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Biomedicines
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Feature Reviews in Adipokines
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Feature Reviews in Adipokines

A special issue of Biomedicines (ISSN 2227-9059). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology and Metabolism Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 39027

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Christa Büchler

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
Interests: adipose tissue; obesity; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; adiponectin; chemerin
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue, “Feature Reviews in Adipokines”, will cover a selection of up-to-date review articles related to adipokines. Adipokines are a steadily growing group of bioactive peptides and proteins with important roles in metabolism and numerous diseases. The adipokine repertoire differs between white, beige, and brown adipocytes, and the regulatory mechanisms are still not fully known. Abdominal obesity carries a higher risk of getting sick than peripheral adiposity, and in recent years the understanding of the responsible pathomechanisms has increased. Visceral fat released adipokines correlate with systemic inflammation providing a link between abdominal obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Circulating levels of adipokines have emerged as promising biomarkers in various diseases. Adipokine receptor antagonists and agonists may become drugs for the treatment of different diseases. This Special Issue welcomes all up-to-date review articles that address recent research on adipokines.

Prof. Dr. Christa Büchler
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biomedicines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • brown fat
  • beige adipocytes
  • fat depots
  • biomarker
  • adipokine receptors
  • signaling
  • omental adipose tissue
  • obesity
  • cancer

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Review

14 pages, 503 KiB  
Review
Omentin: A Key Player in Glucose Homeostasis, Atheroprotection, and Anti-Inflammatory Potential for Cardiovascular Health in Obesity and Diabetes
by Cristina M. Sena
Biomedicines 2024, 12(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020284 - 26 Jan 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2816
Abstract
Omentin is an adipokine mainly produced by visceral fat tissue. It has two isoforms, omentin-1 and omentin-2. Omentin-1 is predominantly secreted by visceral adipose tissue, derived specifically from the stromal vascular fraction cells of white adipose tissue (WAT). Levels of omentin-1 are also [...] Read more.
Omentin is an adipokine mainly produced by visceral fat tissue. It has two isoforms, omentin-1 and omentin-2. Omentin-1 is predominantly secreted by visceral adipose tissue, derived specifically from the stromal vascular fraction cells of white adipose tissue (WAT). Levels of omentin-1 are also expressed in other WAT depots, such as epicardial adipose tissue. Omentin-1 exerts several beneficial effects in glucose homeostasis in obesity and diabetes. In addition, research has suggested that omentin-1 may have atheroprotective (protective against the development of atherosclerosis) and anti-inflammatory effects, potentially contributing to cardiovascular health. This review highlights the potential therapeutic targets of omentin-1 in metabolic disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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48 pages, 1933 KiB  
Review
Adipokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Emerging Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets
by Jan Bilski, Agata Schramm-Luc, Marian Szczepanik, Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Biały, Joanna Bonior, Kevin Luc, Klaudia Zawojska and Joanna Szklarczyk
Biomedicines 2023, 11(11), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11112998 - 8 Nov 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2484
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease manifested by joint involvement, extra-articular manifestations, and general symptoms. Adipose tissue, previously perceived as an inert energy storage organ, has been recognised as a significant contributor to RA pathophysiology. Adipokines modulate immune responses, inflammation, and [...] Read more.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease manifested by joint involvement, extra-articular manifestations, and general symptoms. Adipose tissue, previously perceived as an inert energy storage organ, has been recognised as a significant contributor to RA pathophysiology. Adipokines modulate immune responses, inflammation, and metabolic pathways in RA. Although most adipokines have a pro-inflammatory and aggravating effect on RA, some could counteract this pathological process. The coexistence of RA and sarcopenic obesity (SO) has gained attention due to its impact on disease severity and outcomes. Sarcopenic obesity further contributes to the inflammatory milieu and metabolic disturbances. Recent research has highlighted the intricate crosstalk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, suggesting potential interactions between these tissues in RA. This review summarizes the roles of adipokines in RA, particularly in inflammation, immune modulation, and joint destruction. In addition, it explores the emerging role of adipomyokines, specifically irisin and myostatin, in the pathogenesis of RA and their potential as therapeutic targets. We discuss the therapeutic implications of targeting adipokines and adipomyokines in RA management and highlight the challenges and future directions for research in this field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 781 KiB  
Review
The Interplay of Adipokines and Pancreatic Beta Cells in Metabolic Regulation and Diabetes
by Joon Kim, Chang-Myung Oh and Hyeongseok Kim
Biomedicines 2023, 11(9), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092589 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
The interplay between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, often referred to as the adipo-insular axis, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Adipokines are signaling molecules secreted by adipocytes that have profound effects on several physiological processes. Adipokines such as adiponectin, leptin, [...] Read more.
The interplay between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, often referred to as the adipo-insular axis, plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic homeostasis. Adipokines are signaling molecules secreted by adipocytes that have profound effects on several physiological processes. Adipokines such as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and visfatin influence the function of pancreatic beta cells. The reciprocal communication between adipocytes and beta cells is remarkable. Insulin secreted by beta cells affects adipose tissue metabolism, influencing lipid storage and lipolysis. Conversely, adipokines released from adipocytes can influence beta cell function and survival. Chronic obesity and insulin resistance can lead to the release of excess fatty acids and inflammatory molecules from the adipose tissue, contributing to beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis, which are key factors in developing type 2 diabetes. Understanding the complex interplay of the adipo-insular axis provides insights into the mechanisms underlying metabolic regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. By elucidating the molecular mediators involved in this interaction, new therapeutic targets and strategies may emerge to reduce the risk and progression of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and its associated complications. This review summarizes the interactions between adipokines and pancreatic beta cells, and their roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and metabolic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 694 KiB  
Review
Adipocyte-Derived Adipokines and Other Obesity-Associated Molecules in Feline Mammary Cancer
by Taylor Marshall, Jing Chen and Alicia M. Viloria-Petit
Biomedicines 2023, 11(8), 2309; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11082309 - 19 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1630
Abstract
Obesity has been identified as a serious health concern in domestic cats. Feline mammary cancer (FMC) is also a concern, as it is highly prevalent and aggressive. Considering the identified connection between obesity and breast cancer, it is worthwhile to investigate the potential [...] Read more.
Obesity has been identified as a serious health concern in domestic cats. Feline mammary cancer (FMC) is also a concern, as it is highly prevalent and aggressive. Considering the identified connection between obesity and breast cancer, it is worthwhile to investigate the potential obesity–cancer relationship in FMC. This review investigated the association between adipokines and other obesity-associated molecules and FMC, with the aim of identifying gaps in the current literature for future research. Based on the reports to date, it was found that tissue concentrations of leptin, serum concentrations of leptin receptor, serum amyloid A, and estrogen correlate positively with FMC, and serum concentrations of leptin correlate negatively with FMC. The roles of adiponectin and prolactin in FMC development were also investigated, but the reports are either lacking or insufficient to suggest an association. Numerous research gaps were identified and could be used as opportunities for future research. These include the need for studies on additional cohorts to confirm the association of leptin/leptin receptor and serum amyloid A with FMC, and to address the role of adiponectin and prolactin in FMC. It is also important to investigate the genetic determinants of FMC, evaluate the use of molecular-targeted therapies in FMC, and exploit the enrichment of the triple-negative immunophenotype in FMC to address current clinical needs for both human triple-negative breast cancer and FMC. Finally, mechanistic studies with any of the molecules reviewed are scarce and are important to generate hypotheses and ultimately advance our knowledge and the outcome of FMC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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26 pages, 1404 KiB  
Review
Adipokines as Clinically Relevant Therapeutic Targets in Obesity
by Marleen Würfel, Matthias Blüher, Michael Stumvoll, Thomas Ebert, Peter Kovacs, Anke Tönjes and Jana Breitfeld
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051427 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3473
Abstract
Adipokines provide an outstanding role in the comprehensive etiology of obesity and may link adipose tissue dysfunction to further metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Although several adipokines have been identified in terms of their physiological roles, many regulatory circuits remain unclear and translation from [...] Read more.
Adipokines provide an outstanding role in the comprehensive etiology of obesity and may link adipose tissue dysfunction to further metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Although several adipokines have been identified in terms of their physiological roles, many regulatory circuits remain unclear and translation from experimental studies to clinical applications has yet to occur. Nevertheless, due to their complex metabolic properties, adipokines offer immense potential for their use both as obesity-associated biomarkers and as relevant treatment strategies for overweight, obesity and metabolic comorbidities. To provide an overview of the current clinical use of adipokines, this review summarizes clinical studies investigating the potential of various adipokines with respect to diagnostic and therapeutic treatment strategies for obesity and linked metabolic disorders. Furthermore, an overview of adipokines, for which a potential for clinical use has been demonstrated in experimental studies to date, will be presented. In particular, promising data revealed that fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19, FGF-21 and leptin offer great potential for future clinical application in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities. Based on data from animal studies or other clinical applications in addition to obesity, adipokines including adiponectin, vaspin, resistin, chemerin, visfatin, bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) provide potential for human clinical application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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Graphical abstract

25 pages, 451 KiB  
Review
Adipokines in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Clinical Data
by Noura Kabbani, Matthias Blüher, Holger Stepan, Michael Stumvoll, Thomas Ebert, Anke Tönjes and Susanne Schrey-Petersen
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1419; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051419 - 11 May 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2430
Abstract
Adipokines are signaling proteins involved in metabolic, endocrinological, vascular and immunogenic processes. Associations of various adipokines with not only insulin resistance but also with increased insulin sensitivity, increased systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerosis highlight the significance of adipokines in several components of metabolic [...] Read more.
Adipokines are signaling proteins involved in metabolic, endocrinological, vascular and immunogenic processes. Associations of various adipokines with not only insulin resistance but also with increased insulin sensitivity, increased systolic blood pressure, and atherosclerosis highlight the significance of adipokines in several components of metabolic syndrome and metabolic diseases in general. As pregnancy presents a unique metabolic state, the role of adipokines in pregnancy, and even in various pregnancy complications, appears to be key to elucidating these metabolic processes. Many studies in recent years have attempted to clarify the role of adipokines in pregnancy and gestational pathologies. In this review, we aim to investigate the changes in maternal adipokine levels in physiological gestation, as well as the association of adipokines with pregnancy pathologies, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE). Furthermore, we will analyze the association of adipokines in both maternal serum and cord blood with parameters of intrauterine growth and various pregnancy outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
22 pages, 741 KiB  
Review
Adipokines as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers for the Severity of COVID-19
by Thomas Grewal and Christa Buechler
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051302 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2793
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates obesity as a risk factor for increased severity of disease outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which not only predisposes individuals to metabolic complications, but also [...] Read more.
Accumulating evidence implicates obesity as a risk factor for increased severity of disease outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction, which not only predisposes individuals to metabolic complications, but also substantially contributes to low-grade systemic inflammation, altered immune cell composition, and compromised immune function. This seems to impact the susceptibility and outcome of diseases caused by viruses, as obese people appear more vulnerable to developing infections and they recover later from infectious diseases than normal-weight individuals. Based on these findings, increased efforts to identify suitable diagnostic and prognostic markers in obese Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients to predict disease outcomes have been made. This includes the analysis of cytokines secreted from adipose tissues (adipokines), which have multiple regulatory functions in the body; for instance, modulating insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, lipid metabolism, appetite, and fertility. Most relevant in the context of viral infections, adipokines also influence the immune cell number, with consequences for overall immune cell activity and function. Hence, the analysis of the circulating levels of diverse adipokines in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have been considered to reveal diagnostic and prognostic COVID-19 markers. This review article summarizes the findings aimed to correlate the circulating levels of adipokines with progression and disease outcomes of COVID-19. Several studies provided insights on chemerin, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, and galectin-3 levels in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, while limited information is yet available on the adipokines apelin and visfatin in COVID-19. Altogether, current evidence points at circulating galectin-3 and resistin levels being of diagnostic and prognostic value in COVID-19 disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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Graphical abstract

41 pages, 1567 KiB  
Review
The Role of Adipokines in Health and Disease
by Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez, Laura Redondo-Flórez, Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco, Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez, Ismael Martínez-Guardado, Eduardo Navarro-Jiménez, Carmen Cecilia Laborde-Cárdenas and José Francisco Tornero-Aguilera
Biomedicines 2023, 11(5), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11051290 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 88 | Viewed by 11518
Abstract
Adipokines are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue that has been related to a low-grade state of inflammation and different pathologies. The present review aims to analyze the role of adipokines in health and disease in order to understand the important functions and [...] Read more.
Adipokines are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue that has been related to a low-grade state of inflammation and different pathologies. The present review aims to analyze the role of adipokines in health and disease in order to understand the important functions and effects of these cytokines. For this aim, the present review delves into the type of adipocytes and the cytokines produced, as well as their functions; the relations of adipokines in inflammation and different diseases such as cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, mental diseases, metabolic disorders, cancer, and eating behaviors; and finally, the role of microbiota, nutrition, and physical activity in adipokines is discussed. This information would allow for a better understanding of these important cytokines and their effects on body organisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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29 pages, 1784 KiB  
Review
Fecal and Urinary Adipokines as Disease Biomarkers
by Hauke C. Tews, Tanja Elger, Thomas Grewal, Simon Weidlich, Francesco Vitali and Christa Buechler
Biomedicines 2023, 11(4), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041186 - 16 Apr 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3270
Abstract
The use of biomarkers is of great clinical value for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and the assessment of treatment efficacy. In this context, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are of interest, as their elevated circulating levels are associated with a range [...] Read more.
The use of biomarkers is of great clinical value for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and the assessment of treatment efficacy. In this context, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are of interest, as their elevated circulating levels are associated with a range of metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation, renal and hepatic diseases and cancers. In addition to serum, adipokines can also be detected in the urine and feces, and current experimental evidence on the analysis of fecal and urinary adipokine levels points to their potential as disease biomarkers. This includes increased urinary adiponectin, lipocalin-2, leptin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in renal diseases and an association of elevated urinary chemerin as well as urinary and fecal lipocalin-2 levels with active inflammatory bowel diseases. Urinary IL-6 levels are also upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and may become an early marker for kidney transplant rejection, while fecal IL-6 levels are increased in decompensated liver cirrhosis and acute gastroenteritis. In addition, galectin-3 levels in urine and stool may emerge as a biomarker for several cancers. With the analysis of urine and feces from patients being cost-efficient and non-invasive, the identification and utilization of adipokine levels as urinary and fecal biomarkers could become a great advantage for disease diagnosis and predicting treatment outcomes. This review article highlights data on the abundance of selected adipokines in urine and feces, underscoring their potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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19 pages, 1328 KiB  
Review
Novel Adipokines and Their Role in Bone Metabolism: A Narrative Review
by Fnu Deepika, Siresha Bathina and Reina Armamento-Villareal
Biomedicines 2023, 11(2), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020644 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3704
Abstract
The growing burden of obesity and osteoporosis is a major public health concern. Emerging evidence of the role of adipokines on bone metabolism has led to the discovery of novel adipokines over the last decade. Obesity is recognized as a state of adipose [...] Read more.
The growing burden of obesity and osteoporosis is a major public health concern. Emerging evidence of the role of adipokines on bone metabolism has led to the discovery of novel adipokines over the last decade. Obesity is recognized as a state of adipose tissue inflammation that adversely affects bone health. Adipokines secreted from white adipose tissue (WAT) and bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) exerts endocrine and paracrine effects on the survival and function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. An increase in marrow fat is implicated in osteoporosis and, hence, it is crucial to understand the complex interplay between adipocytes and bone. The objective of this review is to summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of different adipokines on bone metabolism. Methods: This is a comprehensive review of the literature available in PubMED and Cochrane databases, with an emphasis on the last five years using the keywords. Results: Leptin has shown some positive effects on bone metabolism; in contrast, both adiponectin and chemerin have consistently shown a negative association with BMD. No significant association was found between resistin and BMD. Novel adipokines such as visfatin, LCN-2, Nesfatin-1, RBP-4, apelin, and vaspin have shown bone-protective and osteoanabolic properties that could be translated into therapeutic targets. Conclusion: New evidence suggests the potential role of novel adipokines as biomarkers to predict osteoporosis risk, and as therapeutic targets for the treatment of osteoporosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Reviews in Adipokines)
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