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Atmosphere
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Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement
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Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Aerosols".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 12008

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alexander Safatov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
Interests: bioaerosol; indoor/outdoor; measurement; microorganisms; biodiversity; culturable microorganisms; molecular-biological methods; bioaerosol organic compounds; bioaerosol markers; bioaerosol sources; bioaerosol propagation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bioaerosols are an integral class of aerosol. However, their composition and properties, as well as their long- and short-term variability, are poorly understood. The purpose of this Special Issue of Atmosphere titled "Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement" is to publish information about the composition of bioaerosols and their properties, as well as methods for measuring these properties. The most important among these properties are the concentration and diversity of microorganisms and organic components in bioaerosols in various regions and meteorological situations.

This Special Issue will feature articles on:

  • The study of the biodiversity of culturable and non-culturable microorganisms of various kingdoms as well as plant pollen by traditional methods and modern molecular biological methods;
  • The use of biomarkers for the study of bioaerosols;
  • Determination of the composition of organic compounds and their variability in bioaerosols under various conditions;
  • Relationship of bioaerosols’ characteristics with their sources and changes in these characteristics during the propagation of bioaerosols in the environment.

This Special Issue will also present articles devoted to more special, but no less important, topics on the ice-nucleating properties of bioaerosols, the determination of the infectivity of various bioaerosols for laboratory animals, and other topics.

Dr. Alexander Safatov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Atmosphere is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • bioaerosol
  • indoor and/or outdoor
  • measurement
  • microorganisms
  • biodiversity
  • culturable microorganisms
  • molecular-biological methods
  • bioaerosol organic compounds
  • pollen
  • bioaerosol markers
  • bioaerosol sources
  • bioaerosol propagation
  • ice-nucleating properties

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

25 pages, 2749 KiB  
Article
Bioaerosol Exposure during Sorting of Municipal Solid, Commercial and Industrial Waste: Concentration Levels, Size Distribution, and Biodiversity of Airborne Fungal
by Philippe Duquenne, Xavier Simon, Catherine Coulais, Véronique Koehler, Jodelle Degois and Brigitte Facon
Atmosphere 2024, 15(4), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040461 - 8 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 946
Abstract
A study was carried out in a waste sorting plant (WSP) located in France, treating dry recyclable household waste (DRHW) as well as dry recyclable commercial and industrial waste (DRCIW). Stationary and personal inhalable samples were collected in the WSP in order to [...] Read more.
A study was carried out in a waste sorting plant (WSP) located in France, treating dry recyclable household waste (DRHW) as well as dry recyclable commercial and industrial waste (DRCIW). Stationary and personal inhalable samples were collected in the WSP in order to investigate bioaerosols (sampling on a filter; 2 L/min and 10 L/min) and airborne dust (CIP; 10 L/min). The aim of the study was to assess the extent to which the measurement of concentration, species composition, and particle size distribution contributes to a better assessment of the biological risks associated with exposure. The results confirmed that waste and waste sorting activities are sources of airborne fungi. Indeed, ambient concentrations ranged from 7.3 × 103 to 8.5 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3 for culturable fungi and up to 4 mg/m3 for dust. Personal exposure to inhalable dust was found up to 3 mg/m3 for dust and ranged from 8.6 × 103 to 1.5 × 106 CFU/m3 for fungi. Airborne fungal communities were found to be dominated by the Penicillium genera in both bioaerosols and settled dust samples, followed by the Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Wallemia, Mucor, and Rhizopus genera. Fungi were carried by particles of aerodynamic diameters, mainly between around 2.0 and 10.0 µm. The findings dealing with size distribution and biodiversity of bioaerosols suggest that employees are exposed to complex bioaerosols during their work and help to make a finer diagnosis of the risks involved, which is often difficult in the absence of any occupational exposure limit (OEL) value for bioaerosols in general. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement)
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13 pages, 4401 KiB  
Article
Bioaerosol Emission from Vortex Liquids Contaminated with Escherichia coli Bacteria
by Maheen Shafiq and Igor E. Agranovski
Atmosphere 2024, 15(3), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030354 - 14 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1184
Abstract
Vortex fluids are often present in natural and artificial aquatic environments and are also widely used in industrial water treatment and product manufacturing processes. Vortex processes have been studied quite extensively; however, little attention has been paid to the potential release of biological [...] Read more.
Vortex fluids are often present in natural and artificial aquatic environments and are also widely used in industrial water treatment and product manufacturing processes. Vortex processes have been studied quite extensively; however, little attention has been paid to the potential release of biological aerosols to the ambient air in common situations involving microbial-contaminated vortex liquids. The model organism was Escherichia coli, a common Gram-negative coliform bacterium widely present in the aquatic and air environments. This study examines the influence of various parameters, including liquid rotation speed, column height, temperature, surface tension and vessel size, on the rate of bioaerosol formation. A commonly used single-stage bioaerosol impactor was employed to collect microbial aerosols at different process parameters under controlled laboratory conditions. The main results show that bioaerosol production increases markedly with increasing rotation speed, reaching a maximum rate at the highest value used in this project (1300 rpm). The tallness of the liquid column is strongly responsible for the bioaerosol production efficiency reaching a difference of almost one order of magnitude along the range between 45 mm (highest bioaerosol release) and 110 mm used in this research. Fluid temperature and surface tension are also very influential parameters responsible for bioaerosol generation during fluid vortex motion; corresponding results are discussed in this manuscript. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement)
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13 pages, 2488 KiB  
Article
Diurnal Variation in Concentration of Culturable Bacterial and Fungal Bioaerosols in Winter to Spring Season
by Ki Joon Heo, Sang Bin Jeong, Cheol Eun Lim, Gun Woong Lee and Byung Uk Lee
Atmosphere 2023, 14(3), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030537 - 11 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1765
Abstract
Diurnal variations in the concentrations of culturable fungal and bacterial bioaerosols were measured during winter and spring. Significant variations in concentrations of bacterial bioaerosols were observed during the day in this measurement campaign. The bacterial bioaerosol concentration exhibited two peaks during the morning [...] Read more.
Diurnal variations in the concentrations of culturable fungal and bacterial bioaerosols were measured during winter and spring. Significant variations in concentrations of bacterial bioaerosols were observed during the day in this measurement campaign. The bacterial bioaerosol concentration exhibited two peaks during the morning and evening periods in the winter season. Diurnal variation in bacterial bioaerosols was greater in spring than that in winter. However, fungal bioaerosol concentrations were not affected by diurnal and seasonal changes. Environmental properties such as temperature, relative humidity, and ultraviolet irradiation intensity were measured, and their relationship with bioaerosol concentrations was analyzed. The surrounding temperature was suspected as a significant factor. This diurnal variation in culturable bioaerosols can explain various public health phenomena. Variations in the concentrations of non-biological aerosol particles were also analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement)
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15 pages, 12990 KiB  
Article
Brochosomes and Other Bioaerosols in the Surface Layer of the Atmosphere of Moscow Metropolis
by Dina P. Gubanova, Anna A. Vinogradova and Nataliya V. Sadovskaya
Atmosphere 2023, 14(3), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030504 - 5 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1853
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the morphological study of aerosol particles in the urban air of Moscow (Russia) in 2019–2022 by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our monitoring revealed mineral and anthropogenic particles, and also primary bioaerosols (PBA), such as pollen, spores, plant [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of the morphological study of aerosol particles in the urban air of Moscow (Russia) in 2019–2022 by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our monitoring revealed mineral and anthropogenic particles, and also primary bioaerosols (PBA), such as pollen, spores, plant fibers, etc., typical for the urban environment. Moreover, in July 2021, brochosomes, lipid secretions of semi-hard-winged insects Cicadellidae (or leafhopper), were found in several aerosol samples. They are quasi-spherical hollow porous semi-regular polyhedra (truncated icosahedra) of 0.2–0.7 microns in size, consisting mainly of carbon and oxygen. Despite the prevalence and diversity of leafhoppers, identification of their secretions in atmospheric aerosols in situ is rather rare: single articles from South Korea, Spain, the Himalayas, and the United States. In this sense, the results obtained are interesting and novel. PBA particles cover a wide size range and have a complex and diverse shape, which determines the distance and efficiency of their atmospheric transport. Pollen and fungal spores have a high allergenic potential and can have harmful effects on human health. Any new information about PBA can be useful for studying the development and dynamics of ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement)
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18 pages, 1996 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Assessment of Airborne Transmission of Human and Animal Influenza Viruses in the Ferret Model
by Andrey Gudymo, Galina Onkhonova, Alexey Danilenko, Ivan Susloparov, Natalia Danilchenko, Maxim Kosenko, Anastasia Moiseeva, Natalia Kolosova, Svetlana Svyatchenko, Vasily Marchenko, Tran Thi Nhai, Andrey Kuznetsov, Elena Gavrilova, Rinat Maksyutov and Alexander Ryzhikov
Atmosphere 2023, 14(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14030471 - 27 Feb 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2247
Abstract
The WHO has developed a tool to assess the risk of newly emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential (TIPRA). According to TIPRA, the main parameters for assessing the risk of human-to-human transmission of a novel influenza virus are its ability to bind to [...] Read more.
The WHO has developed a tool to assess the risk of newly emerging influenza viruses with pandemic potential (TIPRA). According to TIPRA, the main parameters for assessing the risk of human-to-human transmission of a novel influenza virus are its ability to bind to human cell receptors of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and transmit in model animals. The aim of this study was to quantify airborne transmission of human and animal influenza viruses in the ferret model. The transmission of influenza viruses was studied in the ferret model in an aerobiology chamber. Airborne particles concentration and fractional composition in the aerobiology chamber were measured using an aerosol particle counter and analytical aerosol filters. Viral load in ferret nasal washings and aerosol filters was determined by titration in MDCK cells and quantitative RT-PCR. Genetic analysis of influenza viruses was performed using virus genome sequences obtained by NGS. After intranasal infection, human and animal influenza viruses replicated in the cells of nasal mucosa in ferrets. The level of virus airborne particles contamination provided by infected animals depends on the infectious dose and differs significantly between influenza virus strains. The studied avian influenza viruses show insufficient transmission in the ferret model, while human and swine influenza viruses are highly transmitted in ferrets. We propose a quantitative model of airborne transmission of influenza virus from donor to recipient ferrets. Level of influenza virus transmission in the ferret model correlates with genetic markers of virus receptor specificity and the level of virus airborne particle contamination induced by donor ferrets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement)
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13 pages, 1550 KiB  
Article
Composition and Concentration of the Biogenic Components of the Aerosols Collected over Vasyugan Marshes and Karakan Pine Forest at Altitudes from 500 to 7000 m
by Irina S. Andreeva, Aleksandr S. Safatov, Vera V. Morozova, Nadezhda A. Solovyanova, Larisa I. Puchkova, Galina A. Buryak, Sergei E. Olkin, Irina K. Reznikova, Elena K. Emelyanova, Olesya V. Okhlopkova, Denis V. Simonenkov and Boris D. Belan
Atmosphere 2023, 14(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020301 - 2 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1322
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the concentration of total protein, as well as the composition and abundance of culturable microorganisms in atmospheric aerosols collected over the Vasyugan marshes and the Karakan pine forest during a flight in September 2018 at [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to compare the concentration of total protein, as well as the composition and abundance of culturable microorganisms in atmospheric aerosols collected over the Vasyugan marshes and the Karakan pine forest during a flight in September 2018 at altitudes from 500 to 7000 m. The determined concentrations of total protein in Karakan samples were on average much less than those for the same area in September of other years. The concentration and composition of microorganisms in aerosol samples were determined by cultural methods and isolate genotyping. Altitude dependences of concentrations of total protein and culturable microorganisms were revealed. A rather stable altitude profile of culturable microorganism concentration was found over the Vasyugan marshes. No microorganisms were found at altitudes 4000 and 5500 m over the Karakan pine forest. Non-spore-bearing and spore-forming bacteria, as well as molds and yeast-like fungi, were isolated from aerosol samples. A high concentration of cosmopolitan psychrotolerant yeast Aureobasidium, capable of causing severe mycoses, and opportunistic bacteria Acinetobacter were found. A great similarity of composition and an atypically high abundance of non-spore-bearing bacteria and psychrotolerant yeast-like fungi were revealed in samples taken at altitudes of 1000 and 500 m in both studied regions, which may be a consequence of large-scale horizontal transport of layers of atmospheric air contaminated with microorganisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement)
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10 pages, 1779 KiB  
Article
Bioaerosol Release from Concentrated Microbial Suspensions in Bubbling Processes
by Elena Kruglyakova, Ekaterina Mirskaya and Igor E. Agranovski
Atmosphere 2022, 13(12), 2029; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13122029 - 2 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1807
Abstract
Bursting bubbles are one of the most common mechanisms in aerosols’ formation from natural and artificial waterbodies. The presence of microbial materials in the liquid could cause their aerosolization and generation of bioaerosols. The process depends on a number of parameters of the [...] Read more.
Bursting bubbles are one of the most common mechanisms in aerosols’ formation from natural and artificial waterbodies. The presence of microbial materials in the liquid could cause their aerosolization and generation of bioaerosols. The process depends on a number of parameters of the gas and liquid involved. This project investigated the influence of the air flow, bubble size, the temperature of the liquid and its surface tension on the efficiency of bioaerosol generation. It was found that the bioaerosol is more efficiently produced at higher air flow rates and smaller bubble size. The influence of the liquid temperature was also identified to be quite high, reaching an order of magnitude of the bioaerosol concentration over the temperature range from 4 °C to 38 °C. The addition of surfactants did suppress the foam formation, which was found to have a negative effect on the process; the rate of the bioaerosol generation increased with the increase in the antifoam concentration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioaerosol Composition and Measurement)
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