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Applied Sciences
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Radiation Effects of Materials with Laser, Ion Beam and Rays
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Radiation Effects of Materials with Laser, Ion Beam and Rays

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science and Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2017) | Viewed by 22764

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Richard Yongqing Fu

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Guest Editor
Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
Interests: smart thin films/materials; lab-on-chip; MEMS; nanotechnology; sensors and microfluidics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xia Xiang

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Guest Editor
Professor in School of Physical Electronics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
Interests: optical materials and optical spectroscopy; laser materials; radiation effects of materials; functional nanostructures and their physical properties; nanotechnology; ion beam modification of materials
Dr. Xiaodong Yuan

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Guest Editor
Professor in Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
Interests: high power solid state laser and its applications, especially in laser interacted with materials, laser cleaning and surface cleanliness control
Dr. Liang Qiao

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Guest Editor
Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
Interests: functional oxides and 2D materials; thin-film heterostructural epitaxy (MBE/PLD/MOCVD) and interface engineering; nanostructure synthesis and energy materials; DFT simulation, electronic structure and band engineering; electron correlation quantum transport and spintronics; smart coating and sensor applications; transparent conducting and thin-film transistor; solar energy harvesting, conversion and storage (photovoltaic, photocatalysis, PEC water splitting)
Prof. Dr. Xiaotao Zu

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Guest Editor
Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
Interests: graded-index antireflection coating; standing wave field distribution; laser-induced damage of optical coating; high-energy laser system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue encompasses the fundamentals of laser-materials and ion beam-materials and X-ray and Gamma ray material interactions, and the application of lasers, ion beams and X-ray and Gamma rays for modifying, processing, and manufacturing electronic, photonic, optical, mechanical, and energy materials.

This Special Issue will cover the following contents:

  • Intense laser beam and operation environment induced damage and damage growth behaviors of optical materials and components, such as fused silica glass and KDP crystals, in large, high-power laser facilities; damage mitigation methods and technologies using ultraviolet or infrared laser conditioning, laser cladding and laser cleaning; on-line detection and control of contaminations in laser facilities.
  • Ion beam interactions with materials, focusing on neutron and ion irradiation, ion bombardment, ion beam sputtering of metals, using both experimental and theoretical investigations.
  • X-ray and Gamma ray induced, improved materials properties and associated changes in electronic, optical, mechanical, and other functional properties, as well as damaging effects and behaviors, will also be included.

Dr. Richard Yong Qing Fu
Dr. Xia Xiang
Dr. Xiaodong Yuan
Dr. Liang Qiao
Dr. Xiaotao Zu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Laser process
  • ion beams
  • X-ray and Gamma rays
  • damage mechanism
  • damage mitigation
  • laser cladding
  • laser cleaning
  • neutron and ion irradiation
  • X-rays
  • Gamma rays

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

8 pages, 2907 KiB  
Article
Modeling kV X-ray-Induced Coloration in Radiochromic Films
by Mehrdad Shahmohammadi Beni, Dragana Krstic, Dragoslav Nikezic and Kwan Ngok Yu
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8010106 - 12 Jan 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4413
Abstract
Commercially available radiochromic films are primarily designed for clinical X-ray dosimetry. These films change color upon exposures to radiation as a result of solid-state polymerization (SSP). Built on a previous model developed for SSP upon exposures to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a new model [...] Read more.
Commercially available radiochromic films are primarily designed for clinical X-ray dosimetry. These films change color upon exposures to radiation as a result of solid-state polymerization (SSP). Built on a previous model developed for SSP upon exposures to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a new model was developed in the present work for X-ray-induced coloration in Gafchromic EBT3 films. Monte Carlo simulations using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code were employed to model the transport and interaction of photons and the generated secondary electrons within the film active layer. The films were exposed to continuous-energy photon beams. The dose DE in the external radiation detector (i.e., ionization chamber) was determined and the realistic dose DA in the film active layer was then obtained using the calibration coefficient R (=DA/DE). The finite element method (FEM) was used to solve the classical steady-state Helmholtz equation using the multifrontal massively parallel sparse direct solver (MUMPS). An extensive grid independence test was carried out and the numerical stability of the present model was ensured. The reflected light intensity from the film surface was used to theoretically obtain the net reflective optical density of the film exposed to X-ray. Good agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretical results of the net reflective optical density of the film. For X-ray doses >~600 cGy, due to the already formed densely cross-linked structure in the active layer of the EBT3 film so further bond formation was less likely, the reflected light intensity from the film surface increased at a relatively lower rate when compared to those for dose values <~600 cGy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effects of Materials with Laser, Ion Beam and Rays)
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13 pages, 4438 KiB  
Article
Standing Wave Field Distribution in Graded-Index Antireflection Coatings
by Hongxiang Deng, Xianyue Dong, Huanhuan Gao, Xiaodong Yuan, Wanguo Zheng and Xiaotao Zu
Appl. Sci. 2018, 8(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8010065 - 4 Jan 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3425
Abstract
Standing wave field distributions in three classic types of graded-index antireflection coatings are studied. These graded-index antireflection coatings are designed at wavelengths from 200 nm to 1200 nm, which is the working wavelength range of high energy laser system for inertial-fusion research. The [...] Read more.
Standing wave field distributions in three classic types of graded-index antireflection coatings are studied. These graded-index antireflection coatings are designed at wavelengths from 200 nm to 1200 nm, which is the working wavelength range of high energy laser system for inertial-fusion research. The standing wave field distributions in these coatings are obtained by the numerical calculation of electromagnetic wave equation. We find that standing wave field distributions in these three graded-index anti-reflection coatings are quite different. For the coating with linear index distribution, intensity of standing wave field decreases periodically from surface to substrate with narrow oscillation range and the period is proportional to the incident wavelength. For the coating with exponential index distribution, intensity of standing wave field decreases periodically from surface to substrate with large oscillation range and the period is also proportional to the incident wavelength. Finally, for the coating with polynomial index, intensity of standing wave field is quickly falling down from surface to substrate without an obvious oscillation. We find that the intensity of standing wave field in the interface between coating and substrate for linear index, exponential index and polynomial index are about 0.7, 0.9 and 0.7, respectively. Our results indicate that the distributions of standing wave field in linear index coating and polynomial index coating are better than that in exponential index coating for the application in high energy laser system. Moreover, we find that the transmittance of linear index coating and polynomial index coating are also better than exponential index coating at the designed wavelength range. Present simulation results are useful for the design and application of graded-index antireflection coating in high energy laser system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effects of Materials with Laser, Ion Beam and Rays)
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4517 KiB  
Article
Modeling Coloration of a Radiochromic Film with Molecular Dynamics-Coupled Finite Element Method
by Mehrdad Shahmohammadi Beni, D. Krstic, D. Nikezic and K.N. Yu
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(10), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7101031 - 7 Oct 2017
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3856
Abstract
Radiochromic films change color upon exposures to radiation doses as a result of solid-state polymerization (SSP). Commercially available radiochromic films are primarily designed for, and have become widely used in, clinical X-ray dosimetry. However, many intriguing properties of radiochromic films are not yet [...] Read more.
Radiochromic films change color upon exposures to radiation doses as a result of solid-state polymerization (SSP). Commercially available radiochromic films are primarily designed for, and have become widely used in, clinical X-ray dosimetry. However, many intriguing properties of radiochromic films are not yet fully understood. The present work aimed at developing a theoretical model at both atomic and macroscopic scales to provide a platform for future works to understand these intriguing properties. Despite the fact that radiochromic films were primarily designed for clinical X-ray dosimetry, dose-response curves for the Gafchromic EBT3 film obtained for ultraviolet (UV) radiation were employed to develop our model in order to avoid complications of ionization, non-uniform energy deposition, as well as dispersed doses caused by secondary electrons set in motion by the indirectly ionizing X-ray photons, which might introduce added uncertainties to the model and overshadow the basic SSP processes. The active layer in the EBT3 film consisted of diacetylene (DA) pentacosa-10,12-diynoate monomers, which were modelled using molecular dynamics (MD). The degrees of SSP in the atomic scale upon different UV exposures were obtained to determine the absorption coefficients of the active layer, which were then input into the finite element method (FEM). The classical steady-state Helmholtz equation was engaged to model the reflection from the active layer using the FEM technique. The multifrontal massively parallel sparse direct solver (MUMPS) was employed to solve the present numerical problem. Very good agreement between experimentally and theoretically obtained coloration in terms of net reflective optical density was achieved for different UV exposures. In particular, for UV exposures larger than ~40 J/cm2, the reflected light intensity decreased at a lower rate when compared to other UV exposure values, which was explained by the densely cross-linked structure under near-complete polymerization, and thus the lower efficiency for further bond formation between DA monomer strands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effects of Materials with Laser, Ion Beam and Rays)
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6211 KiB  
Article
B4C-Al Composites Fabricated by the Powder Metallurgy Process
by Ling Zhang, Jianmin Shi, Chunlei Shen, Xiaosong Zhou, Shuming Peng and Xinggui Long
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(10), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7101009 - 29 Sep 2017
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5575
Abstract
Due to the large thermal neutron absorption cross section of 10B, B4C-Al composites have been used as neutron absorbing materials in nuclear industries, which can offer not only good neutron shielding performance but also excellent mechanical properties. The distribution of [...] Read more.
Due to the large thermal neutron absorption cross section of 10B, B4C-Al composites have been used as neutron absorbing materials in nuclear industries, which can offer not only good neutron shielding performance but also excellent mechanical properties. The distribution of B4C particles affects the mechanical performance and efficiency of the thermal neutron absorption of the composite materials. In this study, 15 wt % B4C-Al and 20 wt % B4C-Al composites were prepared using a powder metallurgy process, i.e., ball milling followed by pressing, sintering, hot-extrusion, and hot-rolling. The yield and tensile strengths of the composites were markedly increased with an increase in the milling energy and the percentages of B4C particles. Microstructure analysis and neutron radiography revealed that the high-energy ball milling induced the homogeneous distribution of B4C particles in the Al matrix and good bonding between the Al matrix and the B4C particles. The load transfer ability and mechanical properties of the composites were consequently improved. The results showed the high-energy ball milling process is an appropriate fabrication procedure to prevent the agglomeration of the reinforcement particles even if the matrix to reinforcement particle size ratio was nearly 10. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effects of Materials with Laser, Ion Beam and Rays)
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3050 KiB  
Article
Irradiation Induced Defect Clustering in Zircaloy-2
by Zhongwen Yao, Mark Daymond, Sali Di and Yasir Idrees
Appl. Sci. 2017, 7(8), 854; https://doi.org/10.3390/app7080854 - 18 Aug 2017
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4718
Abstract
The effect of irradiation temperature and alloying elements on defect clustering behaviour directly from the cascade collapse in Zircaloy-2 is examined. The in-situ ioWn irradiation technique was employed to study the formation of <a>-type dislocation loops by Kr ion irradiation at 573 K [...] Read more.
The effect of irradiation temperature and alloying elements on defect clustering behaviour directly from the cascade collapse in Zircaloy-2 is examined. The in-situ ioWn irradiation technique was employed to study the formation of <a>-type dislocation loops by Kr ion irradiation at 573 K and 773 K, while the dependence of dislocation loop formationon the presence of alloying elements was investigated by comparing with the defect microstructures of pure Zr irradiated under similar conditions. The experimentally observed temperature dependence of defect clustering was further investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations near the experimental irradiation temperatures. We particularly concentrate on yield and morphology of small defect clusters formed directly from cascade collapse at very low ion doses. Smaller loop size and higher defect yield (DY) in Zircaloy-2 as compared to pure Zr suggests that the presence of the major alloying element Sn increases the number of nucleation sites for the defect clusters but suppresses the point defect recombination. MD simulations at 600 and 800 K revealed that the production of both vacancy and interstitial clusters drops significantly with an increase of irradiation temperature, which is reflected in experimentally collected DY data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiation Effects of Materials with Laser, Ion Beam and Rays)
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