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Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Models (Vol. 2)
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Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Models (Vol. 2)

A special issue of Atmosphere (ISSN 2073-4433). This special issue belongs to the section "Upper Atmosphere".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2021) | Viewed by 14481

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sergey Pulinets

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Space Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
Interests: physics of the ionosphere; atmospheric electricity; natural hazards; lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Our first Special Issue on LAIC models was quite a successful undertaking and became popular not only for authors but for our readers as well. It is for this reason that we have decided to launch a second edition. With regard to our aims, they are quite similar to those in the first issue, but with some important additions:

  1. We need more real models with solid physics and mathematics, so papers describing case studies with some precursors registering are welcome, while papers with simple speculations will be restricted;
  2. We should pay more attention to the lower layers of the atmosphere and cascade of processes coupling the lower atmosphere with the middle and upper atmosphere and ionosphere, including energy transformation and phase transition processes;
  3. We should also to look more carefully not only into the precursor’s generation but also at trigger effects which, as it turns out, play an important role in the coupling sequence;
  4. We should look at events such as solar-induced earthquakes and, in general, coupling of space weather and seismicity.

As you can see, we have very ambitious plans, so let us start as soon as possible to collect our papers by the end of this year regardless of the difficulties created by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dr. Sergey Pulinets
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • radon
  • tectonic fault
  • ionization
  • ion’s hydration
  • electric field
  • air conductivity
  • global electric circuit
  • latent heat
  • aerosols
  • acoustic gravity waves
  • electron concentration

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

36 pages, 4549 KiB  
Article
The March 2012 Heat Wave in Northeast America as a Possible Effect of Strong Solar Activity and Unusual Space Plasma Interactions
by Georgios C. Anagnostopoulos, Sofia-Anna I. Menesidou and Dimitrios A. Efthymiadis
Atmosphere 2022, 13(6), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060926 - 7 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2820
Abstract
In the past two decades, the world has experienced an unprecedented number of extreme weather events, some causing major human suffering and economic damage. The March 2012 heat wave is one of the most known and broadly discussed events in the Northeast United [...] Read more.
In the past two decades, the world has experienced an unprecedented number of extreme weather events, some causing major human suffering and economic damage. The March 2012 heat wave is one of the most known and broadly discussed events in the Northeast United States (NE-USA). The present study examines in depth the possible influence of solar activity on the historic March 2012 heat wave based on a comparison of solar/space and meteorological data. Our research suggests that the historic March 2012 heat wave (M2012HW) and the March 1910 heat wave (M1910HW), which occurred a century earlier in NE-USA, were related to Sun-generated special space plasma structures triggering large magnetic storms. Furthermore, the largest (Dst = −222 nT) magnetic storm during solar cycle 24 in March 2015 (only three years later than the March 2012 events) occurred in relation to another heat wave (M2015HW) in NE-USA. Both these heat waves, M2012HW and M2015HW, resemble each other in many ways: they were characterized by extremely huge temperature increases ΔΤΜ = 30° and 32° (with maximum temperatures ΤΜ = 28° and 23°, respectively) during a positive North Atlantic Oscillation index, the high temperatures coincided with large-scale warm air streaming from southern latitudes, they were accompanied by superstorms caused by unexpected geoeffective interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), and the ICME-related solar energetic particle (SEP) events were characterized by a proton spectrum extending to very high (>0.5 GeV) energies. We infer that (i) all three heat waves examined (M2012HW, M2015HW, M1910HW) were related with strong magnetic storms triggered by effective solar wind plasma structures, and (b) the heat wave in March 2012 and the related solar activity was not an accidental coincidence; that is, the M2012HW was most probably affected by solar activity. Future case and statistical studies are needed to further check the hypothesis put forward here, which might improve atmospheric models in helping people’s safety, health and life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Models (Vol. 2))
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33 pages, 5798 KiB  
Article
Pre-Seismic Irregularities during the 2020 Samos (Greece) Earthquake (M = 6.9) as Investigated from Multi-Parameter Approach by Ground and Space-Based Techniques
by Sudipta Sasmal, Swati Chowdhury, Subrata Kundu, Dimitrios Z. Politis, Stelios M. Potirakis, Georgios Balasis, Masashi Hayakawa and Sandip K. Chakrabarti
Atmosphere 2021, 12(8), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12081059 - 18 Aug 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4691
Abstract
We present a comprehensive analysis of pre-seismic anomalies as computed from the ground and space-based techniques during the recent Samos earthquake in Greece on 30 October 2020, with a magnitude M = 6.9. We proceed with a multi-parametric approach where pre-seismic irregularities are [...] Read more.
We present a comprehensive analysis of pre-seismic anomalies as computed from the ground and space-based techniques during the recent Samos earthquake in Greece on 30 October 2020, with a magnitude M = 6.9. We proceed with a multi-parametric approach where pre-seismic irregularities are investigated in the stratosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. We use the convenient methods of acoustics and electromagnetic channels of the Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere-Coupling (LAIC) mechanism by investigating the Atmospheric Gravity Wave (AGW), magnetic field, electron density, Total Electron Content (TEC), and the energetic particle precipitation in the inner radiation belt. We incorporate two ground-based IGS GPS stations DYNG (Greece) and IZMI (Turkey) for computing the TEC and observed a significant enhancement in daily TEC variation around one week before the earthquake. For the space-based observation, we use multiple parameters as recorded from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites. For the AGW, we use the SABER/TIMED satellite data and compute the potential energy of stratospheric AGW by using the atmospheric temperature profile. It is found that the maximum potential energy of such AGW is observed around six days before the earthquake. Similar AGW is also observed by the method of wavelet analysis in the fluctuation in TEC values. We observe significant energetic particle precipitation in the inner radiation belt over the earthquake epicenter due to the conventional concept of an ionospheric-magnetospheric coupling mechanism by using an NOAA satellite. We first eliminate the particle count rate (CR) due to possible geomagnetic storms and South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) by the proper choice of magnetic field B values. After the removal of the statistical background CRs, we observe a significant enhancement of CR four and ten days before the mainshock. We use Swarm satellite outcomes to check the magnetic field and electron density profile over a region of earthquake preparation. We observe a significant enhancement in electron density one day before the earthquake. The parameters studied here show an overall pre-seismic anomaly from a duration of ten days to one day before the earthquake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Models (Vol. 2))
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31 pages, 44667 KiB  
Article
ULF Activity in the Earth Environment: Penetration of Electric Field from the Near-Ground Source to the Ionosphere under Different Configurations of the Geomagnetic Field
by Vsevolod Yutsis, Yuriy Rapoport, Volodymyr Grimalsky, Asen Grytsai, Vasyl Ivchenko, Sergei Petrishchevskii, Alla Fedorenko and Valery Krivodubskij
Atmosphere 2021, 12(7), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12070801 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2517
Abstract
The problem with the penetration of electric fields from atmospheric near-Earth electric current sources to the ionosphere is investigated both within the dynamic simulations of the Maxwell equations in the frequency domain and within the simplified quasi-electrostatic approach. Two cases of the geomagnetic [...] Read more.
The problem with the penetration of electric fields from atmospheric near-Earth electric current sources to the ionosphere is investigated both within the dynamic simulations of the Maxwell equations in the frequency domain and within the simplified quasi-electrostatic approach. Two cases of the geomagnetic field lines are considered. The first case is the penetration of the geomagnetic field lines deeply into the magnetosphere (open field lines), whereas the second one is the return of these lines into the Earth’s surface (closed field lines). The proper boundary conditions are formulated. It is demonstrated that in the case of the open field lines the results of the dynamic simulations differ essentially from the quasi-electrostatic approach, which is not valid there. In the case of the closed field lines, the results of simulations are practically the same both within the dynamic approach and within the quasi-electrostatic one. From realistic values of the densities of atmospheric electric currents ~0.1 µA/m2, the values of the electric fields within the ionosphere F-layer may reach about 1–10 mV/m. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Models (Vol. 2))
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16 pages, 7015 KiB  
Article
From Hector Mine M7.1 to Ridgecrest M7.1 Earthquake. A Look from a 20-Year Perspective
by Sergey Pulinets, Marina Tsidilina, Dimitar Ouzounov and Dmitry Davidenko
Atmosphere 2021, 12(2), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12020262 - 17 Feb 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2992
Abstract
The paper provides a comparative analysis of precursory phenomena in the ionosphere and atmosphere for two strong earthquakes of the same magnitude M7.1 that happened in the same region (North-East from Los Angeles) within a time span of 20 years, the Hector Mine [...] Read more.
The paper provides a comparative analysis of precursory phenomena in the ionosphere and atmosphere for two strong earthquakes of the same magnitude M7.1 that happened in the same region (North-East from Los Angeles) within a time span of 20 years, the Hector Mine and Ridgecrest earthquakes. Regardless of the similarity of their location (South-Eastern California, near 160 km one from another), there was one essential difference: the Hector Mine earthquake happened during geomagnetically disturbed conditions (essential in the sense of ionospheric precursors identification). In contrast, the quiet geomagnetic conditions characterized the period around the time of the Ridgecrest earthquake. The Hector mine earthquake happened in the middle of the rising phase of the 23-rd solar cycle characterized by high solar activity, while the Ridgecrest earthquake happened by the very end of the 24th cycle under very low solar activity conditions. We provide a comprehensive multi-factor analysis, determine the precursory period for both earthquakes and demonstrate the close similarity of ionospheric precursors. Unlike the majority of papers dealing with earthquake precursor identification based on the “abnormality” of observed time-series mainly determined by amplitude difference between “normal” (usually climatic) behavior and “abnormal” behavior with amplitudes exceeding some pre-established threshold, we used the technique of cognitive recognition of the precursors based on the physical mechanisms of their generation and the morphology of their behavior during the precursory period. These permits to uniquely identify precursors even in conditions of disturbed environment as it was around the time of the Hector Mine earthquake. We demonstrate the close similarity of precursors’ development for both events. The leading time of precursor appearance for the same region and similar magnitude was identical. For the Hector Mine it was 11 October 1999—5 days in advance—and for 2019 Ridgecrest it was 28 June—7 days before the mainshock and five days before the strongest foreshock. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithosphere–Atmosphere–Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) Models (Vol. 2))
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