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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2022) | Viewed by 27115

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Guoming Liu

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Guest Editor

College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
Interests: shotcrete; coal mining; rheology; dust suppression
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Xiangming Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

College of Safety and Environmental Engineering，Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
Interests: material characterization; polymers; polymeric materials; materials engineering; polymer synthesis; TGA; thermogravimetric analysis; fire; polyurethane; safety engineering; fire ... engineering; flame retardants; formaldehyde; foam cells

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, there has been rapid progress in the development and application of underground space, such as roadways, tunnels, and underground chambers. Bolt shotcrete support is one of the important means to maintain the stability and integrity of roadways. Advanced support technology (including shotcrete material, theory, and equipment) are important means to ensure the safe and efficient application of roadways. In the process of underground space development, extreme geological conditions such as high ground stress and high temperature can easily cause rock burst, high-temperature heat damage, and harmful gas outburst. There has been substantial research into support technology for roadways. For example, spraying steel fiber-reinforced concrete technology to prevent roadway cracking. A large number of research results provide theoretical and technical methods for roadway support. However, with the improvement of occupational safety and health requirements, as well as the complex geological conditions of support requirements, advanced roadway support technology is urgently needed, which must not only play a supporting role, but also be safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly. In particular, in the narrow roadway space, the process of excavation is easy to produce a high concentration of dust, causing construction workers pneumoconiosis. Reasonable support technology can reduce the displacement of surrounding rock and reduce the dust concentration in roadways. Therefore, the exchange and discussion of advanced roadway support technology are conducive to the safe and efficient development of underground space.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: advanced cement-based materials for roadway support; advanced surrounding rock control technology; dust control methods in roadways; advanced support equipment for roadway; advanced disaster control theory for roadways.

Dr. Guoming Liu
Prof. Xiangming Hu
Guest Editors

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Keywords

roadway support
support equipment
cement-based material
rock control
dust suppression
disaster control
shotcrete
fire suppression
theory

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 173 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway

by Jiahao Sun, Guoming Liu and Xiangming Hu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(20), 10233; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010233 - 11 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1165

Abstract

In the continuous development and application of underground spaces (such as roads, tunnels and underground caverns), safe and efficient support technology is an important means to maintain the stability and integrity of roadways [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

Research

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13 pages, 6510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Load Transfer Behavior and Failure Mechanism of Bird’s Nest Anchor Cable Anchoring Structure

by Changxing Zhu, Weihao Zhao and Xu Liu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(14), 6992; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146992 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1499

Abstract

To research the internal load transfer behavior and failure mechanism of a bird’s nest anchor cable anchoring structure based on a pull-out test, a bond-slip failure model is established on the basis of statistical damage theory, and the distribution formula of shear stress at anchorage agent–rock interface is deduced. Combined with theoretical analysis, bird’s nest anchor cable pulling out test and particle flow code (PFC) numerical simulation test, as well as axial force distribution of the cable and shear stress distribution of its interface, help reveal its load transfer behavior and failure mechanism. Results show that: (1) The established bond-slip model can reflect the internal load transfer behavior and failure process of bird’s nest anchor cable anchorage structure. (2) The shear stress of the anchorage agent interface increases exponentially to the peak value and then decreases exponentially to the residual strength. The process is repeated at every location of the anchorage agent interface. The curve of the axial force and shear stress of the bird’s nest anchor cable is a negative exponential distribution with anchorage depth, and the maximum value occurs at the load end. (3) The crack of the anchorage agent interface extends from the load end to the other end and finally cuts through the whole interface. Rock mass generates radial cracks by the split effects of the bird’s nest. The failure mode is a combination of the debonding slip of the interface and the shear failure of the rock mass. The shear stress distribution and failure mode of the anchor structure are basically consistent according to laboratory tests and simulation tests, and PFC2D better reflects the internal load transfer behavior, failure mechanism, and failure process of the bird’s nest anchor cable under tensile loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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13 pages, 1736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Could Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems Help Improve Mobility in an Emerging Country? Challenges, Opportunities, Gaps and Other Evidence from the Caribbean

by Francisco Alonso, Mireia Faus, Maria T. Tormo and Sergio A. Useche

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4759; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094759 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2902

Abstract

Apart from constituting a topic of high relevance for transport planners and policymakers, support technologies for traffic have the potential to bring significant benefits to mobility. In addition, there are groups of “high potential” users, such as young adults, who constitute an essential part of the current market. Notwithstanding, and especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), their knowledge and acceptance remain understudied. This study aimed to assess the appraisal of intelligent transport systems (ITS) and other technological developments applicable to mobility among Dominican young adults. Methods: In this study, we used the data gathered from 1414 Dominicans aged between 18 and 40, responding to the National Survey on Mobility in 2018 and 2019. Results: Overall, and although there is a relatively high acceptance, attributed value, and attitudinal predisposition towards both intelligent transportation systems and various support technologies applicable to mobility, the actual usage rates remain considerably low, and this is probably exacerbated by the low and middle-income status of the country. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest the need to strengthen information and communication flows over emerging mobility-related technologies and develop further awareness of the potential benefits of technological developments for everyday transport dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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17 pages, 5387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation of Two-Phase Flow of Shotcrete in a Bent Pipe Based on a CFD–DEM Coupling Model

by Guanguo Ma, Hui Ma and Zhenjiao Sun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3530; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073530 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2402

Abstract

To solve the problems in determining the interactions among particles and between particles and pipe walls in pneumatic conveying systems in field tests, this article studied the two-phase flow motion characteristics of shotcrete in pipes based on a CFD–DEM coupling model and field measurement. The movement of the shotcrete, which is affected by the gas phase in the pipe, was simulated for different bend angles, and the velocity of the shotcrete material and pressure distribution within the pipeline were determined. The simulation results show that at the ideal wind pressure, the inelastic collisions among the particles and between the particles and pipe wall cause the accumulation of shotcrete material in the outside area of the bent pipe section, which may block the pipe; nevertheless, the blockage is prevented by the turbulent and secondary flows, which disperse the particles to different degrees. In addition, the wear amounts caused by particles in pipes with different bend angles were quantified. With increasing bend angle, the wear points gradually diffuse radially toward the outside wall of the bent pipe. Additionally, the wear loss decreases and then increases with increasing bend angle. The particle velocity exhibits the minimal loss at a bend angle of 90°. It was concluded that the energy loss of the aggregate particles in the elbow of the pipe is approximately 30 times that in a horizontal, straight pipe. The results of this study can provide guidance in the construction field and for numerical simulations of the pneumatic conveying process of shotcrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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13 pages, 3646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Compressive Strength of Manufactured Sand Concrete Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

by Hui Ma, Zhenjiao Sun and Guanguo Ma

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(7), 3506; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12073506 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2584

Abstract

Traditional natural river sand is used as a fine aggregate for concrete, but due to the severe environmental situation in recent years, many places have asked for a ban or restriction on the extraction of river sand. This has resulted in an increasing demand for concrete using machine-made sand instead of natural sand. The estimation and prediction of the compressive strength of concrete is very important in civil engineering applications. In this investigation, a Box–Behnken test model was established to analyze the effect of stone powder (SP), pulverized fuel ash (PFA), and silica fume (SF) contents on the compressive strength of manufactured sand concrete using response surface methodology (RSM). A prediction model for the compressive strength of manufactured sand concrete was developed using multiple regression analysis with SP, PFA, and SF content as factors and compressive strength as the response value. In addition, the interaction of stone powder (SP), pulverized fuel ash (PFA), and silica fume (SF) content was analyzed according to the response surface and contour. The investigation showed that for single factors, SP had the greatest effect on the compressive strength of the manufactured sand concrete, with PFA having the second greatest effect, and SF the least; for the interactions, SP and PFA had the most significant effect, and the interaction between SP and SF and PFA and SF had the same effect on the compressive strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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16 pages, 1175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Effect of Drivers’ Gender on Their Intention to Use Fully Automated Vehicles

by Sergio A. Useche, María Peñaranda-Ortega, Adela Gonzalez-Marin and Francisco J. Llamazares

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010103 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2753

Abstract

Although fully automated vehicles (SAE level 5) are expected to acquire a major relevance for transportation dynamics by the next few years, the number of studies addressing their perceived benefits from the perspective of human factors remains substantially limited. This study aimed, firstly, to assess the relationships among drivers’ demographic factors, their assessment of five key features of automated vehicles (i.e., increased connectivity, reduced driving demands, fuel and trip-related efficiency, and safety improvements), and their intention to use them, and secondly, to test the predictive role of the feature’ valuations over usage intention, focusing on gender as a key differentiating factor. For this cross-sectional research, the data gathered from a sample of 856 licensed drivers (49.4% females, 50.6% males; M = 40.05 years), responding to an electronic survey, was analyzed. Demographic, driving-related data, and attitudinal factors were comparatively analyzed through robust tests and a bias-corrected Multi-Group Structural Equation Modeling (MGSEM) approach. Findings from this work suggest that drivers’ assessment of these AV features keep a significant set of multivariate relationships to their usage intention in the future. Additionally, and even though there are some few structural similarities, drivers’ intention to use an AV can be differentially explained according to their gender. So far, this research constitutes a first approximation to the intention of using AVs from a MGSEM gender-based approach, being these results of potential interest for researchers and practitioners from different fields, including automotive design, transport planning and road safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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16 pages, 8383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time–Frequency Domain Characteristics of Acoustic Emission Signals and Critical Fracture Precursor Signals in the Deep Granite Deformation Process

by Le Zhang, Hongguang Ji, Liyuan Liu and Jiwei Zhao

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(17), 8236; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178236 - 5 Sep 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2804

Abstract

To study the crack evolution law and failure precursory characteristics of deep granite rocks in the process of deformation and failure under high confining pressure, granite samples obtained from a depth of 1150 m are tested using a TAW-2000 triaxial hydraulic servo testing machine and a PCI-II acoustic emission monitoring system. Based on the stress–strain curve and IET function, the loading process of the sample is divided into five stages: crack closure, linear elastic deformation, microcrack generation and development, macroscopic fracture generation and energy surge, and post-peak failure. The evolution trend and fracture evolution law of the acoustic emission signal event interval function in different stages are analyzed. In particular, the signals with an amplitude greater than 85 dB, a peak frequency greater than 350 kHz, and a frequency centroid greater than 275 kHz are defined as the failure precursor signals before the rock reaches the peak stress. The defined precursor signal conditions agree well with the experimental results. The time–frequency analysis and wavelet packet decomposition of the precursor signal are performed on the extracted characteristic signal of the failure precursor. The results show that the time-domain signal is in the form of a continuous waveform, and the frequency-domain waveform has multi-peak coexistence that is mainly concentrated in the high-frequency region. The energy distribution obtained by the wavelet packet decomposition of the characteristic signal is verified with the frequency-domain waveform. The energy distribution of the signal is mainly concentrated in the 343.75–375 kHz frequency band, followed by the 281.25–312.5 kHz frequency band. The energy proportion of the high-frequency signal increases with the confining pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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13 pages, 7966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Performance Modeling of Modified Asbuton and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Mixture Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

by Franky E. P. Lapian, M. Isran Ramli, Mubassirang Pasra and Ardy Arsyad

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(13), 6144; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11136144 - 1 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

We often use the plastics daily, containing of polyethylene plastic polymers which recently can be utilized as additional material for road pavements. Several studies have attempted to find the optimum proportion of an asphalt mixture using modified Asbuton which is local bitumen abundantly deposited in Buton Island Indonesia, added with plastic waste. The optimum proportion of the asphalt mixture is influenced by many factors, such as the interactions of the material component in the asphalt mixture. To obtain the optimum proportion based a single factor, many studies employ statistical methods. This study aims to determine the optimum proportion for the asphalt mixture of the modified Asbuton with PET plastic waste by using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The employed RSM is the Expert Version 12 design (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2020), in which the statistical modeling based on Box Behnken Design (BBD) and three factorial levels. The results obtained in this study show that the RSM optimization could achieve the asphalt mixtures characteristics including the stability, Marshall Quotient (MQ), Void in MIX (VIM), Void Mineral Aggregate (VMA) and density, in the level of satisfying the specification requirements of Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia. The optimum stability is at 2002.72 kg, fulfilled the minimum density of 800 kg. For the MQ, the optimal point of MQ is 500.68 kg/mm, satisfied the minimum the MQ standard minimum of 250 kg/mm. In addition, the optimal VIM is at 3.40%, satisfying the VIM specifications in the range of 3–5%. The optimal VMA response is at 21.65%, which is also satisfied the VMA specification, 15%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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25 pages, 5488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Mix Proportions on Rheological Properties, Air Content of Wet Shotcrete—A Case Study

by Jun Xie, Xiangfei Cui, Nan Guo and Guoming Liu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(8), 3550; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083550 - 15 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2756

Abstract

To study the influence of different mix proportions on the fresh properties of wet shotcrete, the rheological properties and air content of wet shotcrete with different admixtures before pumping were measured. In addition, the pressure drop along the pipeline and the build-up thickness were studied, and the relationship between the rheological properties and the pumpability and sprayability was discussed. This paper attempts to reveal the influence mechanism of admixtures on the fluidity of wet shotcrete by means of pictures. The results show that free paste effect and ball effect are two key factors that affect the performance of fresh wet shotcrete. Air-entraining agent and fly ash are commonly used admixtures, which improve the pumping performance and spraying performance. Finally, the mix proportions of wet shotcrete are put forward to meet the requirements of different types of shotcrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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Review

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22 pages, 5748 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Shotcrete under High Temperature

by Guoming Liu, Jipeng Zhao, Zhixue Zhang, Chenglong Wang and Qianqian Xu

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(19), 9043; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11199043 - 28 Sep 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3395

Abstract

High temperature is recognized as one of the extreme environments in the application of shotcrete which significantly deteriorate the performance of shotcrete. This paper reviews the mechanical properties and microstructure of shotcrete under high temperature. First of all, this paper reviews the cause of formation of high ground temperature. Based on these causes, the author establishes a heat transfer model with a spiral shape by introducing a multidimensional morphological formula into the heat conduction process. Then, the paper reviews the influence of high temperature on the mechanical and micro properties of shotcrete, the cooling technology under high temperature, and the optimization research technology of shotcrete. The author discusses the influence of high temperature on the thermal parameters and the deformation of shotcrete from the perspective of thermodynamics. Multiple studies have shown that the irregular movement and disorderly overlapping of molecules in the shotcrete caused by the high temperature environment result in the premature termination of the hydration reaction of cement in shotcrete. Finally, the author suggests the challenges of high-temperature shotcrete in term of the process structure, performance optimization, and application in special engineering fields. The research in this paper intends to give guidance to those conducting shotcrete research under high temperature, and to promote the further development of shotcrete technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Support Technologies in Roadway)

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