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Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and...
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Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and Pathological Profiles

A special issue of Brain Sciences (ISSN 2076-3425). This special issue belongs to the section "Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2021) | Viewed by 19581

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Laura Zamarian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Interests: decision making; number processing; executive function; aging; dementia; neuropsychology; cognitive assessment; cognitive rehabilitation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The COVID-19 pandemic is an event that has invasively affected all aspects of our lives. It required (and still requires) a radical change in our everyday habits and a series of health-related decisions. Understanding numerical information and risks is essential for making skilled, informed decisions in risk situations. Previous research has mostly investigated risk understanding and decision making in healthy people, but little is known as to how patients with neurological conditions and specific neuropsychological deficits handle risk situations. This Special Issue of Brain Sciences aims to present a collection of studies regarding risk comprehension and decision making in healthy people and in neurological patients (e.g., early dementia, Parkinson’s disease, restless leg syndrome). Through this Special Issue, we will gain new insights into the possible changes in risk understanding and decision making that are related to, for example, normal or pathological aging. This is nowadays very relevant, as pandemic outbreaks require the understanding and compliance of the whole population, including the proportion of individuals with neurological conditions. Original research papers, meta-analyses, and critical reviews advancing our understanding of risk understanding, numeracy, decision making, and their relationships are solicited for this Special Issue. Studies adopting behavioral methods or methods from neuroscience are welcome.

Keywords

  • Decision making
  • Risk understanding
  • Numeracy
  • Numerical processing
  • Neurological patients
  • Healthy population
  • Cognition
  • Neuropsychological assessment
  • Clinical variables

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 673 KiB  
Article
Decision Making and Risk Propensity in Individuals with Tendencies towards Specific Internet-Use Disorders
by Silke M. Müller, Elisa Wegmann, María Garcia Arías, Elena Bernabéu Brotóns, Carlos Marchena Giráldez and Matthias Brand
Brain Sci. 2022, 12(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12020201 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3837
Abstract
The uncontrolled use of specific Internet applications is increasingly recognized as a mental health issue. Gaming disorder, which is one subtype of specific Internet-use disorders (sIUDs), has been included in the ICD-11 as disorder due to addictive behaviors. Addictive disorders are assumed to [...] Read more.
The uncontrolled use of specific Internet applications is increasingly recognized as a mental health issue. Gaming disorder, which is one subtype of specific Internet-use disorders (sIUDs), has been included in the ICD-11 as disorder due to addictive behaviors. Addictive disorders are assumed to be accompanied by cognitive deficits as indicated by weaker performance in executive function and risky decision-making tasks. This study investigates risky decision-making in individuals with tendencies towards sIUDs including gaming, online buying-shopping, and social-networks-use disorders. A total of 293 individuals participated in the study. Based on specific screening instruments, the participants were assigned to a group with tendencies towards sIUD or a control group. Participants completed a risky decision-making task and questionnaires assessing risk-taking propensity, impulsivity, psychopathology, and perceived stress. The group with sIUD tendencies showed higher attentional impulsivity and higher levels of depression and anxiety compared to the control group. The groups did not differ in decision making and risk propensity. Decision making did not have significant effects on sIUD symptoms. Risk for developing sIUDs does not appear to be accompanied by altered general decision-making tendencies. Rather, psychological (pre-)load and attentional deficits appear to be relevant features in uncontrolled use of the Internet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and Pathological Profiles)
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13 pages, 859 KiB  
Article
Understanding of Numerical Information during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Laura Zamarian, Katharina M. -A. Fürstenberg, Nadia Gamboz and Margarete Delazer
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(9), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091230 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2226
Abstract
Media news during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic often entail complex numerical concepts such as exponential increase or reproduction number. This study investigated whether people have difficulties in understanding such information and whether these difficulties are related to numerical competence, reflective thinking, [...] Read more.
Media news during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic often entail complex numerical concepts such as exponential increase or reproduction number. This study investigated whether people have difficulties in understanding such information and whether these difficulties are related to numerical competence, reflective thinking, and risk proneness. One hundred sixty-three participants provided answers to a numeracy scale focusing on complex numerical concepts relevant to COVID-19 (COV Numeracy Scale). They also provided responses to well-established objective and subjective scales, questions about affective states, and questions about the COVID-19 pandemic. Higher scores on the COV Numeracy Scale correlated with higher scores on the Health Numeracy Scale, in the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT), and in self-assessments of verbal comprehension, mathematical intelligence, and subjective numeracy. Interestingly, scores on the COV Numeracy Scale also positively correlated with the number of consulted information sources about COVID-19. Accuracy in the CRT emerged as a significant predictor, explaining ca. 14% of variance on the COV Numeracy Scale. The results suggest that people with lower reflective thinking skills and lower subjective and objective numerical competence can be more at disadvantage when confronted with COVID-related numerical information in everyday life. These findings advise caution in the communication of relevant public health information that entails complex numerical concepts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and Pathological Profiles)
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18 pages, 771 KiB  
Article
Decision Making under Risk in Patients Suffering from Schizophrenia or Depression
by Theresa Benke, Josef Marksteiner, Beatrix Ruepp, Elisabeth M. Weiss and Laura Zamarian
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(9), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091178 - 7 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2841
Abstract
Studies have reported difficulties in decision making for patients with schizophrenia or depression. Here, we investigated whether there are differences between schizophrenia patients, depressed patients, and healthy individuals (HC) when decisions are to be made under risk and cognitive flexibility is required. We [...] Read more.
Studies have reported difficulties in decision making for patients with schizophrenia or depression. Here, we investigated whether there are differences between schizophrenia patients, depressed patients, and healthy individuals (HC) when decisions are to be made under risk and cognitive flexibility is required. We were also interested in the relationships between decision making, cognitive functioning, and disease severity. Thirty HC, 28 schizophrenia patients, and 28 depressed patients underwent structured clinical assessments and were assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale or Hamilton Rating Scale. They performed the Probability-Associated Gambling (PAG) Task and a neuropsychological test battery. Both patient groups obtained lower scores than HC in memory and executive function measures. In the PAG task, relative to HC, depressed patients made slower decisions but showed a comparable number of advantageous decisions or strategy flexibility. Schizophrenia patients were slower, riskier, and less flexible compared to HC. For them, the decision making behavior correlated with the symptom severity. In both groups, decision making scores correlated with memory and executive function scores. Patients with schizophrenia or depression may have difficulties under risk when quick and flexible decisions are required. These difficulties may be more pronounced in patients who have marked cognitive deficits or severe clinical symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and Pathological Profiles)
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18 pages, 3539 KiB  
Article
Modeling Skin Conductance Response Time Series during Consecutive Rapid Decision-Making under Concurrent Temporal Pressure and Information Ambiguity
by Takahiro Soshi, Mitsue Nagamine, Emiko Fukuda and Ai Takeuchi
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(9), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091122 - 25 Aug 2021
Viewed by 3134
Abstract
Emergency situations promote risk-taking behaviors associated with anxiety reactivity. A previous study using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has demonstrated that prespecified state anxiety predicts moderate risk-taking (middle-risk/high-return) after salient penalty events under temporal pressure and information ambiguity. Such moderate risk-taking can be [...] Read more.
Emergency situations promote risk-taking behaviors associated with anxiety reactivity. A previous study using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has demonstrated that prespecified state anxiety predicts moderate risk-taking (middle-risk/high-return) after salient penalty events under temporal pressure and information ambiguity. Such moderate risk-taking can be used as a behavioral background in the case of fraud damage. We conducted two psychophysiological experiments using the IGT and used a psychophysiological modeling approach to examine how moderate risk-taking under temporal pressure and information ambiguity is associated with automatic physiological responses, such as a skin conductance response (SCR). The first experiment created template SCR functions under concurrent temporal pressure and information ambiguity. The second experiment produced a convolution model using the SCR functions and fitted the model to the SCR time series recorded under temporal pressure and no temporal pressure, respectively. We also collected the participants’ anxiety profiles before the IGT experiment. The first finding indicated that participants with higher state anxiety scores yielded better model fitting (that is, event-related physiological responses) under temporal pressure. The second finding demonstrated that participants with better model fitting made consecutive Deck A selections under temporal pressure more frequently. In summary, a psychophysiological modeling approach is effective for capturing overlapping SCRs and moderate risk-taking under concurrent temporal pressure and information ambiguity is associated with automatic physiological and emotional reactivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and Pathological Profiles)
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5 pages, 436 KiB  
Communication
Birds of a Feather Flock Together: Disadvantageous Decision Making in Augmented Restless Legs Syndrome Patients with and without Impulse Control Disorders
by Beatrice Heim, Philipp Ellmerer, Ambra Stefani, Anna Heidbreder, Elisabeth Brandauer, Birgit Högl, Klaus Seppi and Atbin Djamshidian
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(3), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11030383 - 17 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2168
Abstract
Background: Augmentation (AUG) in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) can be associated with impulse control disorder (ICD) symptoms, such as compulsive sexual behavior, gambling disorder or compulsive shopping. In this study, we wanted to assess whether RLS patients with AUG differ in [...] Read more.
Background: Augmentation (AUG) in patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) can be associated with impulse control disorder (ICD) symptoms, such as compulsive sexual behavior, gambling disorder or compulsive shopping. In this study, we wanted to assess whether RLS patients with AUG differ in decision making from those patients who have augmentation and in addition ICD symptoms (AUG + ICD) in a post hoc analysis of a patient cohort assessed in a previous study. Methods: In total, 40 RLS patients with augmentation (19 AUG + ICD, 21 AUG without ICDs) were included. RLS diagnosis, severity, and diagnosis of augmentation were made by sleep disorder specialists. ICD symptoms were assessed using semi-structured interviews. All patients performed the beads task, which is an information sampling task where participants must decide from which of the two cups colored beads were drawn. Results were compared to 21 healthy controls (HC). Results: There was no difference in information sampling or irrational decision making between AUG and AUG + ICD patients (p = 0.67 and p = 1.00, respectively). Both patient groups drew less beads and made more irrational decisions than HC (all p-values < 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: Our results suggest that augmentation itself is associated with poorer decision making even in the absence of ICD symptoms. Further studies are necessary to explore whether rapid and hasty decision making are a harbinger of augmentation in RLS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and Pathological Profiles)
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11 pages, 679 KiB  
Systematic Review
Neural Activation in Risky Decision-Making Tasks in Healthy Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Data
by Thomas Tannou, Eloi Magnin, Alexandre Comte, Régis Aubry and Sven Joubert
Brain Sci. 2021, 11(8), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081043 - 6 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4147
Abstract
Decision making is a complex cognitive phenomenon commonly used in everyday life. Studies have shown differences in behavioral strategies in risky decision-making tasks over the course of aging. The development of functional neuroimaging has gradually allowed the exploration of the neurofunctional bases of [...] Read more.
Decision making is a complex cognitive phenomenon commonly used in everyday life. Studies have shown differences in behavioral strategies in risky decision-making tasks over the course of aging. The development of functional neuroimaging has gradually allowed the exploration of the neurofunctional bases of these behaviors. The purpose of our study was to carry out a meta-analysis on the neural networks underlying risky decision making in healthy older adults. Following the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched for fMRI studies of decision making in older adults using risky decision-making tasks. To perform the quantitative meta-analysis, we used the revised version of the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) algorithm. A total of 620 references were selected for initial screening. Among these, five studies with a total of 98 cognitively normal older participants (mean age: 69.5 years) were included. The meta-analysis yielded two clusters. Main activations were found in the right insula, bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Despite the limited number of studies included, our meta-analysis highlights the crucial involvement of circuits associated with both emotion regulation and the decision to act. However, in contrast to the literature on young adults, our results indicate a different pattern of hemispheric lateralization in older participants. These activations can be used as a minimum pattern of activation in the risky decision-making tasks of healthy older subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychological Research of Risk Understanding and Decision Making: Normal and Pathological Profiles)
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