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17 pages, 6811 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analytical Study on Penetration and Pore Pressure Dissipation of Piezocone Test in Typical Normally and Over-Consolidated Silty Clays

by Shenggui Deng, Yan Zhang, Jun Han, Kaidi Wang, Zhuangcai Tian and Tao Liu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(6), 3797; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13063797 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1486

Abstract

The degree of the over-consolidation ratio (OCR) of silty clay affects the soil’s mechanical properties and in situ test results. The present study utilized numerical analysis to investigate the behavior of cone penetration and pore pressure dissipation in typical silty clay soils, while [...] Read more.

The degree of the over-consolidation ratio (OCR) of silty clay affects the soil’s mechanical properties and in situ test results. The present study utilized numerical analysis to investigate the behavior of cone penetration and pore pressure dissipation in typical silty clay soils, while also taking into account the impact of the over-consolidation ratio (OCR). Effective stress finite-element analyses, which accounted for considerable deformation, were carried out at various OCRs. The model assumed the soil as a homogeneous material obeying the modified Cam Clay (MCC) model. The significant advance of this work is the evaluation of the effect of OCR on penetration resistance and pore pressure test data and the calculation formula of OCR and c_h in typical silty clay. An inversion method based on the results of piezocone penetration tests was proposed in terms of strength and the over-consolidation ratio of the silty clay, which is of great importance for the inversion of soil parameters in the Yellow River Delta region. This paper presents a consolidation coefficient inversion method of typical normally and over-consolidated silty clays and corrected the disadvantage that traditional conversion methods could not take OCR effects into account. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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19 pages, 5686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Slope Stability Analysis Method of Unsaturated Soil Slopes Considering Pore Gas Pressure Caused by Rainfall Infiltration

by Wenjing Tian, Herman Peiffer, Benny Malengier, Song Xue and Zhongtian Chen

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(21), 11060; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122111060 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2790

Abstract

The variation of pore gas pressure caused by rainfall infiltration is an important factor that leads to slope failures. The purpose of this study is to propose a new slope stability analysis method that considers pore gas pressure and examines the effect of [...] Read more.

The variation of pore gas pressure caused by rainfall infiltration is an important factor that leads to slope failures. The purpose of this study is to propose a new slope stability analysis method that considers pore gas pressure and examines the effect of airflow on slope stability by using a numerical method. A water-air two-phase flow analysis was conducted to investigate the distribution of pore air pressure, pore water pressure, and water saturation triggered by rainfall infiltration. Then the variation of the load resulting from pore gas pressure was incorporated into the slope stability analysis method based on the unsaturated soil shear strength theory and the residual thrust method to simulate the influence of airflow on the Tanjiahe landslide in China. In order to study the infiltration behavior with respect to initial saturation, water and gas flow analyses were performed considering various initial states of saturation under similar settings. Results showed that the pore gas pressure between the slope surface and the slip band clearly varied and that it decreased during the process from the slide bed to the deep direction. Then, the pore water pressure formed in the saturated zone was transferred by the airflow to the slope toe. As a result, because the pore gas pressure gradient increased the thrust of the slide mass, the safety factor decreased over time. Moreover, in the first step, the magnitude of infiltration decreased with an increase in initial saturation, while when the magnitude dropped to the minimum value, it then went up with an increase in initial saturation. The maximum value was usually reached at a saturation degree of 0% or 100%. When evaluating slope stability, the safety factor obtained by the slope stability analysis method that considered the water-gas coupling effect was much lower than when it was not considered during the process of a similar seepage. The impact on the slope failure was significant and may provide a practical reference for hazard assessments to control rainfall-induced landslides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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15 pages, 6182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Liquefaction Properties of East Coast Sand of New Zealand Mixed with Varied Kaolinite Contents Using the Dynamically Induced Porewater Pressure Characteristics

by Roohollah Kalatehjari and Ademola Bolarinwa

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9115; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189115 - 10 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1737

Abstract

In earthquake geotechnical engineering, physical model experiments have proven to be significant and valuable in understanding the complex physics and engineering behaviors of prototype undrained soils in fields. An executed literature review indicated that large-scale physical model testing, such as shaking table (ST) [...] Read more.

In earthquake geotechnical engineering, physical model experiments have proven to be significant and valuable in understanding the complex physics and engineering behaviors of prototype undrained soils in fields. An executed literature review indicated that large-scale physical model testing, such as shaking table (ST) and centrifuge devices, have associated advantages and limitations. The current paper presents the design, fabrication, and calibration of a 600N-capacity, small-scale, one-directional (1-D) laboratory ST device that enables quick and valuable assessment of soil liquefaction mechanisms. The dynamically induced porewater pressure (PWP) generation characteristics of sand soil mixed with different percentage weights of clay were evaluated and illustrated as a case study for testing the ST device’s performance. The east coast sand (ECS) of New Zealand’s North Island was mixed with different percentages of kaolinite clay to produce five variants of ECS (00, 05, 10, 20, 25, and 30). Three input sine wave ground motions of a constant frequency of 10 Hz and amplitudes of 2, 3, and 4 were applied and classified in the current study as low, intermediate, and moderate ground motions, respectively, to evaluate the evolution of the dynamic excess pore pressures in the soil samples. The results indicated that the clean ECS and mixed samples with lower clay content (ECS00, ECS05, ECS10, and ECS15) produced the highest excess PWP throughout the three shaking cycles, with higher tendencies of contraction and liquefaction properties. On the other hand, soil samples with a higher percentage of clay (ECS20 and ECS20) yielded the lowest PWP, with softening and dilative properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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18 pages, 10881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significance of Determination Methods on Shear Modulus Measurements of Fujian Sand in Cyclic Triaxial Testing

by Dongsong Song, Hongshuai Liu and Qiangqiang Sun

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8690; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178690 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

It has long been known that the hysteresis loops of sand under cyclic loading gradually become asymmetric with the increase of strain amplitudes, but a symmetrical hysteresis loop is widely assumed in current practice. Despite several methods which have been proposed recently to [...] Read more.

It has long been known that the hysteresis loops of sand under cyclic loading gradually become asymmetric with the increase of strain amplitudes, but a symmetrical hysteresis loop is widely assumed in current practice. Despite several methods which have been proposed recently to consider the hysteresis loop irregularities, previous research has lacked a quantitative study on the effects of determination methods on the shear modulus G and modulus reduction curve G/G_max. The primary objective of the current study is to evaluate the uncertainties associated with the shear modulus measurements introduced by four determination methods. Reconstituted sand specimens prepared at three relative densities are tested using strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests, at various effective confining pressures. The results in terms of G and G/G_max with increasing shear strain are presented, following by the difference quantification in the calculated G/G_max caused by the determination methods, the G_max definition and the cycle number. The results show that the calculated G/G_max may differ significantly for the same hysteresis loop, with a maximum percentage change of 40~50%. The aggravated influence at low confining pressure highlights that careful consideration of the asymmetrical hysteresis loop at large strains is warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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20 pages, 9579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Erosion Damage Mechanism of Coal Gangue Slopes through Rainwater Using a 3D Discrete Element Method: A Case Study of the Guizhou Coal Gangue Slope (Southwestern China)

by Yun Tian, Yong Wu, Jiangyu Lin, Xueling Li, Dafu Xu, Futao Zhou and Qi Feng

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8548; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178548 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

Coal gangue is one of the largest solid wastes in the world. In previous studies, the influence and mechanisms of rainfall infiltration on coal gangue slope stability and possible rain erosion have been studied through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and modelling, and the [...] Read more.

Coal gangue is one of the largest solid wastes in the world. In previous studies, the influence and mechanisms of rainfall infiltration on coal gangue slope stability and possible rain erosion have been studied through theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and modelling, and the results have indicated that discontinuous discrete element methods are the most suitable for determining the erosion mechanism of coal gangue slopes. In this study, we take a Guizhou coal gangue slope as a general case, use three-dimensional Particle Flow Code (PFC3D) as the key method, and combine discrete element fluid–structure coupling technology with optimized erosion shear failure theory to determine the erosion failure mechanism of coal gangue slopes. We investigate a coal gangue slope near the electric power plant in Panzhou City, Guizhou Province (China) as a case study, and conduct a comprehensive analysis of the erosion induced by the corrosion damage mechanism. We use the PFC3D method, combined with optimized rain erosion shear failure theory, for our investigation. The applied methods mainly consider dynamic inversion of the erosion process, as well as the changes in coordination number, porosity, unbalanced force, and energy dissipation. The scour damage type of the studied gully is intermittent fragmentary damage, with the following inferred damage sequence: Center–bottom–top of the slope. The entire erosion damage process can be divided into three stages: catchment–fracture, erosion–accumulation, and piping–penetration failure. In the first stage of erosion, the force chain fracture is the most severe. The maximum kinetic energy reaches 25 MJ and the coordination number decreases from 5.3 to 4.0, whereas the porosity increases from 0.42 to 0.45. Unexpected lateral erosion and expansion occur at 40–60 m (in the central slope) in the y-direction of the slope, the unbalanced force reaches 7500 N, and the peak porosity is increased by 10%. This paper provides a simulation method for extreme precipitation events in geotechnical slopes (contributing to spatio-temporal connections, forecasting, generation, impact analysis, and vulnerability and risk assessment). Our improved methods provide valuable tools for engineering disaster early warning, and contribute to a better understanding of hydrodynamic processes in general. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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13 pages, 4441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Anchorage Performance of New High-Strength Fast Anchorage Agent

by Haifeng Li, Kun Wang, Zizhang Dong and Tao Liu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8494; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178494 - 25 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1369

Abstract

To achieve the efficient, rapid construction of prestressed anchor cables, in this study, through an indoor pull-out test and field basic test, we investigated the mechanical behavior, expansion, drawing performance and bond properties of a new type of high-strength, fast anchorage agent. We [...] Read more.

To achieve the efficient, rapid construction of prestressed anchor cables, in this study, through an indoor pull-out test and field basic test, we investigated the mechanical behavior, expansion, drawing performance and bond properties of a new type of high-strength, fast anchorage agent. We analyzed the influence of the water material ratio and curing time on its performance and determined the corresponding construction. It was found that the new anchoring agent could be effectively applied in field construction and achieved a compressive strength of 30 MPa within 30 h. Moreover, during the solidification process, the hydration reaction node could be reached within 5–6 h when the material expansion was and the feedback to the water–material ratio were the strongest. In addition, in the drawing process, the anchorage agent exhibited a strong bond with the reinforcement and the rock layer, and the bonding of the anchorage agent to the rock layer was greater than that of the steel bar. Therefore, in order to provide anchorage, it is necessary to increase the contact area between the steel strand and the anchorage agent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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21 pages, 9148 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Kernel Extreme Learning Machine-Grey Wolf Optimizer (KELM-GWO) Model to Predict Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Rock

by Chuanqi Li, Jian Zhou, Daniel Dias and Yilin Gui

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8468; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178468 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2330

Abstract

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is one of the most important parameters to characterize the rock mass in geotechnical engineering design and construction. In this study, a novel kernel extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (KELM-GWO) model was proposed to predict the UCS of 271 [...] Read more.

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is one of the most important parameters to characterize the rock mass in geotechnical engineering design and construction. In this study, a novel kernel extreme learning machine-grey wolf optimizer (KELM-GWO) model was proposed to predict the UCS of 271 rock samples. Four parameters namely the porosity (P_n, %), Schmidt hardness rebound number (SHR), P-wave velocity (V_p, km/s), and point load strength (PLS, MPa) were considered as the input variables, and the UCS is the output variable. To verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the KELM-GWO model, extreme learning machine (ELM), KELM, deep extreme learning machine (DELM) back-propagation neural network (BPNN), and one empirical model were established and compared with the KELM-GWO model to predict the UCS. The root mean square error (RMSE), determination coefficient (R²), mean absolute error (MAE), prediction accuracy (U₁), prediction quality (U₂), and variance accounted for (VAF) were adopted to evaluate all models in this study. The results demonstrate that the proposed KELM-GWO model was the best model for predicting UCS with the best performance indices. Additionally, the identified most important parameter for predicting UCS is the porosity by using the mean impact value (MIV) technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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13 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Vertical Load-Carrying Capacity of Post-Grouting Bored Piles

by Dezhi Kong, Heng Li and Wensong Gan

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(15), 7452; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157452 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2164

Abstract

The relationship between pile side frictional resistance and pile tip resistance and settlement is assumed to be ideal elastic–plastic. The load-transfer method is used to analyze the load-bearing characteristics of bored pile in actual projects, and the results are compared with static load [...] Read more.

The relationship between pile side frictional resistance and pile tip resistance and settlement is assumed to be ideal elastic–plastic. The load-transfer method is used to analyze the load-bearing characteristics of bored pile in actual projects, and the results are compared with static load test results to prove the reliability of the analysis method and its parameters, on the basis of which the bored piles are reinforced with grouting, namely, pile tip grouting, pile side grouting, and pile tip pile–side composite grouting, are analyzed. The results show that the pile tip grouting mainly improves pile tip resistance and has almost no effect on pile side frictional resistance; the pile side grouting improves pile tip resistance and pile side frictional resistance more significantly; and pile tip–pile side composite grouting improves pile tip resistance and pile side frictional resistance more significantly than the first two. The ultimate load-carrying capacity of the pile is increased by 19%, 49%, and 53% after the use of pile tip grouting, pile side grouting, and composite grouting respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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17 pages, 2005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Water Table on the Bearing Capacity of a Shallow Foundation

by Wenfeng Chen, Qichao Liu and Erlei Wang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(13), 6571; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12136571 - 29 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 8063

Abstract

Immersion is an important part of reservoir engineering investigation and evaluation. Determining the reasonable and effective burial depth of the critical immersion water table is one of the key scientific issues in the impact assessment of the bearing capacity of reservoir immersion foundations. [...] Read more.

Immersion is an important part of reservoir engineering investigation and evaluation. Determining the reasonable and effective burial depth of the critical immersion water table is one of the key scientific issues in the impact assessment of the bearing capacity of reservoir immersion foundations. In this study, basic physical and mechanical property tests were carried out on the soil in the typical immersion area of Xiaonanhai Hydropower Station, and the influence mechanism of saturation on the mechanical properties of building foundation soil and immersion on the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation was obtained. According to the test results, the influence depth of the rising groundwater level on the stability of the building foundation is analyzed, and a method to determine the critical depth of immersion groundwater in the reservoir is proposed. Taking the typical building foundation of Luohuang Town in the immersion area of Xiaonanhai Reservoir as an example, the validity of the critical water depth is further verified. The results show that the safety limit depth of the independent foundation affected by the rise of the water table increases with the increase of the width of the foundation and decreases with the increase of the buried depth of the foundation. Considering the safety limit depth, the critical depth of building immersion is 4.830 m, and without considering the safety limit depth, the critical depth of building immersion is 4.05 m. To a certain extent, it can reduce the impact of water table changes on the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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21 pages, 6396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MatNERApor—A Matlab Package for Numerical Modeling of Nonlinear Response of Porous Saturated Soil Deposits to P- and SH-Waves Propagation

by Artem A. Krylov, Sergey A. Kovachev, Elena A. Radiuk, Konstantin A. Roginskiy, Mikhail A. Novikov, Olga S. Samylina, Leopold I. Lobkovsky and Igor P. Semiletov

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4614; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094614 - 4 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2604

Abstract

The paper is devoted to the problem of numerical modeling of earthquake response of porous saturated soil deposits to seismic waves propagation. Site-specific earthquake response analysis is a necessary and important component of seismic hazard assessment. Accounting for the complex structure of porous [...] Read more.

The paper is devoted to the problem of numerical modeling of earthquake response of porous saturated soil deposits to seismic waves propagation. Site-specific earthquake response analysis is a necessary and important component of seismic hazard assessment. Accounting for the complex structure of porous saturated soils, i.e., the content in them, in addition to the solid matrix, pore water, gas mixture and ice, is especially important for the water areas in the zones of continuous or sparse permafrost, as well as the massive release of bubble gas from bottom sediments. The purpose of this study is to introduce an algorithm and its Matlab implementation for numerical modeling of the nonlinear response of porous saturated soil deposits to vertical P- and SH-waves propagation. The presented MatNERApor package consists of a set of Matlab scripts and functions. The package was tested and verified using the records of vertical seismic arrays of the Kik-net network. In addition, the records of local earthquakes obtained by ocean bottom seismographs in the Laptev Sea in 2019–2020 were used to demonstrate the effect of the water layer above the seabed sites on the reduction of vertical motions spectra. The results of the calculations showed good agreement with the data obtained from real seismic records, which justifies the correctness of the theoretical basis of the presented algorithm and its software implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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15 pages, 6709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Vibration Variation of Rock Slope Based on Numerical Simulation and Fitting Analysis

by Bing Yan, Ming Liu, Qingsheng Meng, Yao Li, Shenggui Deng and Tao Liu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4208; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094208 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

In engineering blasting, the slope surfaces in the blasting area exert various effects on the blast vibration velocity. For example, the slope effect and the whipping effect are generated in the slope area, which will influence the blast vibration velocity. The slope area [...] Read more.

In engineering blasting, the slope surfaces in the blasting area exert various effects on the blast vibration velocity. For example, the slope effect and the whipping effect are generated in the slope area, which will influence the blast vibration velocity. The slope area is the key protection area for many projects; therefore, it is of practical value to explore the influence of slope surface on blast vibration speed for the prediction of blast vibration and protection against it. The influence of slope effect and whipping effect on blast vibration velocity in the slope area was analyzed by numerical simulation and fitting. The field monitoring data were fitted to the blast vibration velocity prediction formula. According to the obtained fitting formula, we inferred that vibration speed amplification occurred in the slope area. Numerical simulation was carried out using the ANSYS/LS-DYNA program. Using the above two methods, whether the slope effect and whip tip effect occurred in the study area was verified. By numerical simulation, we established three-dimensional (3D) slope models for four different working conditions. We simulated the complete blasting process and the consistency between the simulation results, and the field data proved the reliability of the numerical simulation. Based on the results of the numerical simulation, we explored the variation of blasting vibration velocity under different height difference conditions. Finally, we explored the distribution law of blasting vibration at the slope surface and inside the slope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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19 pages, 11362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Law of Influence of Seepage Field Anomalies on Displacement Field Induced by Leakage of Enclosure Structure

by Bingbing Chen, Ming Liu, Shenggui Deng, Yao Li, Xuhai Zhang and Tao Liu

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 3809; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083809 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

The leakage of an enclosure structure will cause abnormal changes in the seepage flow field, which in turn can lead to the deformation of the enclosure structure and affect the surrounding geotechnical body. In this paper, a fiber-optic temperature measurement system is used [...] Read more.

The leakage of an enclosure structure will cause abnormal changes in the seepage flow field, which in turn can lead to the deformation of the enclosure structure and affect the surrounding geotechnical body. In this paper, a fiber-optic temperature measurement system is used to detect the location of the seepage points in a station of the Qingdao subway during open pit excavation, and the abnormal variation of the seepage field caused by the seepage points is obtained by numerical calculation and field measurement. Then, numerical simulation is performed to analyze the effects of seepage field anomalies on the deformation of the enclosure structure and surface settlement. It is found that the seepage flow caused by the leakage point has a significant influence on the surface settlement and the deformation of the enclosure structure. With the increase of excavation depth, the deformation of the enclosure structure increases and the maximum deformation position shifts downward. The deformation of the enclosure structure decreases when the leakage point exists. The surface volume also increases gradually with the excavation, and the maximum surface settlement position shifts outward significantly. The settlement range becomes larger when the leakage point exists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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18 pages, 9129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Curing and Strength Properties of Highly Moist Waste Mud from Slurry Shield Tunnel Construction

by Ziyu Ding, Tao Liu, Yan Zhang, Xiuting Su and Jianguo Zheng

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(8), 3762; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12083762 - 8 Apr 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2063

Abstract

The waste mud from slurry shield tunnel construction can easily cause environmental pollution. Thus, the RCSLP curing agent is developed to reutilize the waste mud produced in the Jinan Yellow River tunnel. The strength properties of the soils solidified with cement or RCSLP [...] Read more.

The waste mud from slurry shield tunnel construction can easily cause environmental pollution. Thus, the RCSLP curing agent is developed to reutilize the waste mud produced in the Jinan Yellow River tunnel. The strength properties of the soils solidified with cement or RCSLP were tested, and their microstructures were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that for the RCSLP curing agent, an optimum cement content of 15% and an optimum additive content of 12% improved the early compressive strength of the solidified soil. The mechanical properties of the RCSLP solidified soil were improved due to the significantly increased hydration products. The findings of this research could help achieve the utilization of waste mud from slurry shield tunnel construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-Art of Soil Dynamics and Geotechnical Engineering)

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