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Atmosphere
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Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario
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Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Climatology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 24329

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Alfredo Rocha

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Guest Editor
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: numerical weather and climate modelling; climate variability and change; extreme weather events; Climate and health; meteorology and wind and solar energy production
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ana Isabel Miranda

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Guest Editor
CESAM and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: air quality modeling; atmospheric pollution; climate change mitigation and adaptation; air pollution mitigation strategies; forest fire behavior; air pollution and human health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue addresses contemporary research into the effects of climate change on ozone levels and thereafter into vegetation health. Vegetation is both a source of precursors and a consumer of ozone. It emits ozone precursors, such as volatile organic compounds, and removes ozone by absorption through dry deposition.

The physiological effects of ozone absorption are manifested through reduced photosynthesis, increased aging at the cellular level, and through damage to reproductive processes, enhancing increased disease susceptibility, decreased plant growth and reproductive capacity, and loss of biodiversity. High ozone levels can therefore lead to loss of productivity and quality of agricultural fields, and consequently to economic losses.

Tropospheric ozone has an increasing tendency toward association with a greater incidence of warm summers and heatwaves, such as those expected under climate change scenarios. The strong evidence of the negative effects that the current ambient ozone has on vegetation supports the need for consistent risk assessment methods able to anticipate the indirect impacts of climate change. Ozone plant exposure-based parameters have been used extensively to support decision-making. However, these parameters have also been criticized, as they do not relate with the actual dose of ozone entering the plant.

Original results and review papers related to the analysis of the synergistic effects among climate, ozone, and vegetation, under a climate change context, are encouraged. Authors are also expected to work on the underlying mechanisms associated to interactions between weather and ozone, taking into consideration the contribution of vegetation as a source of ozone precursors.

This Special Issue intends to provide an overview of the overarching research of ozone effects on vegetation based on multidisciplinary collaborations.

Prof. Dr. Alfredo Rocha
Prof. Dr. Ana Isabel Miranda
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Climate change
  • Extreme weather events
  • Tropospheric ozone
  • Dry deposition
  • Vegetation responses

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6805 KiB  
Article
Physiological and Yield Responses of Spring Wheat Cultivars under Realistic and Acute Levels of Ozone
by Nivedita Chaudhary, David J. Bonfil and Eran Tas
Atmosphere 2021, 12(11), 1392; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111392 - 24 Oct 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2345
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is widely recognized as the cause of substantial yield and quality reduction in crops. Most of the previous studies focused on the exposure of wheat cultivars to elevated O3 levels. Our main objectives were to: (i) investigate [...] Read more.
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is widely recognized as the cause of substantial yield and quality reduction in crops. Most of the previous studies focused on the exposure of wheat cultivars to elevated O3 levels. Our main objectives were to: (i) investigate the consistency of wheat cultivars’ physiological responses across two different realistic O3 levels; and (ii) compare these physiological responses with those under short acute O3 exposure. Three commercially available hard spring wheat cultivars bred under semiarid and Eastern Mediterranean conditions were exposed to two different O3 levels during two consecutive seasons (2016–2018)—36 and 71 ppbv 7 h mean O3 mixing ratios in open-top chambers. The results were compared to those following short acute O3 exposure (102.8 ppbv, 7 h mean for 10 days) in a greenhouse. Non-stomatal responses were significantly more pronounced than stomatal responses in all cultivars under different levels of O3. The specific cultivar was observed as the most O3-tolerant under all experiments. The fact that the same cultivar was found remarkably tolerant to the local semiarid ambient conditions according to other studies and to O3 exposure based on the present study supports a link between cultivar resistance to drought conditions and O3. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario)
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15 pages, 1262 KiB  
Article
Specification of Modified Jarvis Model Parameterization for Pinus cembra
by Anna Buchholcerová, Peter Fleischer, Jr., Dušan Štefánik, Svetlana Bičárová and Veronika Lukasová
Atmosphere 2021, 12(11), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12111388 - 23 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1853
Abstract
The high ambient ozone concentrations cause impairing effects on vegetation leading to plant injuries. The potential ozone uptake to vegetation through open stomata can be quantified using stomatal conductance measurements under the local environmental conditions. This study compares the ozone stomatal conductance to [...] Read more.
The high ambient ozone concentrations cause impairing effects on vegetation leading to plant injuries. The potential ozone uptake to vegetation through open stomata can be quantified using stomatal conductance measurements under the local environmental conditions. This study compares the ozone stomatal conductance to vegetation obtained with a modified Jarvis formula adopted from the Vegetation Manual of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, and experimental field measurements’ data. The stomatal conductance was measured by a portable photosynthesis and gas exchange analyzer system LiCOR6400. The measurements were performed in the submontane environment of the High Tatra Mountains in Slovakia on Swiss pine (Pinus cembra), as a native species of the local flora. According to previous studies, Swiss pine is considered as an ozone-sensitive species. The modified Jarvis model for the ozone stomatal conductance is compared with the field measurements. The suitable parameterization of the modified Jarvis model for Swiss pine is obtained. The parameterization of stomatal conductance for Swiss pine in the local environment would help understand its specificity and similarity to other conifer species. In the case of using parameterization for a boreal coniferous from the Vegetation Manual of the International Cooperative Programme on Effects of Air Pollution on Natural Vegetation and Crops, validation of the model with the measurements without temperature adjustment of the conifer chamber achieved a coefficient of determination of R2=0.75. This result is not in contradiction with the previous researches. With the optimal set of parameters, obtained in this paper, the Jarvis model reaches R2=0.85. The data suggest that Jarvis-type models with appropriate parameterization are applicable for stomatal conductance estimation for Pinus cembra when the measurements do not modify the temperature regime. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario)
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12 pages, 3324 KiB  
Article
Ozone Effects on Douro Vineyards under Climate Change
by Ana Ascenso, Carla Gama, Carlos Silveira, Carolina Viceto, Alfredo Rocha, Myriam Lopes and Ana Isabel Miranda
Atmosphere 2021, 12(10), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101238 - 22 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2124
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) levels in southern Europe have an increasing tendency, in close relation with the higher incidence of hot summers and heatwaves. Given that O3 is one of the most damaging pollutants for vegetation, known to affect productivity and [...] Read more.
Tropospheric ozone (O3) levels in southern Europe have an increasing tendency, in close relation with the higher incidence of hot summers and heatwaves. Given that O3 is one of the most damaging pollutants for vegetation, known to affect productivity and quality of crops, it is necessary to develop more rigorous and consistent methods of risk assessment that consider climate change conditions. Studying the O3 deposition over the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR), which is one of the most productive wine areas in Portugal, and assessing its potential effects under a climate change scenario, was the purpose of this study. To that end, the chemical transport model CHIMERE, with a spatial resolution of 1 km2, fed by meteorological data from the WRF model, was applied for a recent past climate (2003 to 2005) and future mid-term (2049 and 2064) and long-term (2096 and 2097) scenarios. Simulations for future climate were performed considering: (i) only the climate change effect, and (ii) the effect of climate change together with future air pollutant emissions. The assessment of the potential damage in terms of wine productivity and quality (sugar content) was performed through analysis of O3 deposition and the application of concentration–response functions, based on AOT40 values. Modeling results show that a reduction in emission of O3 precursors can successfully decrease AOT40 levels in the DDR, but it is not enough to accomplish the European Commission target value for the protection of vegetation. If the emissions remain constant, the exposure–response functions indicate that, in the long-term, AOT40 levels could worsen wine productivity and quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario)
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25 pages, 5494 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Increased Ozone Levels on the Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopic Signature of Wheat Cultivars and Landraces
by Melissa Chang-Espino, Ignacio González-Fernández, Rocío Alonso, Jose Luis Araus and Victoria Bermejo-Bermejo
Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070883 - 7 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2376
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the negative effects of ozone (O3) on wheat development and productivity. The negative effects of O3 are mediated by changes in photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism, which are difficult and time-consuming to assess and are thus [...] Read more.
Several studies have highlighted the negative effects of ozone (O3) on wheat development and productivity. The negative effects of O3 are mediated by changes in photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism, which are difficult and time-consuming to assess and are thus only measured sporadically throughout the plant cycle. Stable isotope measurements in grains can help integrate the effects of chronic O3 exposure over the lifespan of the plant. This particular study focuses on the extent to which the stomatal conductance and productivity of Mediterranean wheat are related to carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures under chronic O3 exposure. An open top chamber experiment was designed to analyse the effects of the pollutant on 12 Spanish wheat genotypes, which included modern cultivars, old cultivars and landraces. Four O3 treatments were considered. Stomatal conductance (gs) measurements were carried out during anthesis, and yield and nitrogen content parameters were taken at maturity, along with the carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition measured in grains. Modern and old cultivars responded similarly to O3 and were sensitive to the pollutant regarding yield parameters and gs, while landraces were more O3-tolerant. Grain δ13C had a strong negative correlation with grain yield and stomatal conductance across genotypes and O3 conditions, and increased under higher O3 concentrations, showing its capacity to integrate O3 stress throughout the wheat cycle. Meanwhile, a higher nitrogen concentration in grains, coupled with smaller grains, led to an overall decreased grain nitrogen yield under higher O3 concentrations. This nitrogen concentration effect within the grain differed among genotypes bred at different ages, following their respective O3-sensitivity. δ15N showed a possible indirect effect of O3 on nitrogen redistribution, particularly under the highest O3 concentration. The correlations of δ15N and δ13C to the usual effects of ozone on the plant suggest their potential as indicators of chronic ozone exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario)
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17 pages, 5564 KiB  
Article
Assessing Douro Vineyards Exposure to Tropospheric Ozone
by Ana Ascenso, Carla Gama, Daniel Blanco-Ward, Alexandra Monteiro, Carlos Silveira, Carolina Viceto, Vera Rodrigues, Alfredo Rocha, Carlos Borrego, Myriam Lopes and Ana Isabel Miranda
Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020200 - 2 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4190
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) can strongly damage vegetation. Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), in particular, have intermediate sensitivity to ozone. Wine production is an important economic activity, as well as a pillar to the cultural identity of several countries in the [...] Read more.
Tropospheric ozone (O3) can strongly damage vegetation. Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.), in particular, have intermediate sensitivity to ozone. Wine production is an important economic activity, as well as a pillar to the cultural identity of several countries in the world. This study aims to evaluate the risk of Douro vineyards exposure to ozone, by estimating its concentration and deposition in the Demarcated Region of Douro in Portugal. Based on an assessment of the climatology of the area, the years 2003 to 2005 were selected among the hottest years of the recent past, and the chemical transport model CHIMERE was used to estimate the three-dimensional field of ozone and its dry deposition over the Douro region with 1 km2 of horizontal resolution. Model results were validated by comparison with measured data from the European air quality database (AirBase). The exposure indicator AOT40 (accumulated concentration of ozone above 40 ppb) was calculated and an exposure–response function was applied to determine the grapevine risk to ozone exposure. The target value for the protection of vegetation established by the Air Quality Framework Directive was exceeded on most of the Douro region, especially over the Baixo Corgo and Cima Corgo sub-regions. The results of the exposure–response functions suggest that the productivity loss can reach 27% and that the sugar content of the grapes could be reduced by 32%, but these values are affected by the inherent uncertainty of the used methodology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario)
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17 pages, 1124 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Ozone on Herbivore-Induced Volatile Emissions of Cultivated and Wild Brassica Rapa
by Agnès Brosset, Amélie Saunier, Adedayo O. Mofikoya, Minna Kivimäenpää and James D. Blande
Atmosphere 2020, 11(11), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111213 - 10 Nov 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2543
Abstract
Since preindustrial times, concentrations of tropospheric ozone, a phytotoxic pollutant, have risen in the Northern Hemisphere. Selective breeding has intentionally modified crop plant traits to improve yield but may have altered plant defenses against abiotic and biotic stresses. This study aims to determine [...] Read more.
Since preindustrial times, concentrations of tropospheric ozone, a phytotoxic pollutant, have risen in the Northern Hemisphere. Selective breeding has intentionally modified crop plant traits to improve yield but may have altered plant defenses against abiotic and biotic stresses. This study aims to determine if cultivated and wild plants respond differently to herbivory under elevated ozone. We studied the volatile emissions of four cultivated Brassica rapa ssp. oleifera varieties and one wild population after exposure to ozone or Plutella xylostella larval feeding either individually or together. Ozone modulated the volatiles emitted in response to herbivory by all plant varieties to different extents. We did not observe a clear difference in the effects of ozone on wild and cultivated plants, but cultivated plants had higher volatile emission rates in response to herbivory and ozone had either no effect or increased the herbivore-induced response. Larvae tended to feed more on elevated ozone-treated plants; however, we could not link the increase of feeding to the change in volatile emissions. Our study complements recent studies reporting that selective breeding might not have weakened chemical defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses of cultivated plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario)
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Review

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23 pages, 2333 KiB  
Review
Temporal Changes in Ozone Concentrations and Their Impact on Vegetation
by Stanislav Juráň, John Grace and Otmar Urban
Atmosphere 2021, 12(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12010082 - 7 Jan 2021
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 7518
Abstract
Tropospheric concentrations of phytotoxic ozone (O3) have undergone a great increase from preindustrial 10–15 ppbv to a present-day concentration of 35–40 ppbv in large parts of the industrialised world due to increased emissions of O3 precursors including NOx, [...] Read more.
Tropospheric concentrations of phytotoxic ozone (O3) have undergone a great increase from preindustrial 10–15 ppbv to a present-day concentration of 35–40 ppbv in large parts of the industrialised world due to increased emissions of O3 precursors including NOx, CO, CH4 and volatile organic compounds. The rate of increase in O3 concentration ranges between 1 ppbv per decade in remote locations of the Southern hemisphere and 5 ppbv per decade in the Northern hemisphere, where largest sources of O3 precursors are located. Molecules of O3 penetrating into the leaves through the stomatal apertures trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species, leading thus to the damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. Accordingly, it is assumed, that O3 increase reduces the terrestrial carbon uptake relative to the preindustrial era. Here we summarise the results of previous manipulative experiments in laboratory growth cabinets, field open-top chambers and free-air systems together with O3 flux measurements under natural growth conditions. In particular, we focus on leaf-level physiological responses in trees, variability in stomatal O3 flux and changes in carbon fluxes and biomass production in forest stands. As the results reported in the literature are highly variable, ranging from negligible to severe declines in photosynthetic carbon uptake, we also discuss the possible interactions of O3 with other environmental factors including solar radiation, drought, temperature and nitrogen deposition. Those factors were found to have great potential to modulate stomata openness and O3 fluxes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ozone Effects on Vegetation under a Climate Change Scenario)
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