antibiotics dispensed in outpatients with health insurance in Syria. Data on all dispensed medicines between June 2018 and May 2019 for 81,314 adults were obtained, and medicines belonging to the J01 group of the World Health Organization (WHO) anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC) were included in the analysis. Prescriptions were stratified according to the number of antibiotics, age, and sex. Antibiotic utilization was expressed as the number of prescriptions per 1000 persons per year. Out of 59,404 prescriptions for antibiotics, 14.98% contained antibiotic combinations, distributed to 22.49% of the patients. The prevalence of dispensing antibiotic combinations was higher in female patients (23.00%), and the youngest (18–30 years, 26.19%) and oldest age groups (>70 years, 25.19%). The antibiotics most commonly combined were co-amoxiclav, second- and third-generation cephalosporins, and macrolides. Over 60% of the combinations contained ceftriaxone alone or in combination with sulbactam. The present study shows an alarmingly widespread prescription of antibiotic combinations, posing a risk to global health by promoting resistance development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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10 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Inappropriate Prescribing and Utilization of Caspofungin, a Four-Year Analysis at a Teaching Hospital in Saudi Arabia

by Abdulwahab Aldrees, Leen Ghonem, Fahad Almajid, Mazin Barry, Ahmed Mayet and Abdulellah M. Almohaya

Antibiotics 2021, 10(12), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10121498 - 7 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2258

Abstract

The appropriate use of antimicrobial agents improves clinical outcomes and reduces antimicrobial resistance. Nevertheless, data on inappropriate prescription and negative outcomes are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to assess the prescription appropriateness of Caspofungin at a tertiary teaching hospital in Saudi [...] Read more.

The appropriate use of antimicrobial agents improves clinical outcomes and reduces antimicrobial resistance. Nevertheless, data on inappropriate prescription and negative outcomes are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to assess the prescription appropriateness of Caspofungin at a tertiary teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia and the impact on mortality at 30 days. A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who received Caspofungin from May 2015 to December 2019 to obtain prescription information and culture and susceptibility tests. The appropriateness of the dosage (ApD), initiation time (ApI), agent selection (ApS), and duration of therapy (ApDUR) was evaluated based on recommendations of the infectious diseases society of America. 355 eligible patients who received 3458 Caspofungin doses were identified. Their median age was 54 years (range 18–96). Overall, 270 (76.1%) patients received empirical prescriptions, of which 74.4% had the appropriate dose, and 56.3% had received it for more than five days, despite no proven Candida infection. This was not influenced by past medical history (p = 0.394). Only 39% of patients who received definitive prescriptions met all four study criteria for appropriate prescription. Therefore, antimicrobial stewardship programs can improve the appropriate utilization of antifungal therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

11 pages, 1416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic Consumption and Its Relationship with Bacterial Resistance Profiles in ESKAPE Pathogens in a Peruvian Hospital

by Giancarlo Pérez-Lazo, Susan Abarca-Salazar, Renata Lovón, Rocío Rojas, José Ballena-López, Adriana Morales-Moreno, Wilfredo Flores-Paredes, Berenice Arenas-Ramírez and Luis Ricardo Illescas

Antibiotics 2021, 10(10), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101221 - 8 Oct 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3097

Abstract

A descriptive design was carried out studying the correlation between antimicrobial consumption and resistance profiles of ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) in a Peruvian hospital, including the [...] Read more.

A descriptive design was carried out studying the correlation between antimicrobial consumption and resistance profiles of ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) in a Peruvian hospital, including the surgical, clinical areas and the intensive care unit (ICU) during the time period between 2015 and 2018. There was a significant correlation between using ceftazidime and the increase of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolations (R = 0.97; p < 0.05) and the resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam in Enterobacter spp. and ciprofloxacin usage (R = 0.97; p < 0.05) in the medical wards. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam and amikacin in the intensive care unit (ICU) had a significant reduction from 2015 to 2018 (67% vs. 28.6%, 65% vs. 34.9%, p < 0.001). These findings give valuable information about the rates and dynamics in the relationship between antibiotic usage and antimicrobial resistance patterns in a Peruvian hospital and reinforce the need for continuous support and assessment of antimicrobial stewardship strategies, including microbiological indicators and antimicrobial consumption patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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11 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic Use for Febrile Illness among Under-5 Children in Bangladesh: A Nationally Representative Sample Survey

by Nora Samir, Md. Zakiul Hassan, Md. Abdullah Al Jubayer Biswas, Fahmida Chowdhury, Zubair Akhtar, Raghu Lingam, Sayera Banu and Nusrat Homaira

Antibiotics 2021, 10(10), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101153 - 24 Sep 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3361

Abstract

Fever in children under five years of age is a common and predominantly self-limiting sign of illness. However, in low- and middle-income countries, antibiotics are frequently used in febrile children, although these children may not benefit from antibiotics. In this study, we explored [...] Read more.

Fever in children under five years of age is a common and predominantly self-limiting sign of illness. However, in low- and middle-income countries, antibiotics are frequently used in febrile children, although these children may not benefit from antibiotics. In this study, we explored the prevalence of, and factors associated with, antibiotic use in children under five years old with febrile illness in Bangladesh. We analysed data from the 2017–2018 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey to determine the prevalence of antibiotic use in children under five years of age with a febrile illness. We used a causal graph and performed a multivariable logistical regression to identify the factors associated with antibiotic use in children under five years old with febrile illness in Bangladesh. Of the 2784 children aged less than five years with fever included in our analysis, 478 (17%, 95% CI 15% to 19%) received antibiotics. Unqualified sources, including unqualified providers and pharmacies, contributed to 60% of antibiotic prescriptions in children with fever, followed by the private medical sector (29%) and the public sector (23%). The highest use of antibiotics was found in children under six months of age (25%). Children with parents who completed secondary or higher education were more likely to receive antibiotics (adjusted OR (aOR): 2.61 (95% CI 1.63 to 4.16)) than children whose parents did not complete primary education. Educational interventions promoting rational use of antibiotics and improved regulations governing over the counter purchase of antibiotics in Bangladesh may improve antibiotic dispensing practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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20 pages, 1069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Public Health Literacy, Knowledge, and Awareness Regarding Antibiotic Use and Antimicrobial Resistance during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Suhaib M. Muflih, Sayer Al-Azzam, Reema A. Karasneh, Barbara R. Conway and Mamoon A. Aldeyab

Antibiotics 2021, 10(9), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10091107 - 13 Sep 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6767

Abstract

Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) organisms pose a global threat to modern medicine, which has grown as a result of irrational antibiotic use and misuse. This study aimed to assess general public knowledge in Jordan and awareness of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. [...] Read more.

Multi-drug-resistant (MDR) organisms pose a global threat to modern medicine, which has grown as a result of irrational antibiotic use and misuse. This study aimed to assess general public knowledge in Jordan and awareness of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study was carried out utilizing the WHO multicountry public awareness survey. The study population was composed mainly of social media users, and a total of 1213 participants completed the online survey. According to the findings, more than half of the participants were well versed in antibiotic use and resistance. Those with adequate health literacy were found to better understand antibiotics (OR = 1.37, p = 0.017) and antibiotic resistance (OR = 1.46, p = 0.003). The vast majority (88.5%) recognized at least one antibiotic resistance term; however, 53.2% believed that antibiotic resistance is a problem in other nations. The participants in this study reported using antibiotics incorrectly, believing that they were treating sore throats, colds, and flu. The participants were well aware of antibiotic resistance solutions and their consequences on health. Age, education, health literacy, and antibiotic knowledge were found to be substantially (p < 0.05) associated with greater awareness of antibiotic resistance. The findings highlight the need for antimicrobial resistance education campaigns, health literacy, and antibiotic stewardship initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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23 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Stewardship Activities in Public Healthcare Facilities in South Africa: A Baseline for Future Direction

by Deirdré Engler, Johanna Catharina Meyer, Natalie Schellack, Amanj Kurdi and Brian Godman

Antibiotics 2021, 10(8), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080996 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6320

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem worldwide, including South Africa, where an AMR National Strategy Framework was implemented to instigate antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) and improve antimicrobial prescribing across sectors. To address the need to assess progress, a sequential mixed methodology with [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing problem worldwide, including South Africa, where an AMR National Strategy Framework was implemented to instigate antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASPs) and improve antimicrobial prescribing across sectors. To address the need to assess progress, a sequential mixed methodology with an explanatory research design was employed. In Phase 1, a self-administered questionnaire was completed by healthcare professionals (HCPs) from 26 public sector healthcare facilities across South Africa to assess compliance with the Framework. The results were explored in Phase 2 through 10 focus group discussions and two in-depth interviews, including 83 participants. Emerging themes indicated that public healthcare facilities across South Africa are facing many challenges, especially at entry level primary healthcare (PHC) facilities, where antimicrobial stewardship activities and ASPs are not yet fully implemented. Improved diagnostics and surveillance data are a major shortcoming at these facilities. Continuous education for HCPs is deficient, especially for the majority of prescribers at PHC level and health campaigns are nearly non-existent. Involvement and visibility of management at certain facilities is a serious shortfall. Consequently, it is important to call attention to the challenges faced with improving antimicrobial prescribing across countries and address these to reduce AMR, especially in PHC facilities, being the first point of access to healthcare for the vast majority of patients in developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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9 pages, 619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance in China: A Panel Data Analysis

by Xuemei Zhen, Jingchunyu Chen, Xueshan Sun, Qiang Sun, Shasha Guo and Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg

Antibiotics 2021, 10(8), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080994 - 17 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3452

Abstract

The relationship between socioeconomic factors and antibiotic resistance (ABR) prevalence remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association between ABR prevalence and socioeconomic factors across 30 provinces in mainland China. We used two measures of [...] Read more.

The relationship between socioeconomic factors and antibiotic resistance (ABR) prevalence remains a knowledge gap in China. In this study, our aim was to examine the association between ABR prevalence and socioeconomic factors across 30 provinces in mainland China. We used two measures of level of ABR: the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (3GCREC), and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (3GCRKP), and the aggregate resistance. The data of ABR prevalence, education, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditure, physician density, hospital bed density, and public toilet density during 2014 and 2018 in 30 provinces in mainland China were included. We examined the association between ABR prevalence and potential contributing socioeconomic factors using panel data modeling. In addition, we explored this relationship in the eastern, central, and western economic zones. Our results indicated that GDP per capita was significantly positively correlated with ABR in mainland China and the eastern economic zone; however, significantly positive associations did not exist in the central and western economic zones. Surprisingly, both higher GDP per capita and higher OOP health expenditure were associated with a higher level of MRSA, but a lower level of 3GCREC; higher physician density was associated with a lower level of MRSA, but a higher level of 3GCREC. In addition, ABR prevalence presented a decline trend during 2014 and 2018. Our study showed the potential associ-ations between resistance and GDP per capita, OOP health expenditure, physician density. It high-lights that the social and economic determinants can be of importance in tacking the development and spread of ABR in mainland China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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10 pages, 480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Information Available to and Used by Physicians on Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance in Jordan

by Reema A. Karasneh, Sayer I. Al-Azzam, Mera A. Ababneh, Iman A. Basheti, Ola Al-Azzeh, Sarah Al Sharie, Barbara R. Conway and Mamoon A. Aldeyab

Antibiotics 2021, 10(8), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10080963 - 11 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3586

Abstract

Evidence based information sources for physicians are needed for informed antibiotic prescribing practices. The aim of this study was to explore physicians’ preferred sources of information and evaluate physicians’ awareness of available information and initiatives on prudent antibiotic prescribing in Jordan. A cross-sectional [...] Read more.

Evidence based information sources for physicians are needed for informed antibiotic prescribing practices. The aim of this study was to explore physicians’ preferred sources of information and evaluate physicians’ awareness of available information and initiatives on prudent antibiotic prescribing in Jordan. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing an online questionnaire and included physicians (n = 409) from all sectors and specialties in Jordan. Published guidelines (31.8%), the workplace (25.7%), colleagues or peers (20.0%), group or conference training (18.3%), and the medical professional body (18.1%) were the main sources of information about avoiding unnecessary antibiotic prescribing, with the influence of these sources on changing prescribers’ views being 34.7%, 17.1%, 11%, 13.4%, and 7.6%, respectively. One-third of physicians (33.7%) reported no knowledge of any initiatives on antibiotic awareness and resistance. Regarding awareness of national action plans on antimicrobial resistance, 10.5%, 34%, and 55.5% of physicians were aware, unaware, and unsure of the presence of any national action plans, respectively. Physicians showed interest in receiving more information on resistance to antibiotics (58.9%), how to use antibiotics (42.2%), medical conditions for which antibiotics are used (41.3%), prescribing of antibiotics (35.2%), and links between the health of humans, animals, and the environment (19.8%). The findings can inform interventions needed to design effective antimicrobial stewardship, enabling physicians to prescribe antibiotics appropriately. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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13 pages, 281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prescribers’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviors on Antibiotics, Antibiotic Use and Antibiotic Resistance in Jordan

by Reema A. Karasneh, Sayer I. Al-Azzam, Mera Ababneh, Ola Al-Azzeh, Ola B. Al-Batayneh, Suhaib M. Muflih, Mohammad Khasawneh, Abdo-Rahman M. Khassawneh, Yousef S. Khader, Barbara R. Conway and Mamoon A. Aldeyab

Antibiotics 2021, 10(7), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070858 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4685

Abstract

More research is needed on the drivers of irrational antibiotic prescribing among healthcare professionals and to ensure effective prescribing and an adequate understanding of the issue of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed at evaluating prescribers’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about antibiotic use and [...] Read more.

More research is needed on the drivers of irrational antibiotic prescribing among healthcare professionals and to ensure effective prescribing and an adequate understanding of the issue of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed at evaluating prescribers’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing an online questionnaire and included physicians and dentists from all sectors in Jordan. A total of 613 prescribers were included (physicians n = 409, dentists n = 204). Respondents’ knowledge on effective use, unnecessary use or associated side effects of antibiotics was high (>90%), compared with their knowledge on the spread of antibiotic resistance (62.2%). For ease of access to the required guidelines on managing infections, and to materials that advise on prudent antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, prescribers agreed in 62% and 46.1% of cases, respectively. 28.4% of respondents had prescribed antibiotics when they would have preferred not to do so more than once a day or more than once a week. Among respondents who prescribed antibiotics, 63.4% would never or rarely give out resources on prudent use of antibiotics for infections. The findings are of importance to inform antibiotic stewardships about relevant interventions aimed at changing prescribers’ behaviors and improving antibiotic prescribing practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

10 pages, 1223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiogram Development in the Setting of a High Frequency of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia

by Brenna M. Roth, Alexandra Laps, Kaunda Yamba, Emily L. Heil, J. Kristie Johnson, Kristen Stafford, Lottie M. Hachaambwa, Mox Kalumbi, Lloyd Mulenga, Devang M. Patel and Cassidy W. Claassen

Antibiotics 2021, 10(7), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070782 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 15566

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge requiring reliable surveillance data collection and use. Prior studies on resistance in Zambia depended on laboratory methods with limited standardization. Since 2015, the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) microbiology laboratory has used the Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux, Inc., [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global challenge requiring reliable surveillance data collection and use. Prior studies on resistance in Zambia depended on laboratory methods with limited standardization. Since 2015, the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) microbiology laboratory has used the Vitek 2 Compact (bioMerieux, Inc., Marcy-l’Étoile, France) for standardized identification and susceptibility testing. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2019 bacterial isolates collected from July 2015 to April 2017 to identify bacterial causes of infections, their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics at UTH, and develop hospital antibiograms with a multidisciplinary team using World Health Organization guidance. We found high levels of antibiotic resistance among Gram negative bacteria. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were highly resistant to all antibiotics except amikacin and carbapenems. E. coli had susceptibilities of 42.4% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 41.4% to ceftriaxone, 40.2% to ciprofloxacin, and 10.4% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX). K. pneumoniae had susceptibilities of 20.7% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 15.6% to ceftriaxone, 48.5% to ciprofloxacin, and 12.3% to TMP/SMX. The high resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins indicates high rates of beta-lactamase production. This is information that clinicians need to inform clinical decision making and choice of empiric antibiotics and that UTH requires to inform antimicrobial stewardship such as improvements in antibiotic use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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14 pages, 1337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Clinical Use of Ceftriaxone among In-Patients in Selected Health Facilities in Uganda

by Paul Kutyabami, Edson Ireeta Munanura, Rajab Kalidi, Sulah Balikuna, Margaret Ndagire, Bruhan Kaggwa, Winnie Nambatya, Pakoyo Fadhiru Kamba, Allan Musiimenta, Diana Nakitto Kesi, Victoria Nambasa, Allan Serwanga and Helen Byomire Ndagije

Antibiotics 2021, 10(7), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070779 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4181

Abstract

Ceftriaxone has a high propensity for misuse because of its high rate of utilization. In this study, we aimed at assessing the appropriateness of the clinical utilization of ceftriaxone in nine health facilities in Uganda. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) Drug Use [...] Read more.

Ceftriaxone has a high propensity for misuse because of its high rate of utilization. In this study, we aimed at assessing the appropriateness of the clinical utilization of ceftriaxone in nine health facilities in Uganda. Using the World Health Organization (WHO) Drug Use Evaluation indicators, we reviewed a systematic sample of 885 patients’ treatment records selected over a three (3)-month period. Our results showed that prescriptions were written mostly by medical officers at 53.3% (470/882). Ceftriaxone was prescribed mainly for surgical prophylaxis at 25.3% (154/609), respiratory tract infections at 17% (104/609), and sepsis at 11% (67/609), as well as for non-recommended indications such as malaria at 7% (43/609) and anemia at 8% (49/609). Ceftriaxone was mostly prescribed once daily (92.3%; 817/885), as a 2 g dose (50.1%; 443/885), and for 5 days (41%; 363/885). The average score of inappropriate use of ceftriaxone in the eight indicators was 32.1%. Only 58.3% (516/885) of the ceftriaxone doses prescribed were administered to completion. Complete blood count and culture and sensitivity testing rates were 38.8% (343/885) and 1.13% (10/885), respectively. Over 85.4% (756/885) of the patients improved and were discharged. Factors associated with appropriate ceftriaxone use were gender, pregnancy status, days of hospitalization, health facility level of care, health facility type, and type of prescriber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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9 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions of Antibiotic Use and Resistance: Are Antibiotics the Dentists’ Anxiolytics?

by Julie Dormoy, Marc-Olivier Vuillemin, Silvia Rossi, Jean-Marc Boivin and Julie Guillet

Antibiotics 2021, 10(6), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060735 - 17 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2953

Abstract

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. The aim of this study was to explore dentists’ perceptions of antibiotic resistance. Methods: A qualitative method was used. Seventeen dentists practising in the Nancy (Lorraine, France) region were surveyed. They were general practitioners or [...] Read more.

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global health crisis. The aim of this study was to explore dentists’ perceptions of antibiotic resistance. Methods: A qualitative method was used. Seventeen dentists practising in the Nancy (Lorraine, France) region were surveyed. They were general practitioners or specialised in oral surgery, implantology, or periodontology. The practitioners took part in semi-structured interviews between September 2019 and July 2020. All of the interviews were transcribed in full and analysed thematically. Results: Four major themes have been selected: attitudes of the dentists in regard to the guidelines, clinical factors that influence prescriptions, non-clinical factors that influence prescriptions, and the perception of antibiotic resistance. The dentists stated that they were very concerned regarding the public health issue of antibiotic resistance. However, they often prescribe according to their own interests and habits rather than according to the relevant guidelines. Conclusions: Although dentists are generally well aware of antibiotic resistance, they often do not adequately appreciate the link between their prescribing habits and the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance. Regular updating of practitioners’ knowledge in this regard is necessary, but patients and the general public should also be made more aware of the issue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

12 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of the Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic on National Antimicrobial Consumption in Jordan

by Sayer Al-Azzam, Nizar Mahmoud Mhaidat, Hayaa A. Banat, Mohammad Alfaour, Dana Samih Ahmad, Arno Muller, Adi Al-Nuseirat, Elizabeth A. Lattyak, Barbara R. Conway and Mamoon A. Aldeyab

Antibiotics 2021, 10(6), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060690 - 9 Jun 2021

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4894

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overlapping clinical characteristics with bacterial respiratory tract infection, leading to the prescription of potentially unnecessary antibiotics. This study aimed at measuring changes and patterns of national antimicrobial use for one year preceding and one year during the COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overlapping clinical characteristics with bacterial respiratory tract infection, leading to the prescription of potentially unnecessary antibiotics. This study aimed at measuring changes and patterns of national antimicrobial use for one year preceding and one year during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annual national antimicrobial consumption for 2019 and 2020 was obtained from the Jordan Food and Drug Administration (JFDA) following the WHO surveillance methods. The WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification was used. Total antibiotic consumption in 2020 (26.8 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day) decreased by 5.5% compared to 2019 (28.4 DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day). There was an increase in the use of several antibiotics during 2020 compared with 2019 (third generation cephalosporins (19%), carbapenems (52%), macrolides (57%), and lincosamides (106%)). In 2020, there was a marked reduction in amoxicillin use (−53%), while the use of azithromycin increased by 74%. National antimicrobial consumption of the Access group decreased by 18% from 2019 to 2020 (59.1% vs. 48.1% of total consumption). The use of the Watch group increased in 2020 by 26%. The study highlighted an increase in the use of certain antibiotics during the pandemic period that are known to be associated with increasing resistance. Efforts to enhance national antimicrobial stewardship are needed to ensure rational use of antimicrobials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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15 pages, 5140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Video Improves Knowledge about Outpatients’ Usage of Antibiotics in Two Public Hospitals in Indonesia

by Fauna Herawati, Rika Yulia, Bustanul Arifin, Ikhwan Frasetyo, Setiasih, Herman J. Woerdenbag, Christina Avanti and Retnosari Andrajati

Antibiotics 2021, 10(5), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050606 - 20 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3795

Abstract

The inappropriate use or misuse of antibiotics, particularly by outpatients, increases antibiotic resistance. A lack of public knowledge about “Responsible use of antibiotics” and “How to obtain antibiotics” is a major cause of this. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an [...] Read more.

The inappropriate use or misuse of antibiotics, particularly by outpatients, increases antibiotic resistance. A lack of public knowledge about “Responsible use of antibiotics” and “How to obtain antibiotics” is a major cause of this. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational video about antibiotics and antibiotic use to increase outpatients’ knowledge shown in two public hospitals in East Java, Indonesia. A quasi-experimental research setting was used with a one-group pre-test—post-test design, carried out from November 2018 to January 2019. The study population consisted of outpatients to whom antibiotics were prescribed. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique; 98 outpatients at MZ General Hospital in the S regency and 96 at SG General Hospital in the L regency were included. A questionnaire was used to measure the respondents’ knowledge, and consisted of five domains, i.e., the definition of infections and antibiotics, obtaining the antibiotics, directions for use, storage instructions, and antibiotic resistance. The knowledge test score was the total score of the Guttman scale (a dichotomous “yes” or “no” answer). To determine the significance of the difference in knowledge before and after providing the educational video and in the knowledge score between hospitals, the (paired) Student’s t-test was applied. The educational videos significantly improved outpatients’ knowledge, which increased by 41% in MZ General Hospital, and by 42% in SG General Hospital. It was concluded that an educational video provides a useful method to improve the knowledge of the outpatients regarding antibiotics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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12 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Prior Antibiotic Use in Primary Care on Escherichia coli Resistance to Third Generation Cephalosporins: A Case-Control Study

by Chiara Fulgenzio, Marco Massari, Giuseppe Traversa, Roberto Da Cas, Gianluigi Ferrante, Richard Aschbacher, Verena Moser, Elisabetta Pagani, Anna Rita Vestri, Orietta Massidda and Peter Konstantin Kurotschka

Antibiotics 2021, 10(4), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040451 - 16 Apr 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3143

Abstract

Research is lacking on the reversibility of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Thus, we aimed to determine the influence of previous antibiotic use on the development and decay over time of third generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistance of E. coli. Using the database of hospital laboratories [...] Read more.

Research is lacking on the reversibility of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Thus, we aimed to determine the influence of previous antibiotic use on the development and decay over time of third generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistance of E. coli. Using the database of hospital laboratories of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen (Italy), anonymously linked to the database of outpatient pharmaceutical prescriptions and the hospital discharge record database, this matched case-control study was conducted including as cases all those who have had a positive culture from any site for 3GC resistant E. coli (3GCREC) during a 2016 hospital stay. Data were analyzed by conditional logistic regression. 244 cases were matched to 1553 controls by the date of the first isolate. Male sex (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.10–2.01), older age (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.21), the number of different antibiotics taken in the previous five years (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08–1.33), at least one antibiotic prescription in the previous year (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.36–2.71), and the diagnosis of diabetes (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.08–2.30) were independent risk factors for 3GCREC colonization/infection. Patients who last received an antibiotic prescription two years or three to five years before hospitalization showed non-significant differences with controls (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.68–1.38 and OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.59–1.24), compared to an OR of 1.92 (95% CI 1.36–2.71) in those receiving antibiotics in the year preceding hospitalization. The effect of previous antibiotic use on 3GC-resistance of E. coli is highest after greater cumulative exposure to any antibiotic as well as to 3GCs and in the first 12 months after antibiotics are taken and then decreases progressively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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12 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Bacterial Isolates from Neonatal Sepsis Patients at University Hospital of Leipzig, Germany

by Belay Tessema, Norman Lippmann, Matthias Knüpfer, Ulrich Sack and Brigitte König

Antibiotics 2021, 10(3), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030323 - 19 Mar 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4430

Abstract

Neonatal sepsis caused by resistant bacteria is a worldwide concern due to the associated high mortality and increased hospitals costs. Bacterial pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and their antibiotic resistance patterns vary among hospital settings and at different points in time. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Neonatal sepsis caused by resistant bacteria is a worldwide concern due to the associated high mortality and increased hospitals costs. Bacterial pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and their antibiotic resistance patterns vary among hospital settings and at different points in time. This study aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and to assess trends in antibiotic resistance. The study was conducted among neonates with culture proven sepsis at the University Hospital of Leipzig between November 2012 and September 2020. Blood culture was performed by BacT/ALERT 3D system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with broth microdilution method based on ISO 20776-1 guideline. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. From 134 isolates, 99 (74%) were gram positive bacteria. The most common gram positive and gram negative bacteria were S. epidermidis, 51 (38%) and E. coli, 23 (17%), respectively. S. epidermidis showed the highest resistance to penicillin G and roxithromycin (90% each) followed by cefotaxime, cefuroxime, imipenem, oxacillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam (88% each), ampicillin-sulbactam (87%), meropenem (86%), and gentamicin (59%). Moreover, S. epidermidis showed raising levels of resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and cotrimoxazol. Gram positive bacteria showed less or no resistance to daptomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. E. coli showed the highest resistance to ampicillin (74%) followed by ampicillin-sulbactam (52%) and piperacillin (48%). Furthermore, increasing levels in resistance to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin, and cefuroxime were observed over the years. Encouragingly, E. coli showed significantly declining trends of resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and no resistance to amikacin, colistin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and tobramycin. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that gram positive bacteria were the leading causes of neonatal sepsis. Bacterial isolates were highly resistant to first and second-line empiric antibiotics used in this hospital. The high levels of antibiotic resistance patterns highlight the need for modifying empiric treatment regimens considering the most effective antibiotics. Periodic surveillance in hospital settings to monitor changes in pathogens, and antibiotic resistance patterns is crucial in order to implement optimal prevention and treatment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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Use of Novel Antibiograms to Determine the Need for Earlier Susceptibility Testing and Administration for New β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitors in the United States

by Kenneth P. Klinker, Levita K. Hidayat, Eric Wenzler, Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat, Mary Motyl, C. Andrew DeRyke and Karri A. Bauer

Antibiotics 2022, 11(5), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11050660 - 14 May 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4818

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat, and gram-negative bacteria, such as Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are particularly problematic with difficult-to-treat resistance phenotypes. To reduce morbidity and mortality, a reduction in the time to effective antimicrobial therapy (TTET) is needed, especially among [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat, and gram-negative bacteria, such as Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are particularly problematic with difficult-to-treat resistance phenotypes. To reduce morbidity and mortality, a reduction in the time to effective antimicrobial therapy (TTET) is needed, especially among critically ill patients. The antibiogram is an effective clinical tool that can provide accurate antimicrobial susceptibility information and facilitate early antimicrobial optimization, decrease TTET, and improve outcomes such as mortality, hospital length of stay, and costs. Guidance is lacking on how to validate the susceptibility to new antibacterial agents. Commonly used traditional and combination antibiograms may not adequately assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. Challenges with the current susceptibility testing of new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations persist, impacting the appropriate antibacterial choice and patient outcomes. Novel antibiograms such as syndromic antibiograms that incorporate resistant gram-negative phenotypes and/or minimum inhibitory concentration distributions may assist in determining the need for earlier susceptibility testing or help define an earlier optimal use of the new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors. The purpose of this review is to emphasize novel antibiogram approaches that are capable of improving the time to susceptibility testing and administration for new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitors so that they are earlier in a patient’s treatment course. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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22 pages, 2056 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Multidrug-Resistant Organisms Colonization in Long-Term Care Facilities Around the World: A Review

by Ángel Rodríguez-Villodres, Cecilia Martín-Gandul, Germán Peñalva, Ana Belén Guisado-Gil, Juan Carlos Crespo-Rivas, María Eugenia Pachón-Ibáñez, José Antonio Lepe and José Miguel Cisneros

Antibiotics 2021, 10(6), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060680 - 7 Jun 2021

Cited by 65 | Viewed by 7562

Abstract

Elderly people confined to chronic care facilities face an increased risk of acquiring infections by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). This review presents the current knowledge of the prevalence and risk factors for colonization by MDROs in long-term care facilities (LTCF), thereby providing a useful [...] Read more.

Elderly people confined to chronic care facilities face an increased risk of acquiring infections by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). This review presents the current knowledge of the prevalence and risk factors for colonization by MDROs in long-term care facilities (LTCF), thereby providing a useful reference to establish objectives for implementing successful antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs). We searched in PubMed and Scopus for studies examining the prevalence of MDROs and/or risk factors for the acquisition of MDROs in LTCF. One hundred and thirty-four studies published from 1987 to 2020 were included. The prevalence of MDROs in LTCF varies between the different continents, where Asia reported the highest prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) Enterobacterales (71.6%), carbapenem resistant (CR) Enterobacterales (6.9%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (25.6%) and North America the highest prevalence to MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.4%), MDR Acinetobacter baumannii (15.0%), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE) (4.0%), and Clostridioides difficile (26.1%). Furthermore, MDRO prevalence has experienced changes over time, with increases in MDR P. aeruginosa and extended spectrum ß-lactamase producing Enterobacterales observed starting in 2015 and decreases of CR Enterobacterales, MDR A. baumannii, VRE, MRSA and C. difficile. Several risk factors have been found, such as male sex, chronic wounds, the use of medical devices, and previous antibiotic use. The last of these aspects represents one of the most important modifiable factors for reducing colonization with MDROs through implementing ASPs in LTCF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Use, Resistance and Stewardship)

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