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Biosensors
Special Issues
Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications
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Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Wearable Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2024) | Viewed by 22668

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Paulo A. Raymundo-Pereira

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de Sao Paulo-USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Interests: biosensors; bioelectrochemistry; sensors; electroanalytical chemistry; electrochemical methods; electroanalysis; wearable devices; diagnosis; biomarkers; biomedical; environmental; security
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biosensors are analytical tools capable of converting a biological interaction into a measurable signal. The technologies used to design and create new devices have had a vertiginous growth in the number of sensors and biosensors with new horizons and applications in the last two decades. Developing fast analytical tools for on‐site analysis is a strongly desired goal, particularly to detect biologically‐relevant molecules in complex samples. Real-time monitoring is indispensable to predict tragic events caused by contamination with hazardous substances or changes in normal levels of a biomarker, followed by a decision and subsequent actions in a few minutes after any unexpected event occurs. With very small response times, electrochemical biosensors provide chemical information leading to decision-making with analytical evidence at the point-of-need. Biosensors may fulfill the requirements mentioned due to their portability, low cost, and power consumption with a high analytical performance in terms of sensibility, low limits of detection and selectivity for several analytes. Biosensing tools for on-site chemical analysis of hazardous materials and biomarkers are important for rapid decision-making process in the field. For this purpose, the wearable devices can be exploited for monitoring of biomarkers in humans and plants indicating health conditions. This Special Issue is dedicated to the advanced nanotechnologies applied in the field of biosensing, including new concepts and designs for analytical devices, wearable devices, detection systems, sensors fabrication, big data, internet-of-things, personalized sensors, and biosensors focused upon clinical, food, environmental, agriculture, quality control, security, biomedical, personalized medicine, and therapeutic drug monitoring applications.

Dr. Paulo A. Raymundo-Pereira
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wearables devices
  • biosensors
  • nanomaterials
  • plant sensors
  • electrochemical sensors
  • personalized medicine
  • therapeutic drug monitoring
  • diagnosis
  • biomarkers
  • biomimetic materials
  • bioinspired materials
  • food safety
  • environmental monitoring
  • precision agriculture
  • quality control
  • security
  • biomedical

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1508 KiB  
Article
A Mouth and Tongue Interactive Device to Control Wearable Robotic Limbs in Tasks where Human Limbs Are Occupied
by Hongwei Jing, Tianjiao Zheng, Qinghua Zhang, Benshan Liu, Kerui Sun, Lele Li, Jie Zhao and Yanhe Zhu
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050213 - 24 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1702
Abstract
The Wearable Robotic Limb (WRL) is a type of robotic arm worn on the human body, aiming to enhance the wearer’s operational capabilities. However, proposing additional methods to control and perceive the WRL when human limbs are heavily occupied with primary tasks presents [...] Read more.
The Wearable Robotic Limb (WRL) is a type of robotic arm worn on the human body, aiming to enhance the wearer’s operational capabilities. However, proposing additional methods to control and perceive the WRL when human limbs are heavily occupied with primary tasks presents a challenge. Existing interactive methods, such as voice, gaze, and electromyography (EMG), have limitations in control precision and convenience. To address this, we have developed an interactive device that utilizes the mouth and tongue. This device is lightweight and compact, allowing wearers to achieve continuous motion and contact force control of the WRL. By using a tongue controller and mouth gas pressure sensor, wearers can control the WRL while also receiving sensitive contact feedback through changes in mouth pressure. To facilitate bidirectional interaction between the wearer and the WRL, we have devised an algorithm that divides WRL control into motion and force-position hybrid modes. In order to evaluate the performance of the device, we conducted an experiment with ten participants tasked with completing a pin-hole assembly task with the assistance of the WRL system. The results show that the device enables continuous control of the position and contact force of the WRL, with users perceiving feedback through mouth airflow resistance. However, the experiment also revealed some shortcomings of the device, including user fatigue and its impact on breathing. After experimental investigation, it was observed that fatigue levels can decrease with training. Experimental studies have revealed that fatigue levels can decrease with training. Furthermore, the limitations of the device have shown potential for improvement through structural enhancements. Overall, our mouth and tongue interactive device shows promising potential in controlling the WRL during tasks where human limbs are occupied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications)
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12 pages, 3730 KiB  
Article
Assessing Phase-Change Materials as Effective Long-Term Biosensors in Limb Prosthetics
by Robert Johnston, Danielle Sell, Goeran Fiedler and Anita Singh
Biosensors 2023, 13(10), 944; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13100944 - 22 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1631
Abstract
Monitoring and controlling the microclimate at the skin–socket interface of limb prostheses is an important, yet unresolved, clinical problem. Phase-change materials (PCMs) represent a promising biosensor technology that holds the potential to both detect and alter (i.e., stabilize) changes in the temperature of [...] Read more.
Monitoring and controlling the microclimate at the skin–socket interface of limb prostheses is an important, yet unresolved, clinical problem. Phase-change materials (PCMs) represent a promising biosensor technology that holds the potential to both detect and alter (i.e., stabilize) changes in the temperature of a hybrid biological/mechanical system, such as a prosthesis. The biologically inspired sensor capabilities of PCMs can enhance the internal socket conditions and offer improved comfort and suspension while minimizing skin injuries for prosthesis users. This study investigated how prosthetic liners equipped with PCM biosensors affected the long-term outcomes for prosthesis users. In this double-blinded longitudinal crossover study, a cohort of transtibial prosthesis users wore regular conventional liners for six months and PCM liners for another six months. Prosthesis utilization, physical performance, and gait symmetry were studied using Modus StepWatch, the 2-minute walk test, and the TekScan F-Scan gait test, respectively. Measured parameters from these various tests, acquired at multiple timepoints during the study, were compared pairwise between the two liners per individual. While the obtained quantitative data trends, such as the gait symmetry, favored the PCM liners, no statistically significant differences were found between the PCM and conventional gel liners in any of the study parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications)
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19 pages, 12624 KiB  
Article
Characterizing the Impedance Properties of Dry E-Textile Electrodes Based on Contact Force and Perspiration
by Vignesh Ravichandran, Izabela Ciesielska-Wrobel, Md Abdullah al Rumon, Dhaval Solanki and Kunal Mankodiya
Biosensors 2023, 13(7), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13070728 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3144
Abstract
Biopotential electrodes play an integral role within smart wearables and clothing in capturing vital signals like electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). This study focuses on dry e-textile electrodes (E1–E6) and a laser-cut knit electrode (E7), to assess their impedance characteristics under [...] Read more.
Biopotential electrodes play an integral role within smart wearables and clothing in capturing vital signals like electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), and electroencephalogram (EEG). This study focuses on dry e-textile electrodes (E1–E6) and a laser-cut knit electrode (E7), to assess their impedance characteristics under varying contact forces and moisture conditions. Synthetic perspiration was applied using a moisture management tester and impedance was measured before and after exposure, followed by a 24 h controlled drying period. Concurrently, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the dry electrode was evaluated during ECG data collection on a healthy participant. Our findings revealed that, prior to moisture exposure, the impedance of electrodes E7, E5, and E2 was below 200 ohm, dropping to below 120 ohm post-exposure. Embroidered electrodes E6 and E4 exhibited an over 25% decrease in mean impedance after moisture exposure, indicating the impact of stitch design and moisture on impedance. Following the controlled drying, certain electrodes (E1, E2, E3, and E4) experienced an over 30% increase in mean impedance. Overall, knit electrode E7, and embroidered electrodes E2 and E6, demonstrated superior performance in terms of impedance, moisture retention, and ECG signal quality, revealing promising avenues for future biopotential electrode designs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications)
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11 pages, 1566 KiB  
Article
Multiplexed smFRET Nucleic Acid Sensing Using DNA Nanotweezers
by Anisa Kaur, Roaa Mahmoud, Anoja Megalathan, Sydney Pettit and Soma Dhakal
Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010119 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
The multiplexed detection of disease biomarkers is part of an ongoing effort toward improving the quality of diagnostic testing, reducing the cost of analysis, and accelerating the treatment processes. Although significant efforts have been made to develop more sensitive and rapid multiplexed screening [...] Read more.
The multiplexed detection of disease biomarkers is part of an ongoing effort toward improving the quality of diagnostic testing, reducing the cost of analysis, and accelerating the treatment processes. Although significant efforts have been made to develop more sensitive and rapid multiplexed screening methods, such as microarrays and electrochemical sensors, their limitations include their intricate sensing designs and semi-quantitative detection capabilities. Alternatively, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based single-molecule counting offers great potential for both the sensitive and quantitative detection of various biomarkers. However, current FRET-based multiplexed sensing typically requires the use of multiple excitation sources and/or FRET pairs, which complicates labeling schemes and the post-analysis of data. We present a nanotweezer (NT)-based sensing strategy that employs a single FRET pair and is capable of detecting multiple targets. Using DNA mimics of miRNA biomarkers specific to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), we demonstrated that the developed sensors are sensitive down to the low picomolar range (≤10 pM) and can discriminate between targets with a single-base mismatch. These simple hybridization-based sensors hold great promise for the sensitive detection of a wider spectrum of nucleic acid biomarkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications)
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21 pages, 14300 KiB  
Article
Wearable Polarization Conversion Metasurface MIMO Antenna for Biomedical Applications in 5 GHz WBAN
by Rigeng Wu, Jian Dong and Meng Wang
Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010073 - 1 Jan 2023
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3221
Abstract
This paper presents a wearable metasurface multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for biomedical applications in a 5 GHz wireless body area network (WBAN) with broadband, circular polarization (CP), and high gain. The physical properties of the MIMO antenna element and the principles of polarization [...] Read more.
This paper presents a wearable metasurface multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for biomedical applications in a 5 GHz wireless body area network (WBAN) with broadband, circular polarization (CP), and high gain. The physical properties of the MIMO antenna element and the principles of polarization conversion are analyzed in-depth using characteristic mode analysis. For the proposed MIMO antenna, the measured −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 34.87% (4.76–6.77 GHz), and the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidth is 22.94% (4.9–6.17 GHz). By adding an isolation strip, the measured isolation of the two antenna elements is greater than 19.85 dB. The overall size of the MIMO antenna is 1.67λ0 × 0.81λ0 × 0.07λ0 at 5.6 GHz, and the maximum gain is 7.95 dBic. The envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.007, with the maximum diversity gain greater than 9.98 dB, and the channel capacity loss is less than 0.29 b/s/Hz. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the wearable MIMO antenna is simulated by the human tissue model, which proves that the proposed antenna conforms to international standards and is harmless to humans. The proposed wearable metasurface MIMO antenna has CP, broadband, high gain, low ECC, and low SAR, which can be used in wearable devices for biomedical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications)
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34 pages, 60201 KiB  
Article
Textile Knitted Stretch Sensors for Wearable Health Monitoring: Design and Performance Evaluation
by Md Abdullah al Rumon, Gozde Cay, Vignesh Ravichandran, Afnan Altekreeti, Anna Gitelson-Kahn, Nicholas Constant, Dhaval Solanki and Kunal Mankodiya
Biosensors 2023, 13(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13010034 - 27 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4838
Abstract
The advancement of smart textiles has led to significant interest in developing wearable textile sensors (WTS) and offering new modalities to sense vital signs and activity monitoring in daily life settings. For this, textile fabrication methods such as knitting, weaving, embroidery, and braiding [...] Read more.
The advancement of smart textiles has led to significant interest in developing wearable textile sensors (WTS) and offering new modalities to sense vital signs and activity monitoring in daily life settings. For this, textile fabrication methods such as knitting, weaving, embroidery, and braiding offer promising pathways toward unobtrusive and seamless sensing for WTS applications. Specifically, the knitted sensor has a unique intermeshing loop structure which is currently used to monitor repetitive body movements such as breathing (microscale motion) and walking (macroscale motion). However, the practical sensing application of knit structure demands a comprehensive study of knit structures as a sensor. In this work, we present a detailed performance evaluation of six knitted sensors and sensing variation caused by design, sensor size, stretching percentages % (10, 15, 20, 25), cyclic stretching (1000), and external factors such as sweat (salt-fog test). We also present regulated respiration (inhale–exhale) testing data from 15 healthy human participants; the testing protocol includes three respiration rates; slow (10 breaths/min), normal (15 breaths/min), and fast (30 breaths/min). The test carried out with statistical analysis includes the breathing time and breathing rate variability. These testing results offer an empirically derived guideline for future WTS research, present aggregated information to understand the sensor behavior when it experiences a different range of motion, and highlight the constraints of the silver-based conductive yarn when exposed to the real environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications)
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Review

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24 pages, 1921 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances, Opportunities, and Challenges in Developing Nucleic Acid Integrated Wearable Biosensors for Expanding the Capabilities of Wearable Technologies in Health Monitoring
by Mohammad Janghorban, Irvyne Aradanas, Sara Kazemi, Philippa Ngaju and Richa Pandey
Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12110986 - 8 Nov 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4320
Abstract
Wearable biosensors are becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in demand for non-invasive, real-time monitoring of health and personalized medicine. Traditionally, wearable biosensors have explored protein-based enzymatic and affinity-based detection strategies. However, in the past decade, with the success of nucleic acid-based [...] Read more.
Wearable biosensors are becoming increasingly popular due to the rise in demand for non-invasive, real-time monitoring of health and personalized medicine. Traditionally, wearable biosensors have explored protein-based enzymatic and affinity-based detection strategies. However, in the past decade, with the success of nucleic acid-based point-of-care diagnostics, a paradigm shift has been observed in integrating nucleic acid-based assays into wearable sensors, offering better stability, enhanced analytical performance, and better clinical applicability. This narrative review builds upon the current state and advances in utilizing nucleic acid-based assays, including oligonucleotides, nucleic acid, aptamers, and CRISPR-Cas, in wearable biosensing. The review also discusses the three fundamental blocks, i.e., fabrication requirements, biomolecule integration, and transduction mechanism, for creating nucleic acid integrated wearable biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Devices and Wearable Devices toward Innovative Applications)
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