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Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection

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A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensors and Healthcare".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 August 2024) | Viewed by 31448

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Li Wu

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Guest Editor

School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Interests: biomarkers; accurate diagnosis; biosensors, micro-fluidic chip; POCT; electrochemistry

Dr. Lingyan Feng

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Guest Editor

Materials Genome Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
Interests: biomaterials design; molecular recognition; machine learning

Dr. Jinxia Liu

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Guest Editor

School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
Interests: electrochemistry; electrochemiluminescence; biosensors; immunoassay; nanomaterials
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Dear Colleagues,

Detection of diseases at the early stage is important both for patient health and the reduction of treatment costs. Therefore, it is important to have highly sensitive and diverse techniques that can be effective in the early stages of diseases. Miniaturized, economic, and practical devices that have the capacity to replace time-consuming laboratory analyses are urgently needed for diagnostic processes. Electrochemical biosensors play a significant role in point-of-care testing (POCT) diagnostics because they are rapid, real-time, cost-effective, able for miniaturization, and intelligent. Hence, this Special Issue "Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection" focuses on the recent advances of electrochemical biosensors in the sensitivity amplification strategies, point-of-care diagnostics, nanotechnology, and their applications in the detection and discovery of disease biomarkers (DNA, RNA, antigen, antibody, small molecules, and, etc.). We invite submissions of research that help to advance the field of electrochemical biosensors and their application for high-throughput analysis of disease biomarkers.

Prof. Dr. Li Wu
Prof. Dr. Lingyan Feng
Dr. Jinxia Liu
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

electrochemical biosensors
biomarkers
signal amplification
POCT
DNA
RNA
antigen
antibody
small molecules

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Portable Electrochemical System and Platform with Point-of-Care Determination of Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio to Evaluate Chronic Kidney Disease and Cardiorenal Syndrome

by Shuenn-Yuh Lee, Ding-Siang Ciou, Hao-Yun Lee, Ju-Yi Chen, Yi-Chieh Wei and Meng-Dar Shieh

Biosensors 2024, 14(10), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14100463 - 27 Sep 2024

Viewed by 797

Abstract

Abstract: The urine albumin (Alb)-to-creatinine (Crn) ratio (UACR) is a sensitive and early indicator of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiorenal syndrome. This study developed a portable and wireless electrochemical-sensing platform for the sensitive and accurate determination of UACR. The developed platform consists of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)(ABTS)-based modified UACR sensor, a miniaturised potentiostat, a cup holder embedded with a magnetic stirrer and a smartphone app. The UACR sensing electrode is composed of two screen-printed carbon working electrodes, one screen-printed carbon counter electrode and a screen-printed AgCl reference electrode. The miniaturised potentiostat, which is controlled by the developed app, performs cyclic voltammetry and amperometry to detect Alb and Crn, respectively. Clinical trials of the proposed system by using spot urine samples from 30 diabetic patients indicate that it can accurately classify all three CKD risk statuses within 30 min. The high accuracy of our proposed sensing system exhibits satisfactory agreement with the commercial biochemical analyser TBA-25FR (Y = 0.999X, R² = 0.995). The proposed UACR sensing system offers a convenient, reliable and affordable solution for personal mobile health monitoring and point-of-care urinalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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15 pages, 3553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical and Fluorescence MnO₂-Polymer Dot Electrode Sensor for Osteoarthritis-Based Peroxisomal β-Oxidation Knockout Model

by Akhmad Irhas Robby, Songling Jiang, Eun-Jung Jin and Sung Young Park

Biosensors 2024, 14(7), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14070357 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1275

Abstract

A coenzyme A (CoA-SH)-responsive dual electrochemical and fluorescence-based sensor was designed utilizing an MnO₂-immobilized-polymer-dot (MnO₂@D-PD)-coated electrode for the sensitive detection of osteoarthritis (OA) in a peroxisomal β-oxidation knockout model. The CoA-SH-responsive MnO₂@D-PD-coated electrode interacted sensitively with CoA-SH in OA chondrocytes, triggering electroconductivity and fluorescence changes due to cleavage of the MnO₂ nanosheet on the electrode. The MnO₂@D-PD-coated electrode can detect CoA-SH in immature articular chondrocyte primary cells, as indicated by the significant increase in resistance in the control medium (R_24h = 2.17 MΩ). This sensor also sensitively monitored the increase in resistance in chondrocyte cells in the presence of acetyl-CoA inducers, such as phytol (Phy) and sodium acetate (SA), in the medium (R_24h = 2.67, 3.08 MΩ, respectively), compared to that in the control medium, demonstrating the detection efficiency of the sensor towards the increase in the CoA-SH concentration. Furthermore, fluorescence recovery was observed owing to MnO₂ cleavage, particularly in the Phy- and SA-supplemented media. The transcription levels of OA-related anabolic (Acan) and catabolic factors (Adamts5) in chondrocytes also confirmed the interaction between CoA-SH and the MnO₂@D-PD-coated electrode. Additionally, electrode integration with a wireless sensing system provides inline monitoring via a smartphone, which can potentially be used for rapid and sensitive OA diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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11 pages, 3572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coffee Ring Effect Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging Biosensor via 2-λ Fitting Detection Method

by Youjun Zeng, Dongyun Kai, Zhenxiao Niu, Zhaogang Nie, Yuye Wang, Yonghong Shao, Lin Ma, Fangteng Zhang, Guanyu Liu and Jiajie Chen

Biosensors 2024, 14(4), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14040195 - 16 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1390

Abstract

SPR biosensors have been extensively used for investigating protein–protein interactions. However, in conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, detection is limited by the Brownian-motion-governed diffusion process of sample molecules in the sensor chip, which makes it challenging to detect biomolecule interactions at ultra-low concentrations. Here, we propose a highly sensitive SPR imaging biosensor which exploits the coffee ring effect (CRE) for in situ enrichment of molecules on the sensing surface. In addition, we designed a wavelength modulation system utilizing two LEDs to reduce the system cost and enhance the detection speed. Furthermore, a detection limit of 213 fM is achieved, which amounts to an approximately 365 times improvement compared to traditional SPR biosensors. With further development, we believe that this SPR imaging system with high sensitivity, less sample consumption, and faster detection speed can be readily applied to ultra-low-concentration molecular detection and interaction analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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16 pages, 9995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of PDGF-Induced Subcellular Calcium Regulation through Calcium Channels in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells by FRET Biosensors

by Mingxing Ouyang, Binqian Zhou, Chunmei Li and Linhong Deng

Biosensors 2024, 14(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14040179 - 7 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1509

Abstract

The homeostasis of cellular calcium is fundamental for many physiological processes, while the calcium levels remain inhomogeneous within cells. During the onset of asthma, epithelial and inflammatory cells secrete platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), inducing the proliferation and migration of airway smooth muscle (ASM) to the epidermal layer, narrowing the airway. The regulation of ASM cells by PDGF is closely related to the conduction of calcium signals. In this work, we generated subcellular-targeted FRET biosensors to investigate calcium regulation in the different compartments of ASM cells. A PDGF-induced cytoplasmic calcium [Ca²⁺]_C increase was attributed to both extracellular calcium influx and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium [Ca²⁺]_ER release, which was partially regulated by the PLC-IP₃R pathway. Interestingly, the removal of the extracellular calcium influx led to inhibited ER calcium release, likely through inhibitory effects on the calcium-dependent activation of the ER ryanodine receptor. The inhibition of the L-type calcium channel on the plasma membrane or the SERCA pump on the ER resulted in both reduced [Ca²⁺]_C and [Ca²⁺]_ER from PDGF stimulation, while IP₃R channel inhibition led to reduced [Ca²⁺]_C only. The inhibited SERCA pump caused an immediate [Ca²⁺]_C increase and [Ca²⁺]_ER decrease, indicating active calcium exchange between the cytosol and ER storage in resting cells. PDGF-induced calcium at the outer mitochondrial membrane sub-region showed a similar regulatory response to cytosolic calcium, not influenced by the inhibition of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter channel. Therefore, our work identifies calcium flow pathways among the extracellular medium, cell cytosol, and ER via regulatory calcium channels. Specifically, extracellular calcium flow has an essential function in fully activating ER calcium release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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12 pages, 5951 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mn₃O₄/NiO Nanoparticles Decorated on Carbon Nanofibers as an Enzyme-Free Electrochemical Sensor for Glucose Detection

by Mengjie Li, Jie Dong, Dongmei Deng, Xun Ouyang, Xiaoxia Yan, Shima Liu and Liqiang Luo

Biosensors 2023, 13(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13020264 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2607

Abstract

Transition metal oxides have garnered a lot of attention in the field of electrocatalysis along with their unique crystal structure and excellent catalytic properties. In this study, carbon nanofibers (CNFs) decorated with Mn₃O₄/NiO nanoparticles were made using electrospinning and calcination. The conductive network constructed by CNFs not only facilitates electron transport, but also provides landing sites for nanoparticles, thus reducing nanoparticle aggregation and exposing more active sites. Additionally, the synergistic interaction between Mn₃O₄ and NiO improved electrocatalytic capacity for glucose oxidation. The Mn₃O₄/NiO/CNFs modified glassy carbon electrode shows satisfactory results in terms of linear range and anti-interference capability for glucose detection, suggesting that the constructed enzyme-free sensor has a promising application in clinical diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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11 pages, 4407 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Dual-Function Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Uric Acid and Glucose Sensing in Sweat

by Zhanhong Li, Yuwei Wang, Zheyuan Fan, Yufan Sun, Yue Sun, Yiduo Yang, Yifan Zhang, Junjie Ma, Zifeng Wang and Zhigang Zhu

Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010105 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6286

Abstract

Simultaneous detection of uric acid and glucose using a non-invasive approach can be a promising strategy for related diseases, e.g., diabetes, gout, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we have proposed a dual-function wearable electrochemical sensor for uric acid and glucose detection in sweat. The sensor with a four-electrode system was prepared by printing the ink on a common rubber glove. CV and chronoamperometry were used to characterize the prepared sensor’s electrochemical sensing performance. The sensors exhibited the linear range from 0 to 1.6 mM and 0 to 3.7 mM towards uric acid and glucose electrochemical sensing in phosphate-buffered solution, with the corresponding limit of detection of 3.58 μM and 9.10 μM obtained, respectively. Moreover, the sensors had shown their feasibility of real sample sensing in sweat. The linear detection range for uric acid (0 to 40 μM) and glucose (0 to 1.6 mM) in the sweat can well cover their concentration range in physiological conditions. The prepared dual-function wearable electrochemical sensor features easy preparation, fast detection, high sensitivity, high selectivity, and the practical application potential in uric acid and glucose sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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10 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasensitive Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay Based on Signal Amplification of 0D Au—2D WS₂ Nano-Hybrid Materials

by Qile Li, Ke Xu, Haipeng Zhang, Zengguang Huang, Chao Xu, Zhen Zhou, Huaping Peng and Linxing Shi

Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010058 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3087

Abstract

In this study, we proposed a novel Ru(bpy)₃²⁺-Au-WS₂ nanocomposite (Ru-Au-WS₂ NCs) nano-hybrid electrochemiluminescence (ECL) probe for the highly sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This system utilizes Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) as a bridge to graft the high-performance of a Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ ECL emitter and WS₂ nanosheet with excellent electrochemical performance into an ECL platform, which shows outstanding anodic ECL performance and biosensing platform due to the synergetic effect and biocompatibility of Au NPs and WS₂ nanosheet. Because the ECL intensity of Ru(bpy)₃²⁺ is sensitively affected by the antibody-antigen insulator, a preferable linear dependence was obtained in the concentration range of CEA from 1 pg·mL⁻¹ to 350 ng·mL⁻¹ with high selectivity (LOD of 0.3 pg·mL⁻¹, S/N = 3). Moreover, the ECL platform had good reproducibility and stability and exhibited excellent anti-interference performance in the detection process of CEA. We believe that the platform we have developed can expand the opportunities for the detection of additional high specificity-related antibodies/antigens and demonstrate broad prospects for disease diagnosis and biochemical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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10 pages, 2032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Target Recognition– and HCR Amplification–Induced In Situ Electrochemical Signal Probe Synthesis Strategy for Trace ctDNA Analysis

by Aiting Cai, Luxia Yang, Xiaoxia Kang, Jinxia Liu, Feng Wang, Haiwei Ji, Qi Wang, Mingmin Wu, Guo Li, Xiaobo Zhou, Yuling Qin and Li Wu

Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110989 - 8 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2111

Abstract

An electrochemical-DNA (E-DNA) sensor was constructed by using DNA metallization to produce an electrochemical signal reporter in situ and hybridization chain reaction (HCR) as signal amplification strategy. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique was used to characterize the electrochemical solid-state Ag/AgCl process. Moreover, the enzyme cleavage technique was introduced to reduce background signals and further improve recognition accuracy. On the basis of these techniques, the as-prepared E-DNA sensor exhibited superior sensing performance for trace ctDNA analysis with a detection range of 0.5 fM to 10 pM and a detection limit of 7 aM. The proposed E-DNA sensor also displayed excellent selectivity, satisfied repeatability and stability, and had good recovery, all of which supports its potential applications for future clinical sample analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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Review

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36 pages, 2859 KiB

Open AccessReview

Newly Developed Electrochemiluminescence Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry for Multiplex Biosensing Applications: A Consolidated Review

by Christopher Mwanza and Shou-Nian Ding

Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060666 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3346

Abstract

Recently, there has been an upsurge in the extent to which electrochemiluminescence (ECL) working in synergy with bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is being applied in simple biosensing devices, especially in a clinical setup. The key objective of this particular write-up is to present a consolidated review of ECL-BPE, providing a three-dimensional perspective incorporating its strengths, weaknesses, limitations, and potential applications as a biosensing technique. The review encapsulates critical insights into the latest and novel developments in the field of ECL-BPE, including innovative electrode designs and newly developed, novel luminophores and co-reactants employed in ECL-BPE systems, along with challenges, such as optimization of the interelectrode distance, electrode miniaturization and electrode surface modification for enhancing sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, this consolidated review will provide an overview of the latest, novel applications and advances made in this field with a bias toward multiplex biosensing based on the past five years of research. The studies reviewed herein, indicate that the technology is rapidly advancing at an outstanding purse and has an immense potential to revolutionize the general field of biosensing. This perspective aims to stimulate innovative ideas and inspire researchers alike to incorporate some elements of ECL-BPE into their studies, thereby steering this field into previously unexplored domains that may lead to unexpected, interesting discoveries. For instance, the application of ECL-BPE in other challenging and complex sample matrices such as hair for bioanalytical purposes is currently an unexplored area. Of great significance, a substantial fraction of the content in this review article is based on content from research articles published between the years 2018 and 2023. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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25 pages, 6989 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Development of Neural Microelectrodes with Dual-Mode Detection

by Meng Xu, Yuewu Zhao, Guanghui Xu, Yuehu Zhang, Shengkai Sun, Yan Sun, Jine Wang and Renjun Pei

Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010059 - 30 Dec 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4988

Abstract

Neurons communicate through complex chemical and electrophysiological signal patterns to develop a tight information network. A physiological or pathological event cannot be explained by signal communication mode. Therefore, dual-mode electrodes can simultaneously monitor the chemical and electrophysiological signals in the brain. They have been invented as an essential tool for brain science research and brain-computer interface (BCI) to obtain more important information and capture the characteristics of the neural network. Electrochemical sensors are the most popular methods for monitoring neurochemical levels in vivo. They are combined with neural microelectrodes to record neural electrical activity. They simultaneously detect the neurochemical and electrical activity of neurons in vivo using high spatial and temporal resolutions. This paper systematically reviews the latest development of neural microelectrodes depending on electrode materials for simultaneous in vivo electrochemical sensing and electrophysiological signal recording. This includes carbon-based microelectrodes, silicon-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs), and ceramic-based MEAs, focusing on the latest progress since 2018. In addition, the structure and interface design of various types of neural microelectrodes have been comprehensively described and compared. This could be the key to simultaneously detecting electrochemical and electrophysiological signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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20 pages, 4016 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials for Diagnosis of Human Respiratory Diseases

by Chunmei Li, Bo Che and Linhong Deng

Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010012 - 22 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2477

Abstract

In recent years, respiratory diseases have increasingly become a global concern, largely due to the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This inevitably causes great attention to be given to the development of highly efficient and minimal or non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of respiratory diseases. And electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials show great potential in fulfilling the requirement, not only because of the superior performance of electrochemical analysis, but also given the excellent properties of the carbon nanomaterials. In this paper, we review the most recent advances in research, development and applications of electrochemical biosensors based on the use of carbon nanomaterials for diagnosis of human respiratory diseases in the last 10 years. We first briefly introduce the characteristics of several common human respiratory diseases, including influenza, COVID-19, pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis and lung cancer. Then, we describe the working principles and fabrication of various electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials used for diagnosis of these respiratory diseases. Finally, we summarize the advantages, challenges, and future perspectives for the currently available electrochemical biosensors based on carbon nanomaterials for detecting human respiratory diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)

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