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Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment

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A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Civil Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 13273

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Dr. Jianhang Chen

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Guest Editor

School of Energy and Mining Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Interests: ground control; mining engineering; rock reinforcement
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Zizheng Zhang

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Guest Editor

School of Resource & Environment and Safety Engineering, Hunan University of Mining and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
Interests: rock mechanics; ground control; rock bolting; rock reinforcement

Prof. Dr. Qingliang Chang

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Guest Editor

School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Interests: ground control; rock mechanics; backfill mining
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the rapid development of mining engineering, coal and hard rock resources reserved in the relatively simpler geological environment are likely to be exhausted. Therefore, to satisfy the demand for mineral resources, more attention needs to be paid to the coal and hard rock resources under complex conditions. It is well known that, under complex conditions, mining activities are subjected to many challenges. For example, under complex conditions, mining operators, equipment and techniques are influenced by a combination of factors, including high stress, geological discontinuities, stress condition and high ground temperature.

Therefore, to guarantee that mining activities can be safely conducted, a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of underground openings under complex conditions is necessary. Moreover, it is important to propose new ground control methods under complex conditions. This Special Issue welcomes high-quality academic papers concerned with stability control techniques and methods for underground openings under high stress and deep mining. Additionally, new ground control techniques, materials and methods are encouraged.

Potential topics include but are not limited to the following:

(1) Cyclic loading and unloading tests on coal and rock samples;

(2) Dynamic loading tests on coal and rock materials;

(3) Mechanical tests on coal and rock materials under high-temperature conditions;

(4) Analytical modelling of the mechanical behavior of coal and rock materials;

(5) Numerical simulation of the performance of coal and rock materials;

(6) In situ campaigns of new ground control methods;

(7) In situ observations of the failure processes of underground openings.

Dr. Jianhang Chen
Dr. Zizheng Zhang
Prof. Dr. Qingliang Chang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

stability control
underground openings
stress concentration
dynamic loading

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Stability Control of Underground Openings Under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment: 2nd Edition in Applied Sciences

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22 pages, 17957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Load Characteristics and Stress-Energy Evolution Laws of Gob-Side Roadways Under Thick and Hard Roofs

by Jinlong Zhou, Junfeng Pan, Yongxue Xia, Wengang Liu, Taotao Du and Jianhong Wu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9513; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209513 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 451

Abstract

The stress environments of gob-side roadways (GSRs) are becoming increasingly complex during deep coal mining under thick and hard roofs. This leads to strong strata behaviors, including roadway floor heave, roof subsidence, and even coal bursts. Among them, coal bursts pose the greatest threat to production safety in coal mines. Coal bursts in a GSR strongly correlate with the load characteristics and stress-energy evolution laws of the roadway. This study analyzes the roof structures of double working faces (DWFs) during the initial weighting stage (IWS) and full mining stage (FMS) of gob-side working faces (GSWFs). This study also explores how varying roof structures affect the stability of GSRs. Three-dimensional roof structure models of DWFs and mechanical models of dynamic and static loads superposition on a GSR throughout the IWS and FMS of a GSWF were developed. An analysis identified the primary stress sources affecting the GSR throughout various mining stages of the GSWF. Subsequently, the principle of “three-load” superposition was developed. A novel method was proposed to quantify the stress state in the GSR surrounding rock across different mining stages of the GSWF. The method quantitatively characterizes the load of the GSR surrounding rock. Based on this, the criterion for judging the burst failure of the roadway was established. Numerical simulations are used to analyze the stress-energy evolution laws of the working face, coal pillar, and GSR surrounding rock during the mining process of the GSWF. These findings offer valuable references for studying and preventing coal bursts in GSRs under equivalent geological situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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15 pages, 4536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Slope Stability Analysis of Open-Pit Mine Considering Weathering Effects

by Wei Liu, Gang Sheng, Xin Kang, Min Yang, Danqi Li and Saisai Wu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8449; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188449 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1306

Abstract

Weathering processes gradually alter the physical and mechanical attributes of slope materials, weakening the structural integrity and stability of slopes. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of slope stability in an open-pit mine, emphasizing the pivotal role of weathering effects in determining slope stability. To accurately capture the impact of weathering on slope stability, a comprehensive analysis model was developed, incorporating field observations, laboratory testing, and numerical simulations. The effects of weathering on the mechanical properties of black shale were studied through extensive laboratory tests. The uniaxial compressive strength, shear strength, and modulus of elasticity significantly decreased with increasing weathering, indicating a heightened vulnerability to slope failure. The correlation function between mechanical parameters and weathering time was obtained, providing the basis for evaluating the stability of mine slopes. It was found that more severe weathering conditions were strongly correlated with elevated risks of slope failure, including landslides and collapses. Based on these findings, practical recommendations are provided for slope reinforcement and management strategies, aimed at mitigating slope failure risks and ensuring the safe and efficient operation of the mine. By incorporating weathering effects into slope stability analysis, mine operators can make informed decisions that account for the dynamic nature of slope materials and their susceptibility to weathering, thereby improving overall mine performance and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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19 pages, 9021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Characteristics and Response Factors of Rock Bolt Body in Roadway with Layered Composite Roof

by Ziyue Wang, Shangxin Fang and Cun Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(15), 6694; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156694 - 31 Jul 2024

Viewed by 806

Abstract

Layered composite roofs are characterized by developed bedding fissures, resulting in severe deformation and damage of rock bolts at the top of the roadway, as well as a poor roadway support effect. Increasing pretension force is an effective way to enhance the stiffness of the rock bolt support system. To clarify the influence and mechanism of the pretension force on the support effect of rock bolts in the layered roof, a roadway model of the layered roof was established using the interface unit of FLAC^3D, and the simulation rock bolts were constructed using the pile unit, which can simulate the mechanical behaviors of rock bolts, such as tension, shear, bending, fracture, and anchor failure, and the pretension force was applied. On this basis, the deformation and failure characteristics and influencing factors of rock bolts in the layered roadway roof under different surrounding rock conditions were simulated and analyzed. The research shows the following: ① Field measurements showed minor shear deformation in the rock bolts at the center of the roadway roof, with lateral displacements of 5.7 cm and 5.3 cm. Significant shear deformation occurred in the rock bolts at the roof corners, with lateral displacements of 18.2 cm and 17.6 cm. ② Simulations of rock bolt deformation characteristics matched the field measurements closely, confirming the reliability of the simulation method, parameter selection, and calculation sequence. ③ The primary factors affecting rock bolt deformation are the structural plane strength and surrounding rock strength. Rock bolts are most susceptible to lateral displacement when the structural plane strength is low, the strength difference between rock layers is large, and the weaker layer is below the structural plane. The presented research can provide a reference for the instability mechanism and support treatment of the layered composite roof roadway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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19 pages, 10674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Discrimination Method of Water-Flowing Fractured Zone Development Height Based on Thin Plate Theory

by Fengfeng Wu, Zhiqiang Gao, Huaidong Liu, Xin Yu and Haoyuan Gu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(14), 6284; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146284 - 18 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 894

Abstract

The water-flowing fractured zone development height (WFZDH) is of great importance for water prevention and control in coal mines. The purpose of this research is to obtain a WFZDH prediction method of the first mining face based on thin plate theory, considering the rock stratum as a thin plate. By analyzing the thin plate, we expect to derive formulas for deflection, thus further analyzing the deformation of the rock formation. Existing methods tend to analyze the rock stratum as if they were beams, and their results are errors from reality. The proposed method is more realistic in analyzing the rock stratum as a plate. The theoretical discrimination method for the WFZDH based on thin-plate theory was investigated using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field measurements. A mechanical model of the key stratum (a hard and thick rock stratum that controls the activity of all rock formations overlying a mining site, either locally or up to the surface) as a thin plate was established. The formulae for the deflection of the key stratum and the critical span for fracture were obtained from this model. The failure of the key stratum must meet two conditions: the key stratum’s suspended span exceeds the critical span at which key strata first fracture, and the free space height below the key stratum is greater than its maximum deflection. Based on the above demarcation basis and key stratum failure conditions, the method of discriminating the WFZDH and its applicable conditions are proposed. In accordance with Yeping Coal Mine’s geological background, the method was applied to discriminate the WFZDH, and the WFZDH was calculated to be 54 m. The results of the numerical simulation show that WFZDH is 55 m, and the measured results using the double-end water plugging device observation method and the Borehole TV method are 55.3 m~58.9 m. By comparing and analyzing the results obtained via various methods, the results show that the WFZDH analyzed using thin-plate theory is similar to those measured in the field and obtained through numerical simulation, verifying the appropriateness and practicability of the WFZDH discrimination method based on thin-plate theory. This research obtained the WFZDH of Yeping Coal Mine, which ensured its safe mining and provided guidance for the estimation of WFZDH in other mines with similar conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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18 pages, 13873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Shear Failure Process and Zonal Disintegration Mechanism of Roadway under High Ground Stress: A Numerical Simulation via a Strain-Softening Plastic Model and the Discrete Element Method

by Peiju Yang, Shurong Zhang and Changyou Liu

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4106; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104106 - 12 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 968

Abstract

Fracture expansion in rock masses can be observed by monitoring the break of contacts between the bounding particles via the discrete element method. The latter’s realization in this study via the PFC^2D program tracked the evolution process of the zonal disintegration in an exemplary roadway-surrounding rock affected by mining. Besides, the damage evolution pattern in a high-stress soft rock roadway was simulated by the FLAC^2D program using a strain-softening plastic model, revealing the effects of rock mass strength, stress state, and anchor support on the zonal disintegration of the roadway. Numerical simulation results show that in a roadway with high-level stress, the obvious fractures spread from the roadway surface to the depth of the surrounding rock along a series of geometric planes and cut the surrounding rock into rock mass blocks. Under high crustal stress, conjugate shear fractures occur near the roadway surfaces and form a closed-loop fractured zone after intersecting the conjugate fracture faces. The closed fractured zone becomes a free face, from which conjugate shear fractures develop, forming new closed fractured zones in the deep surrounding rock. By repeatedly generating the closed fracture zones, a fracture network appears in the roadway-surrounding rock. The development of zonal disintegration of roadway-surrounding rock mainly depends on the rock mass strength and its stress state. Zonal disintegration only occurs when the crustal stress of the roadway-surrounding rock exceeds its strength. When the horizontal stress is low and the vertical stress exceeds the rock mass strength, zonal disintegration only occurs on two sides of the roadway. When the vertical stress is low and the horizontal stress exceeds the rock’s mass strength, it only appears on the roof and floor. When the values of cohesion, internal friction angle, and tensile strength are reduced in the same proportion, cohesion has the greatest impact on the expansion of the zonal disintegration zone, followed by the internal friction angle, while the tensile strength effect is the least. In anchor-supported roadways undergoing zonal disintegration processes, the intact zone blocks slide relatively along the fracture surface during the process of loosening and deformation of the surrounding rock, making the anchor rods susceptible to tensile, shear, and bending actions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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21 pages, 6157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of Perimeter Rock Damage in a Bottom-Pumping Roadway under the Influence of Mining Activities and Rational Location Studies: A Case Study

by Libin Bai, Fengfeng Wu, Peiju Yang, Shurong Zhang and Bin Li

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2727; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072727 - 25 Mar 2024

Viewed by 742

Abstract

With the aim of determining the damage characteristics and a reasonable positional arrangement of the surrounding rock in a bottom-pumping roadway influenced by mining in a high-gas mine, the boundary equation for the plastic zone of the surrounding rock in a circular roadway under an unequal compressive stress field was adopted to analyze the relationship between the distribution characteristics of the plastic zone of the bottom-pumping roadway and the stability of the rock surrounding the bottom-pumping roadway under different bidirectional stress ratios. This was carried out in the bottom-pumping roadway of the working face of Licun coal mine 3301 as the engineering background, where the nature of the coal seams mined is bituminous coal, and the absolute gas outflow is 0.5 m³/min⁻¹. A numerical simulation was used to analyze the distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock stress and the bidirectional stress ratio, as well as the deformation and damage characteristics of the surrounding rock at different positions in the bottom-pumping roadway. A numerical simulation was applied to analyze the distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock stress and the two-way stress ratio, as well as the deformation and damage characteristics of the rock surrounding the bottom-pumping roadway when the bottom-pumping roadway was arranged in different locations. The results show that, with an increase in the bidirectional stress ratio, the plastic zone of the perimeter rock in the bottom-pumping roadway shows nonuniform “butterfly” distribution characteristics, which seriously affects the stability of the rock on the perimeter of the roadway; the stress on the bottom plate of the working face after excavation can be divided into four areas according to the size of the bidirectional stress ratio and the stress loading and unloading states. In addition, the size of the perimeter rock deformation can be sorted into four areas according to the damage range of the perimeter of the rock plastic zone in the bottom-pumping roadway. The size of the deformation in the surrounding rock can be sorted as follows: unpressurized high-stress ratio > unpressurized stress ratio stable area > pressurized low-stress ratio area > original rock stress ratio area. Accordingly, we found that the reasonable location of the bottom-pumping roadway is arranged at the 15 m position outside the hollow area below the coal pillar, along the limestone upper medium-grained sandstone layer along the bottom. The study’s results were applied to the field. The industrial experiments on the site show that the deformation of the surrounding rock is reasonable when the bottom-pumping roadway is dug along the limestone roof and arranged 15 m outside the fault of the mining hollow area below the coal pillar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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19 pages, 10784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Analytical Determination of Rockburst Characteristics: Case Study from Polish Deep Copper Mine

by Witold Pytel, Krzysztof Fuławka, Bogumiła Pałac-Walko and Piotr Mertuszka

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(21), 11881; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111881 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 984

Abstract

A simplified analytical method useful for ductile ground support design in underground mine workings is presented. This approach allows for maintaining the stability of sidewalls in rectangular openings extracted in competent and homogeneous rocks, especially in high-pressure conditions, favoring rockburst event occurrence. The proposed design procedure involves the typical assumptions governing the limit equilibrium method (LEM) with respect to a triangular rock block expelled from a sidewall of a long mine excavation subjected to normal stresses of the values determined based on the Maugis’s analytical solution concerned with stress distribution around the elliptical opening extracted within the homogeneous infinite elastic space. This stage of the local assessment of rock susceptibility to ejection from the walls of the excavation allowed for determining the geometry of the block whose ejection is most likely in a given geological and mining situation. Having extensive information about the geometry of the excavations and the properties of the surrounding rocks, it was possible to make an exemplary map of the risk from rockburst hazard, developed as the 2D contours of safety indexes’ values, for special-purpose excavations such as heavy machinery chambers, main excavations, etc. in conditions of selected mining panel of the deep copper mine at Legnica-Głogów Copper Basin, Poland. Another important element of the obtained results is the calculated values of the horizontal forces potentially pushing out the predetermined rock blocks. These forces are the surplus over the potential of frictional resistance and cohesion on the surfaces of previously identified discontinuities or on new cracks appearing as a result of overloading of the sidewalls. Finally, the presented algorithm allows us to perform quantitative tracking of rockburst phenomena as a function of time by determination of acceleration, velocity, and displacement of expelled rocks. Such information may be useful at the stage of designing the support for underground workings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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17 pages, 5256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Relationship between the Degree of Surrounding Rock Fragmentation and the Adaptability of Anchor Support

by Shuai Wang, Lianguo Wang, Furong Tang, Ke Ding, Zhaolin Li, Bo Ren, Chongyang Jiang and Jiaxing Guo

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(20), 11328; https://doi.org/10.3390/app132011328 - 15 Oct 2023

Viewed by 997

Abstract

Taking the roadway peripheral rock anchoring unit as the research object, the rock compression test containing the anchor solid was carried out to analyze the influence of the degree of peripheral rock fragmentation and the anchor support method on the mechanical properties of the rock body. The test results showed that the smaller the size of the structural surface, the more a greater number of anchor rods were needed, which in turn provided better support. With the increase in the size of the structural surface, the uniaxial compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the specimen showed a gradual decrease. Numerical tests of the uniaxial compression of rock containing cohesive units showed that the deformation of the specimen near the anchor bar was significantly reduced, while the main rupture surface was blocked, and an obvious reinforcement zone was formed near the anchor bar. Under the double-anchor condition, the anchor tension stress was more obvious, the reinforcement zone was wider, and the rock rupture surface was strongly blocked, all of which made its reinforcement effect the more obvious. This double-anchor condition showed that the anchoring effect of the anchor rods on the specimens was reflected in two aspects of reinforcement and crack stopping. The denser the anchor rods, the wider the reinforcement zone and hence the more likely that the superposition effect will occur, which allowed the anchor rods to play a greater supporting role in stabilizing the rock. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the design of anchor support and early warning prediction of destabilization damage in the fractured surrounding rock of coal mine roadways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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11 pages, 1102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into Mining Economic Evaluation Approaches Based on the Rosenblueth Point Estimate Method

by Jiaoqun Li, Tong Wu, Zengxiang Lu and Saisai Wu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(15), 9011; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13159011 - 6 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

Conducting technical and economic evaluations is important for mining investment and mining operation decision-making. Traditional economic evaluation methods rarely address the issue of evaluation reliability and usually require complex calculations to obtain the optimal solution. In this study, the Rosenblueth point estimate method for reliability evaluation of engineering project schemes is introduced. Combined with the cash flow method for economic evaluation of mines, the Rosenblueth point estimate method for evaluating the reliability of mining economy is established. Based on the technical and economic index of the case mine, taking the ore grade as a sensitivity indicator, empirical research on established models and methods was carried out. The results of the economic reliability evaluation and the variation rules obtained using the Rosenblueth point estimate method model were basically consistent with the actual production and operation rules of mining enterprise. The similar results also proved that the proposed model has good applicability and reliability for mining economic evaluation. Using the proposed RPEM economic reliability model, the economic reliability of a certain iron mine in Liaoning Province was calculated to be 99.95, which was a huge improvement compared with the traditional evaluation method. Additionally, the calculation process of the proposed model for economic reliability evaluation is simple and the accuracy is controllable. The economic reliability of the project can be calculated based on changes in sensitivity indicators, and the value range of sensitivity indicators can also be calculated through the required reliability. The obtained results and the proposed evaluation model provide a decision-making basis for mining investment projects and operation management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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16 pages, 6933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reasonable Coal Pillar Width and Surrounding Rock Control of Gob-Side Entry Driving in Inclined Short-Distance Coal Seams

by Fulian He, Wenli Zhai, Jiayu Song, Xuhui Xu, Deqiu Wang and Yanhao Wu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(11), 6578; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13116578 - 29 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1335

Abstract

During gob-side entry driving under complex conditions in inclined short-distance coal seams, the roadway loses stability and deforms seriously, which affects the safety and efficiency of mine production. In this study, a reasonable coal pillar width was explored by means of on-site investigation, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and engineering tests. The following research results were obtained: (1) In selecting a reasonable coal pillar width, the influences of the position of residual coal pillars, stratum spacing, main roof breakage, roadway section in the upper coal seam should be considered. From established mechanical models of inclined gob-side roadways, the maximum floor failure depth is 27 m and the concentrated influence range of the #1 coal pillars is 11 m. (2) The stress states of coal pillars with different widths were analyzed by numerical simulation. As the coal pillar width increases, the peak value of the stress increases first and then decreases. Based on the site geological conditions, the optimum coal pillar width was determined to be 8 m, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation results. (3) A new pressure-yield support technology was proposed, and its on-site application confirmed its notable roadway control effect. Our research can provide theoretical support for the control of roadways surrounding rock under similar engineering background conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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16 pages, 7030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction Method of Honeycomb Gas Flow Network Channel: Structure-Based and Engineering Response on Plastic Zone Distribution Form

by Chao Yuan, Lian-Xin Li, Lei Fan, Yue-Yang Xu and Jun-Jie Wu

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(10), 6096; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13106096 - 16 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1020

Abstract

The plastic zone of the surrounding rock of the borehole is a high-quality channel for gas flow. Studying the distribution form of the plastic zone in the surrounding rock of the boreholes and the characteristics of the extended connection network is essential for the optimal layout of the gas drainage boreholes. Considering gas pressure parameters based on the modified Terzaghi effective stress principle and Mohr–Coulomb strength criterion. The implicit equation of the plastic zone boundary of the surrounding rock of the borehole is derived. The influence of two-way confining pressure ratio, coal body strength, gas pressure and hole diameter on the distribution of the surrounding plastic rock zone and the permeability-increasing circle is analyzed, and a honeycomb gas flow network channel structure based on the distribution of plastic zones is constructed. The gas flow and enrichment zone of the coal seam are connected, and the gas drainage rate is improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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18 pages, 1377 KiB

Open AccessStudy Protocol

Application of Research on Risk Assessment of Roadway Roof Falls Based on Combined Weight Matter Element Extension Model

by Shenggang Wang, Chao Yuan, Lianxin Li, Xiaowei Su and Chao Wang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(10), 4111; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104111 - 12 May 2024

Viewed by 970

Abstract

Roof falls in coal mine roadways are the main causes of many casualties, shutdowns and production plan delays. To understand the relationship between the influencing factors of roadway roof fall accidents and the importance ranking of the accidents, we will reduce safety accidents in coal mines. To enable the timely prediction and control of roadway roof fall risks, based on the investigation of many roadway roof fall risk factors, 12 evaluation indexes such as the roadway roof rock thickness, geological conditions and roadway section shape were selected. An evaluation index system of roadway roof fall risks is constructed. A risk degree standard of roadway roof falls is proposed. The risk evaluation model of roadway roof falls was established by using the combination weight of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), entropy weight method (EW) and matter element extension theory. According to the principle of the maximum membership degree, the risk degree of roadway roof falls is determined. Based on Java Web, a risk assessment system for roadway roof falls was developed. We name the system Multiple Weight-Material Element Web (MW-MEW). The MW-MEW system was used to evaluate the risk degree of roof falls in the C9 return airway of the Xingu Coal Mine. Compared with the evaluation results of the AHP matter element extension model, it is found that the evaluation results of the MW-MEW system are more in line with the actual engineering conditions. The successful application of the MW-MEW system will provide new avenues for the quantitative evaluation of roof fall risks in coal mine roadways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stability Control of Underground Openings under High Stress and Deep Mining Environment)

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