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Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based...
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Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based on the Multi-Source Data

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Upper Atmosphere".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (23 February 2024) | Viewed by 12036

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Rui Yan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute of Natural Hazards, The Ministry of Emergency Management of China, Beijing, China
Interests: ionosphere; Langmuir probe; seismic ionospheric anomaly; plasma; electromagnetic satellite
Dr. Michel Parrot

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
Independent Researcher, Saint-Avertin, France
Interests: ionosphere and magnetosphere; electromagnetic wave generation and propagation
Prof. Dr. Zeren Zhima

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
National Institute of Natural Hazards, MEMC, Beijing 100085, China
Interests: the electromagnetic wave; earthquake/space weather disturbances in ionosphere; electromagnetism satellite
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Dedalo Marchetti

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
Interests: earthquake; volcano; lithosphere; atmosphere; ionosphere; precursors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Strong earthquakes (EQs) are one of the most destructive natural hazards, causing countless deaths and economic losses. Promoting earthquake disaster prevention and reduction capabilities is a common issue faced by all countries.

The earthquake preparation phase has an influence on different physical and chemical processes from the lithosphere to the atmosphere and ionosphere. In the early 1980s, scientists found abnormal electro-magnetic emissions, plasma parameter irregularities, and energetic particle precipitations over active seismic fault zones from electromagnetic satellite observations. These new scientific findings provide hope for a breakthrough in earthquake science.

Several countries have started building dedicated electromagnetism satellites to monitor these earthquake precursors from space, including France’s DEMETER (Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) satellite mission, which successfully operated from December 2004 to December 2010 and China’s Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES or ZH-1), which was successfully launched into a sun-synchronous circular orbit in February 2018. Much evidence on possible seismo-ionospheric precursor signatures has been accumulated after extensive studies have been carried out. The lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC) mechanism is widely used to explain the variation of different kinds of parameters in relation to major seismic activity. It is very necessary to carry out seismic related research based on these data, which will promote the further development of this field.

In this Special Issue, we are committed to further studying seismic anomalies during the LAIC process based on multi-source observations from satellites or from the ground, including electromagnetic, infrared hyperspectrum, GNSS occultation, and other observations, and exploring their regularities and correlation with earthquake seismogenic processes to provide more data and theoretical support for earthquake monitoring and prediction.

Dr. Rui Yan
Dr. Michel Parrot
Dr. Zeren Zhima
Dr. Dedalo Marchetti
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • earthquake
  • seismic anomaly
  • lithosphere
  • atmosphere
  • ionosphere
  • LAIC

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 10086 KiB  
Article
MaxEnt SeismoSense Model: Ionospheric Earthquake Anomaly Detection Based on the Maximum Entropy Principle
by Linyue Wang, Zhitao Li, Yifang Chen, Jianjun Wang and Jihua Fu
Atmosphere 2024, 15(4), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15040419 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1634
Abstract
In our exploration, we aimed at identifying seismic anomalies using limited ionospheric data for earthquake forecasting and we meticulously compiled datasets under conditions of minimal geomagnetic disturbance. Our systematic evaluation affirmed the ITransformer as a potent tool for the feature extraction of ionospheric [...] Read more.
In our exploration, we aimed at identifying seismic anomalies using limited ionospheric data for earthquake forecasting and we meticulously compiled datasets under conditions of minimal geomagnetic disturbance. Our systematic evaluation affirmed the ITransformer as a potent tool for the feature extraction of ionospheric data, standing out within the domain of transformer-based time series prediction models. We integrated the maximum entropy principle to fully leverage the available information, while minimizing the influence of presuppositions on our predictions. This led to the creation of the MaxEnt SeismoSense Model, a novel composite model that combines the strengths of the transformer architecture with the maximum entropy principle to improve prediction accuracy. The application of this model demonstrated a proficient capability to detect seismic disturbances in the ionosphere, showcasing an improvement in both recall rate and accuracy to 71% and 69%, respectively, when compared to conventional baseline models. This indicates that the combined use of transformer technology and the maximum entropy principle could allow pre-seismic anomalies in the ionosphere to be sensed more efficiently and could offer a more reliable and precise approach to earthquake prediction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based on the Multi-Source Data)
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32 pages, 24209 KiB  
Article
CSES-01 Electron Density Background Characterisation and Preliminary Investigation of Possible Ne Increase before Global Seismicity
by Wenqi Chen, Dedalo Marchetti, Kaiguang Zhu, Dario Sabbagh, Rui Yan, Zeren Zhima, Xuhui Shen, Yuqi Cheng, Mengxuan Fan, Siyu Wang, Ting Wang, Donghua Zhang, Hanshuo Zhang and Yiqun Zhang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(10), 1527; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101527 - 2 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
In this paper, we provide a characterisation of the ionosphere from April 2018 to September 2022 for 48 investigated months. We used the data of the China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), which is a sun-synchronous satellite with five days of revisit time and [...] Read more.
In this paper, we provide a characterisation of the ionosphere from April 2018 to September 2022 for 48 investigated months. We used the data of the China Seismo Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01), which is a sun-synchronous satellite with five days of revisit time and fixed local time of about 2 a.m. and 2 p.m. The unique orbit of CSES-01 permitted us to produce a monthly background of the ionosphere for night- and daytime with median values acquired during geomagnetic quiet time in equatorial and mid-latitude regions (i.e., between 50° S and 50° N of geographical latitude). We compared the obtained CSES-01 monthly median values with the solar activity in terms of sunspot numbers, and we found a high correlation of 0.89 for nighttime and 0.85 for daytime between the mean sunspot number and the maximum of the characterised CSES-01 Ne map values. In addition, we extracted all the anomalous positive increases in CSES-01 electron density and compared them with the Worldwide M5.5+ shallow earthquakes. We tested two different definitions of anomaly based on median and interquartile range or (mild) outliers. We tried two relationships between anomalies inside Dobrovolsky’s area before the earthquake and the magnitude of the same seismic events: one which considers distance in space and time and a second which only uses the anticipation time of the anomaly before the earthquake. Using both anomaly definitions, we searched the best coefficients for these two laws for mid-latitude and equational regions. We found that the best coefficients are independent of the anomaly definition, but better accuracy (greater than 80%) is obtained for the outlier definition. Finally, using receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we show that CSES-01 increases seem statistically correlated to the incoming seismic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based on the Multi-Source Data)
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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 2605 KiB  
Communication
The Characteristics of the Abnormal Day-to-Day TEC Variation above East Asian Region
by Fanfan Su, Jian Yang, Liangchen Hu and Fuying Zhu
Atmosphere 2023, 14(10), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101493 - 27 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1003
Abstract
We investigate the abnormal day-to-day variability of total electron content (TEC) over 60 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations above the East Asian region from 2012 to 2018 and find that the positive anomalies occur more frequently at the middle latitude at about [...] Read more.
We investigate the abnormal day-to-day variability of total electron content (TEC) over 60 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations above the East Asian region from 2012 to 2018 and find that the positive anomalies occur more frequently at the middle latitude at about LT 14–20 and occur frequently around 28° N at about LT 22–00. The negative anomalies occur more frequently at the middle latitude at LT 10–02, and they obviously occur less frequently at about 15° N~30° N and LT 08–12, and occur less frequently near about 22° N~30° N and LT 14–18. The quantities of positive anomalies and negative anomalies are comparable. The direction of moving anomalies is from east to west in a zonal direction in all conditions. The moving speeds of anomalies are around 15~19 degrees per hour in the zonal direction and seem to grow as the latitude increases. TEC anomalies occur in 22.1% of temporal bins before large earthquakes within seven days and occur in 24% of temporal bins in the interval, which is within one day before and three days later than the main phase of geomagnetic storms. Further work is necessary to determine the sources of these anomalies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based on the Multi-Source Data)
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18 pages, 888 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Pre- and Co-Seismic Ionospheric Effects from the 6 February 2023 M7.8 Turkey Earthquake by a Doppler Ionosonde
by Nazyf Salikhov, Alexander Shepetov, Galina Pak, Serik Nurakynov, Azamat Kaldybayev, Vladimir Ryabov and Valery Zhukov
Atmosphere 2023, 14(10), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14101483 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2354
Abstract
During the catastrophic M7.8 earthquake in Turkey on 6 February 2023, anomalous effects were revealed in the ionosphere associated with various propagation mechanisms of seismogenic disturbance from the lithosphere up to the height of the ionosphere. Seventeen minutes after the main shock, a [...] Read more.
During the catastrophic M7.8 earthquake in Turkey on 6 February 2023, anomalous effects were revealed in the ionosphere associated with various propagation mechanisms of seismogenic disturbance from the lithosphere up to the height of the ionosphere. Seventeen minutes after the main shock, a co-seismic disturbance was detected by a Doppler ionosonde on an inclined, 3010 km long, two-hop radio path “Kuwait—Institute of Ionosphere (Almaty)”. An appearance of acoustic waves at the height of 232 km in the ionosphere was fixed 568 s after arrival of the surface Rayleigh wave to the sub-ionospheric point, and such a delay agrees with the calculated propagation time of a vertically moving acoustic wave. The disturbance lasted 160 s, and its double amplitude was above 2 Hz, which noticeably exceeds the background fluctuation of Doppler frequency. The best coincidence between the waveforms of the Doppler signal and of the surface seismic wave was observed over the duration of the two leading periods, with correlation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.79, correspondingly. Pre-seismic effects in the ionosphere were revealed 8 days before the main shock both in the variations of the Doppler frequency and of the critical frequency f0F2. The probable origination mechanism of the pre-seismic ionospheric disturbances above the region of the earthquake preparation determined by the Dobrovolsky radius may be considered in accordance with the concept of lithospheric–atmospheric–ionospheric coupling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based on the Multi-Source Data)
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17 pages, 12824 KiB  
Article
Automatic Recognition of Vertical-Line Pulse Train from China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite Based on Unsupervised Clustering
by Ying Han, Yalan Li, Jing Yuan, Jianping Huang, Xuhui Shen, Zhong Li, Li Ma, Yanxia Zhang, Xinfang Chen and Yali Wang
Atmosphere 2023, 14(8), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14081296 - 16 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1347
Abstract
Pulse signals refer to electromagnetic waveforms with short duration and high peak energy in the time domain. Spatial electromagnetic pulse interference signals can be caused by various factors such as lightning, arc discharge, solar disturbances, and electromagnetic disturbances in space. Pulse disturbance signals [...] Read more.
Pulse signals refer to electromagnetic waveforms with short duration and high peak energy in the time domain. Spatial electromagnetic pulse interference signals can be caused by various factors such as lightning, arc discharge, solar disturbances, and electromagnetic disturbances in space. Pulse disturbance signals appear as instantaneous, high-energy vertical-line pulse trains (VLPTs) on the spectrogram. This paper uses computer vision techniques and unsupervised clustering algorithms to process and analyze VLPT on very-low-frequency (VLF) waveform spectrograms collected by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) electric field detector. First, the waveform data are transformed into time–frequency spectrograms with a duration of 8 s using the short-time Fourier transform. Then, the spectrograms are subjected to grayscale transformation, vertical line feature extraction, and binarization preprocessing. In the third step, the preprocessed data are dimensionally reduced and fed into an unsupervised K-means++ clustering model to achieve automatic recognition and labeling of VLPTs. By recognizing and studying VLPT, not only can interference be recognized, but the temporal and spatial locations of these interferences can also be determined. This lays the foundation for identifying VLPT sources and gaining deeper insights into the generation, propagation, and characteristics of electromagnetic radiation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based on the Multi-Source Data)
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21 pages, 4252 KiB  
Article
Seismogenic Field in the Ionosphere before Two Powerful Earthquakes: Possible Magnitude and Observed Ionospheric Effects (Case Study)
by Valery Hegai, Zhima Zeren and Sergey Pulinets
Atmosphere 2023, 14(5), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14050819 - 30 Apr 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2286
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of complex geophysical data around the time of the two most powerful earthquakes that occurred in Alaska and had magnitudes M = 8.2 (29 July 2021) and M = 9.2 (28 March 1964), respectively, is carried out. The aim of [...] Read more.
A retrospective analysis of complex geophysical data around the time of the two most powerful earthquakes that occurred in Alaska and had magnitudes M = 8.2 (29 July 2021) and M = 9.2 (28 March 1964), respectively, is carried out. The aim of the research is to assess the maximum possible magnitude of the electric field of a seismogenic nature that penetrated the ionosphere/plasmasphere, which could cause the ionospheric effects observed experimentally. Theoretical calculations have shown that under the geophysical conditions that existed before these earthquakes (favorable for the penetration of the seismogenic field into the ionosphere), the maximum value of a quasi-static electric seismogenic field in the ionosphere, perpendicular to geomagnetic field lines (tens of hours/units of days before the earthquake) for earthquakes with magnitudes M = 8–9 could reach 1–2 mV/m. Such values are sufficient for the formation of a plasmaspheric ULF-ELF-VLF-duct, which is formed in the vicinity of the geomagnetic field-line passing through the epicenter of the earthquake under the influence of a seismogenic electric field that penetrated into the ionosphere/plasmasphere. This leads to an anomalous amplification of the captured ULF-ELF-VLF waves, ULF (DC-16 Hz), ELF (6 Hz–2.2 kHz), VLF (1.8–20 kHz), not only above the epicenter of the future earthquake, but also at the point magnetically conjugated with the epicenter of the earthquake, testifying to the formation of such a duct, stretched along the geomagnetic field from one hemisphere to another, and formed on closed L-shells shortly before the earthquake. This result is confirmed by the measurements of the mission of the CSES satellite (China-Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) for the 29 July 2021 earthquake with magnitude M = 8.2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Perturbations Associated with Earthquakes during the LAIC Process Based on the Multi-Source Data)
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