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Volume 14
Issue 11
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Brain Sci., Volume 14, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 119 articles

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13 pages, 1417 KiB  
Article
Cross-Section of Neurological Manifestations Among SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants—Single-Center Study
by Justyna Jachman-Kapułka, Aleksander Zińczuk, Krzysztof Simon and Marta Rorat
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111161 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1006
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is undergoing constant mutation. New strains vary in neuropathogenicity and the neurological spectrum of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and clinical characteristics of neurological manifestations during the Omicron dominance among [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 is undergoing constant mutation. New strains vary in neuropathogenicity and the neurological spectrum of disease. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and clinical characteristics of neurological manifestations during the Omicron dominance among hospitalized patients, including the differences between three subsequent periods. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 426 hospitalized adults with confirmed COVID-19 divided into three periods (O1, O2, and O3) dependent on the dominance of Omicron subvariants in Poland. Demographic and clinical data, in particular neurological manifestations, were collected and compared. Results: The median age of the group was 74, older in subsequent (later) periods. The number of patients with a history of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination increased with the duration of the pandemic. The severity of COVID-19 became lower in successive periods. Neurological manifestations were observed in 55.4% of patients, and the most frequent were delirium, headache, myalgia, dizziness, cerebrovascular diseases, and encephalopathy. In subsequent periods of Omicron dominance, a higher frequency of neurological manifestations such as delirium, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and encephalopathy was observed. Headache or myalgia was related to a shorter hospitalization while delirium, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic stroke were linked with an increased risk of death. Conclusions: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 presents a wide spectrum of neurological manifestations. Although there is an improvement in the survival rate of patients with COVID-19, the frequency of neurological manifestations increases. The occurrence of delirium, cerebrovascular diseases, and ischemic stroke results in higher mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurovirology)
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12 pages, 266 KiB  
Article
Neuropsychological Abnormalities Associated with Alcohol Dependence During Long-Term Rehabilitation Treatment of German Inpatients
by Josef Rabl, Dieter Geyer, Dario Kroll, Fabrizio Schifano and Norbert Scherbaum
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111160 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 222
Abstract
Background: Alcohol dependence is associated with several neuropsychological abnormalities, such as increased impulsivity or attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli. However, it is debated whether these abnormalities are on the decline after long-term abstinence from alcohol. Inpatient rehabilitation treatment enables the longitudinal investigation of [...] Read more.
Background: Alcohol dependence is associated with several neuropsychological abnormalities, such as increased impulsivity or attentional bias towards drug-related stimuli. However, it is debated whether these abnormalities are on the decline after long-term abstinence from alcohol. Inpatient rehabilitation treatment enables the longitudinal investigation of such variables during a long, largely secured, period of abstinence. Methods: This study involved alcohol-dependent patients consecutively admitted for a duration of 14–26 weeks to an inpatient rehabilitation treatment center located in a hospital specializing in substance use disorders. Craving and impulsivity were assessed with the means of two questionnaires (e.g., OCDS-G and BIS-11); conversely, attentional bias and problems with inhibition were measured with the help of two computer-based experiments (e.g., dot–probe task and stop–signal–reaction task). Investigations were conducted at entry, after 6 weeks, and during the last two weeks of the inpatient treatment. Results: A total of 130 patients with alcohol dependence (mean age 43.3 years; 78.5% male) completed the first, N = 102 the second, and N = 83 the final assessment. Over the whole period of inpatient treatment, there was a significant decrease in patients’ scores for both craving (t(83) = 7.8, p < 0.001) and impulsivity (t(82) = −3.75, p < 0.001, t(82) = 4.4, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant changes regarding attentional bias (t(82) = 0.16, p = 0.494) and inhibitory control (t(76) = 0.04, p = 0.482) scores. Conclusions: Neuropsychological abnormalities associated with alcohol dependence might persist even after a long abstinence period. The decrease in both craving and impulsivity levels may be explained by the protected, alcohol-free, hospital environment; however, patients’ risk of post-discharge relapse may remain high, as the basic neurobiological mechanisms of alcohol dependence may persist for long periods, and possibly for more than 3–6 months. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychiatry and Addiction: A Multi-Faceted Issue)
15 pages, 748 KiB  
Review
Polyneuropathy in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis: Diagnostic Challenges and Potential for Therapeutic Intervention
by Antonio Edvan Camelo-Filho, Pedro Lucas Grangeiro Sá Barreto Lima, Francisco Luciano Honório Barreto Cavalcante, Oliver Reiks Miyajima, Carolina Figueiredo Santos, Rodrigo Fagundes da Rosa, André Luiz Santos Pessoa, Pedro Braga-Neto and Paulo Ribeiro Nóbrega
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111159 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the CYP27A1 gene, leading to cholestanol accumulation in various tissues, including peripheral nerves. Polyneuropathy is an underrecognized feature with considerable variability in clinical presentation and neurophysiological findings in CTX. This review [...] Read more.
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the CYP27A1 gene, leading to cholestanol accumulation in various tissues, including peripheral nerves. Polyneuropathy is an underrecognized feature with considerable variability in clinical presentation and neurophysiological findings in CTX. This review assesses the prevalence, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic methodologies of polyneuropathy in CTX, exploring its underlying mechanisms and potential treatment outcomes. A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Virtual Health Library databases with search terms related to CTX and polyneuropathy. A total of 892 articles were initially identified, with 59 selected for in-depth analysis. The review focused on studies examining peripheral nerve involvement in CTX, including nerve conduction studies, electromyography, and nerve ultrasound. Polyneuropathy in CTX was observed in 50% to 77.7% of patients across multiple case series. Neurophysiological findings varied, with reports of axonal, demyelinating, and mixed polyneuropathies. Clinical presentation included lower limb atrophy, pes cavus, and distal weakness, with sensory symptoms less frequently reported. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) showed potential in improving nerve conduction parameters, although the response was variable and dependent on the timing of intervention. Polyneuropathy in CTX presents significant diagnostic challenges due to its heterogeneous presentation and varying neurophysiological findings. Early recognition and intervention are crucial for improving patient outcomes. Peripheral nerve ultrasound is a promising diagnostic tool, complementing traditional neurophysiological assessments. Further research is needed to standardize protocols and explore the full therapeutic potential of CDCA in managing CTX-related polyneuropathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Molecular Genetics of Neurological Disorders)
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13 pages, 4184 KiB  
Article
Reassessing the Neural Correlates of Social Exclusion: A Replication Study of the Cyberball Paradigm Using Arterial Spin Labeling
by Karin Labek and Roberto Viviani
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111158 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The cyberball paradigm has been used in numerous neuroimaging studies to elicit activation in neural substrates of social exclusion, which have been interpreted in terms of activity associated with “social pain”. The objectives of the study were to assess not only the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The cyberball paradigm has been used in numerous neuroimaging studies to elicit activation in neural substrates of social exclusion, which have been interpreted in terms of activity associated with “social pain”. The objectives of the study were to assess not only the replicability but also the specificity of the areas activated by this paradigm. Methods: Functional imaging with arterial spin labeling, an approach to image longer mental states. Results: We replicated findings of previous meta-analyses of this paradigm in the inferior frontal gyrus and ventral cingular cortex. However, these areas were also active in a watch condition (in which participants were not excluded), although less so. Conclusions: These findings relativize a simple and specific interpretation of these areas as the neural substrates of social exclusion and social pain, as in previous studies. In a broader experimental context, similar activations have been reported by neuroimaging studies when semantic disambiguation and evaluation of action goals are required, an interpretation that may also apply to the effects elicited by this paradigm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Human Attachment)
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17 pages, 1523 KiB  
Article
Prognostic Role of Invasion-Related Extracellular Matrix Molecules in Diffusely Infiltrating Grade 2 and 3 Astrocytomas
by László Szivos, József Virga, Zoltán Mészár, Melinda Rostás, Andrea Bakó, Gábor Zahuczki, Tibor Hortobágyi and Álmos Klekner
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111157 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 310
Abstract
Background: Astrocytoma, an IDH-mutant is a common primary brain tumor. Total surgical resection is not feasible due to peritumoral infiltration mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Methods: This study aimed at determining the expression pattern of ECM molecules in different prognostic groups of [...] Read more.
Background: Astrocytoma, an IDH-mutant is a common primary brain tumor. Total surgical resection is not feasible due to peritumoral infiltration mediated by extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Methods: This study aimed at determining the expression pattern of ECM molecules in different prognostic groups of WHO grade 2 and grade 3 patients and identifying the effect of onco-radiotherapy on tumor cell invasion of grade 3 patients. Gene and protein expression of ECM molecules was determined by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Results: In the different prognostic groups of grade 2 tumors HMMR, IDH-1, MKI-67, PDGF-A and versican, in grade 3 tumors integrin α-3, and in both groups integrin α-3 and IDH-1 mRNA expression was significantly different. Regarding protein expression, only integrin αV expression changed significantly in the prognostic groups of grade 2 tumors. Conclusions: Based on the invasion spectrum determined by this joint gene and protein expression analysis, there was a sensitivity of 87.5% and a negative predictive value of 88.9% regarding the different prognostic groups of grade 2 astrocytoma. For grade 3 tumors, the applied standard oncotherapeutic modalities apparently lacked significant anti-invasive effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Tumors: From Molecular Basis to Therapy)
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18 pages, 2814 KiB  
Article
Impact of Situation Awareness Variations on Multimodal Physiological Responses in High-Speed Train Driving
by Wenli Dong, Weining Fang, Hanzhao Qiu and Haifeng Bao
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111156 - 20 Nov 2024
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Background: In safety-critical environments, human error is a leading cause of accidents, with the loss of situation awareness (SA) being a key contributing factor. Accurate SA assessment is essential for minimizing such risks and ensuring operational safety. Traditional SA measurement methods have limitations [...] Read more.
Background: In safety-critical environments, human error is a leading cause of accidents, with the loss of situation awareness (SA) being a key contributing factor. Accurate SA assessment is essential for minimizing such risks and ensuring operational safety. Traditional SA measurement methods have limitations in dynamic real-world settings, while physiological signals, particularly EEG, offer a non-invasive, real-time alternative for continuous SA monitoring. However, the reliability of SA measurement based on physiological signals depends on the accuracy of SA labeling. Objective: This study aims to design an effective SA measurement paradigm specific to high-speed train driving, investigate more accurate physiological signal-based SA labeling methods, and explore the relationships between SA levels and key physiological metrics based on the developed framework. Methods: This study recruited 19 male high-speed train driver trainees and developed an SA measurement paradigm specific to high-speed train driving. A method combining subjective SA ratings and task performance was introduced to generate accurate SA labels. Results: The results of statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of this paradigm in inducing SA level changes, revealing significant relationships between SA levels and key physiological metrics, including eye movement patterns, ECG features (e.g., heart rate variability), and EEG power spectral density across theta, alpha, and beta bands. Conclusions: This study supports the use of multimodal physiological signals for SA assessment and provides a theoretical foundation for future applications of SA monitoring in railway operations, contributing to enhanced operational safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brains at Work: How Wearable Technology May Benefit Research, Health and Everyday Life)
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8 pages, 217 KiB  
Brief Report
Longitudinal Insights into the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers: Emotional Shifts During Two Years of the COVID-19 Crisis
by Maia Stanisławska-Kubiak, Grażyna Teusz, Michał Ziarko and Ewa Mojs
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111155 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 426
Abstract
Objective: Numerous studies have highlighted the prevalence of mental health disorders among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying indications of emotional strain. This study compares the psychological functioning of healthcare workers at the onset of the pandemic and two years later, [...] Read more.
Objective: Numerous studies have highlighted the prevalence of mental health disorders among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, with varying indications of emotional strain. This study compares the psychological functioning of healthcare workers at the onset of the pandemic and two years later, offering a comprehensive assessment of their emotional and mental health status in the evolving context of COVID-19. Methods: This longitudinal analysis examined the relationship between stress, emotional processing, and their positive/negative impacts on medical personnel working in Polish hospitals and outpatient clinics in 2020 (n = 285) and 2022 (n = 252). The study employed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20), Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Mini-COPE, Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS), Emotional Processing Scale (EPS), STAI, and PANAS to assess psychological responses and coping mechanisms. Results: Findings revealed a significant increase in denial, substance use, self-blame, negative mood, and impaired psychological and somatic functioning, alongside heightened symptoms of depression and anxiety. Conversely, a marked decrease in planning, positive reinterpretation, acceptance, religious coping, and seeking social support (both emotional and instrumental) was observed over the two-year period. Conclusion: The prolonged nature of the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the psychological resilience of healthcare professionals, eroding critical emotional resources necessary for maintaining interpersonal relationships and mental well-being. These results underscore the need for targeted interventions to support the mental health of medical staff in the ongoing crisis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neuropsychology)
11 pages, 1749 KiB  
Article
Window Coverage and Liquid Biopsy in the First-Line Therapy of Severe Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
by Alexander Kilgue, Rayoung Kim, Lars-Uwe Scholtz, Conrad Riemann, Christoph J. Pfeiffer, Matthias Schürmann and Ingo Todt
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111154 - 19 Nov 2024
Viewed by 312
Abstract
Introduction: Based on clinical practice guidelines, the application of corticosteroids as a first-line therapy is common. Although sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) etiology is primarily idiopathic, hearing loss can result from a perilymphatic fistula (PLF). Recent findings show evidence of a specific rate [...] Read more.
Introduction: Based on clinical practice guidelines, the application of corticosteroids as a first-line therapy is common. Although sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL) etiology is primarily idiopathic, hearing loss can result from a perilymphatic fistula (PLF). Recent findings show evidence of a specific rate of PLF based on a cochlin-tomoprotein (CTP) detection test. Based on this rate of PLF treatment, the concepts of SSNHL need to be re-evaluated. The present study aimed to evaluate CTP in SSNHL patients and compare pre-surgical and post-surgical pure tone hearing thresholds after round and oval window sealing as first-line treatment. Material and Methods: A total of 30 patients with unilateral SSNHL with a pure tone average (PTA) (4 Freq. of 60 dB or more were enrolled in a prospective study. All patients underwent tympanoscopy for middle ear exploration as a first-line treatment. After intraoperative observation of a possible PLF, all patients obtained middle ear lavage to gain CTP samples for following ELISA-based CTP detection tests. All patients received round window and oval window sealing with fascia. PTA hearing thresholds were analyzed post-surgically 3 weeks after treatment based on 4-frequency bone conduction (BC). Results: The average preoperative pure tone BC threshold was 97.7 dB compared with the 69 dB postoperative BC threshold. Mean BC improved by 20.3 dB after middle ear exploration and window sealing. A total of 56% (17 of 30) of patients recovered at least 10 dB. The middle ear cochlin-tomoprotein detection rate was 70% positive. Conclusions: The combination of early tympanoscopy and inner ear-specific cochlin-tomoprotein as a detection tool for suspected PLF showed evidence of PLF as a key causative in SSNHL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hearing Impairment)
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18 pages, 559 KiB  
Article
Neuroticism Overestimated? Neuroticism Versus Hypertonia, Pain and Rehabilitation Outcomes in Post-Spinal Cord Injury Patients Rehabilitated Conventionally and with Robotic-Assisted Gait Training
by Alicja Widuch-Spodyniuk, Beata Tarnacka, Bogumił Korczyński and Aleksandra Borkowska
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111153 - 18 Nov 2024
Viewed by 424
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to analyse the association between neuroticism (one of the Big Five personality traits) and the most common secondary sensorimotor complications occurring in patients after spinal cord injury (SCI), i.e., muscle spasticity (hypertonia) and pain, and [...] Read more.
Background: The aim of the present study was to analyse the association between neuroticism (one of the Big Five personality traits) and the most common secondary sensorimotor complications occurring in patients after spinal cord injury (SCI), i.e., muscle spasticity (hypertonia) and pain, and to investigate the associations between neuroticism and the effects of conventional rehabilitation (dynamic parapodium) and those using robotic-assisted gait training (RAGT) in this group of patients. In addition, the association of neuroticism with self-efficacy, personal beliefs about pain control, and adopted coping strategies among SCI patients was analysed. These data can be used as a reference for designing effective forms of therapy and support dedicated to this group of patients. Methods and procedures: Quantitative analysis included 110 patients after SCI. The participants were divided by simple randomisation into a rehabilitation group with RAGT and a rehabilitation group with dynamic parapodium therapy (DPT). The following survey instruments were used for data collection: Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R); Ashworth Scale; the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM III); the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI-II); the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS); the Pain Coping Strategies Questionnaire—CSQ; and the Beliefs about Pain Control Questionnaire—BPCQ. Outcomes and results: analyses showed a positive association between neuroticism and spastic tension (rho = 0.39; p < 0.001). Conclusions and implications: the study showed that a high level of neuroticism correlates with a higher level of spasticity, but no such correlation was observed for pain. Additionally, the study did not show a significant correlation between neuroticism and rehabilitation outcome depending on the rehabilitation modality (RAGT vs. DPT). The results underline the importance of carrying out a psychological diagnosis of patients to provide therapeutic support in the rehabilitation process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collection Series: Neurorehabilitation Insights in 2024)
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20 pages, 1549 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Music Reading on Spatial Working Memory and Self-Assessment Accuracy
by Michel A. Cara
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111152 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 546
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Previous research has suggested that Western musicians, who generally demonstrate proficiency in reading musical scores, exhibit superior performance in visuospatial working memory tasks compared to non-musicians. Evidence indicates brain activation in regions such as the left inferior parietal lobe and the right [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Previous research has suggested that Western musicians, who generally demonstrate proficiency in reading musical scores, exhibit superior performance in visuospatial working memory tasks compared to non-musicians. Evidence indicates brain activation in regions such as the left inferior parietal lobe and the right posterior fusiform gyrus during music reading, which are associated with visuospatial processing. This study aimed to explore how musical training influences spatial working memory and to examine the relationship between self-assessment accuracy and cognitive performance. Methods: A visuospatial working memory test, the Corsi block-tapping test (CBT), was administered to 70 participants, including 35 musicians with experience in music reading and 35 non-musicians. CBT performances were compared between groups, controlling for sex and age differences using analysis of covariance. Participants were also asked to self-assess their visuospatial capabilities. Results: Musicians performed significantly better than non-musicians in the CBT and demonstrated greater metacognitive accuracy in evaluating their visuospatial memory capacities. A total of 46.34% of musicians who claimed good performance on the CBT did in fact perform well, in comparison with 14.63% of non-musicians. Sex influenced the outcomes of spatial working memory, while age did not significantly affect performance. Conclusions: This self-awareness of visuospatial capabilities reflects a form of metacompetence, encompassing reflective thinking and the ability to assess one’s cognitive skills. Furthermore, while differences in spatial working memory between musicians and non-musicians appear to be related to executive functions associated with general music practice, further investigation is needed to explore other potential influences beyond musical experience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Spatial Vision and Visual Perception)
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13 pages, 274 KiB  
Article
The Effectiveness of Motor Imagery in Balance and Functional Status of Older People with Early-Stage Dementia
by Anna Christakou, Christina Bouzineki, Marousa Pavlou, George Stranjalis and Vasiliki Sakellari
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111151 - 17 Nov 2024
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Dementia involves the loss of cognitive abilities and impairs functional abilities in daily life. In motor imagery (MI) techniques, motor acts are mentally rehearsed without any overt body movements. The purpose of the randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Dementia involves the loss of cognitive abilities and impairs functional abilities in daily life. In motor imagery (MI) techniques, motor acts are mentally rehearsed without any overt body movements. The purpose of the randomized controlled trial was to examine the effects of MI on the motor function of older adults with dementia. Methods: Overall, 160 participants (43 men, 117 women, MMSE M = 23.20, SD = 0.15) from an Athens Day Care Center of the Alzheimer Association were randomized to (a) the MI and exercise group (experimental group) (n = 55), (b) the only exercise group (1st control group) (n = 52) and (c) the neither MI nor exercise group (2nd control group) (n = 53). The exercise session comprised 24 physiotherapy exercise sessions, lasting 45 min each, twice a week for 12 weeks. The exercises were selected from the Otago Exercise Program. Three assessments were performed: (a) one week prior to the program, (b) at one and a half months and (c) after the program. The experimental group performed a 30-minute MI with exercise program content after the end of every physiotherapy exercise session. The Multidirectional Reach Test, Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS) were used to assess participants’ balance and functional status. Results: In the intention to treat analysis (18 participants dropped out), the 3 × 3 repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant results between the three groups on (a) the TUG (F = 3.06, df (2), p = 0.04), (b) the FTSST (F = 3.00, df (2), p = 0.05), (c) the forward direction test (F = 4.14 df (2), p = 0.02), the lateral right and the lateral left direction tests (F = 3.90, df (2), p = 0.02 and F = 7.87, df (2), p = 0.00, respectively), and (d) the FGA (F = 4.35, df (2), p = 0.01). The Friedman test showed significant statistical significant differences among the three groups for BBS (X2 = 7.62, df = 2, p = 0.22), and an effect size of partial η2 coefficient for F-tests was found. Post hoc comparisons using a Bonferroni test for ANOVA and Wilcoxon test for Friedman indicated that the mean scores for the experimental group and the 1st control were significantly better than the 2rd control group in many dependent variables. Conclusions: The study showed a positive effect of MI on balance and the functional status of older adults with early stages of dementia with possible beneficial effects on maintaining independence and reducing physical decline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Therapy and Rehabilitation in Neuromuscular Diseases)
18 pages, 11109 KiB  
Article
Effects of Sarcosine (N-methylglycine) on NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) Receptor Hypofunction Induced by MK801: In Vivo Calcium Imaging in the CA1 Region of the Dorsal Hippocampus
by Yi-Tse Hsiao, Ching-Yuan Chang, Ting-Yen Lee, Wan-Ting Liao, Wen-Sung Lai and Fang-Chia Chang
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111150 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 597
Abstract
Background: Hypofunction of the glutamate system in the brain is one of the pathophysiological hypotheses for schizophrenia. Accumulating animal and clinical studies show that sarcosine (N-methylglycine), a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, is effective in ameliorating the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. The aims [...] Read more.
Background: Hypofunction of the glutamate system in the brain is one of the pathophysiological hypotheses for schizophrenia. Accumulating animal and clinical studies show that sarcosine (N-methylglycine), a glycine transporter-1 inhibitor, is effective in ameliorating the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. The aims of the present study were to observe the effects of sarcosine on neuronal activity in the dorsal CA1 (dCA1) hippocampal neurons within an NMDA receptor hypofunction model induced by MK801. Methods: We applied in vivo calcium imaging to observe the dynamics of fluorescence from the dCA1 hippocampal neurons when the mice were exploring in an open field. Using this tool, we directly measured and compared neuronal properties between sarcosine-treated and untreated mice. At the same time, the physiological function of the neurons was also quantified by measuring their place fields. Results: Our data demonstrated that MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) diminished the fluorescence intensity of dCA1 neurons that had been genetically modified with a calcium indicator. MK-801 also significantly increased the correlation coefficient between the fluorescence dynamics of pairs of cells, a feature that may be linked to the symptom of disorganization in human patients with schizophrenia. The spatial correlations of place fields in the mice were impaired by MK-801 as well. Injected sarcosine (500 mg or 1000 mg/kg) significantly alleviated the abovementioned abnormalities. Conclusions: Our data provide evidence to support the use of sarcosine to alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, especially hippocampus-related functions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Clinical Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Psychosis)
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19 pages, 6780 KiB  
Article
Sensitivity of Spiking Neural Networks Due to Input Perturbation
by Haoran Zhu, Xiaoqin Zeng, Yang Zou and Jinfeng Zhou
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111149 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 503
Abstract
Background: To investigate the behavior of spiking neural networks (SNNs), the sensitivity of input perturbation serves as an effective metric for assessing the influence on the network output. However, existing methods fall short in evaluating the sensitivity of SNNs featuring biologically plausible leaky [...] Read more.
Background: To investigate the behavior of spiking neural networks (SNNs), the sensitivity of input perturbation serves as an effective metric for assessing the influence on the network output. However, existing methods fall short in evaluating the sensitivity of SNNs featuring biologically plausible leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons due to the intricate neuronal dynamics during the feedforward process. Methods: This paper first defines the sensitivity of a temporal-coded spiking neuron (SN) as the deviation between the perturbed and unperturbed output under a given input perturbation with respect to overall inputs. Then, the sensitivity algorithm of an entire SNN is derived iteratively from the sensitivity of each individual neuron. Instead of using the actual firing time, the desired firing time is employed to derive a more precise analytical expression of the sensitivity. Moreover, the expectation of the membrane potential difference is utilized to quantify the magnitude of the input deviation. Results/Conclusions: The theoretical results achieved with the proposed algorithm are in reasonable agreement with the simulation results obtained with extensive input data. The sensitivity also varies monotonically with changes in other parameters, except for the number of time steps, providing valuable insights for choosing appropriate values to construct the network. Nevertheless, the sensitivity exhibits a piecewise decreasing tendency with respect to the number of time steps, with the length and starting point of each piece contingent upon the specific parameter values of the neuron. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence: Cross-Talks and Interrelated Contributions)
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14 pages, 3714 KiB  
Case Report
Visual Cortical Function Changes After Perceptual Learning with Dichoptic Attention Tasks in Adults with Amblyopia: A Case Study Evaluated Using fMRI
by Chuan Hou, Zhangziyi Zhou, Ismet Joan Uner and Spero C. Nicholas
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111148 - 16 Nov 2024
Viewed by 439
Abstract
Background: Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision, commonly caused by strabismus or anisometropia during early childhood. While studies demonstrated that perceptual learning improves visual acuity and stereopsis in adults with amblyopia, accompanying changes in visual cortical function remain unclear. Methods: We measured [...] Read more.
Background: Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of vision, commonly caused by strabismus or anisometropia during early childhood. While studies demonstrated that perceptual learning improves visual acuity and stereopsis in adults with amblyopia, accompanying changes in visual cortical function remain unclear. Methods: We measured functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses before and after perceptual learning in seven adults with amblyopia. Our learning tasks involved dichoptic high-attention-demand tasks that avoided V1 function-related tasks and required high-level cortical functions (e.g., intraparietal sulcus) to train the amblyopic eye. Results: Perceptual learning induced low-level visual cortical function changes, which were strongly associated with the etiology of amblyopia and visual function improvements. Anisometropic amblyopes showed functional improvements across all regions of interest (ROIs: V1, V2, V3, V3A, and hV4), along with improvements in visual acuity and stereoacuity. In contrast, strabismic amblyopes showed robust improvements in visual cortical functions only in individuals who experienced significant gains in visual acuity and stereoacuity. Notably, improvements in V1 functions were significantly correlated with the magnitude of visual acuity and stereoacuity improvements when combining both anisometropic and strabismic amblyopes. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that learning occurs in both high-level and low-level cortical processes. Our study suggests that early intervention to correct eye alignment (e.g., strabismus surgery) is critical for restoring both visual and cortical functions in strabismic amblyopia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Intersection of Perceptual Learning and Motion/Form Perception)
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11 pages, 490 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Probiotics on Clinical Symptoms and Peripheral Cytokines Levels in Parkinson’s Disease: Preliminary In Vivo Data
by Luca Magistrelli, Elena Contaldi, Annalisa Visciglia, Giovanni Deusebio, Marco Pane and Angela Amoruso
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111147 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 375
Abstract
Introduction. Previous studies have shown that probiotics have positive effects on both motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Additionally, in preclinical settings, probiotics have demonstrated the ability to counteract neuronal loss and alpha-synuclein aggregation, important pathological hallmarks of PD. Notably, preliminary [...] Read more.
Introduction. Previous studies have shown that probiotics have positive effects on both motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Additionally, in preclinical settings, probiotics have demonstrated the ability to counteract neuronal loss and alpha-synuclein aggregation, important pathological hallmarks of PD. Notably, preliminary in vitro studies have revealed the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics. This study aims to evaluate the impact of probiotics on symptoms and peripheral cytokines levels in PD patients compared to placebo. Methods. Patients were enrolled and blindly randomized to receive either active probiotics (comprising Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BS01 LMG P-21384, Bifidobacterium longum BL03 DSM 16603, Bifidobacterium adolescentis BA02 DSM 18351, Fructo-oligosaccharides and Maltodextrin-Group A) or placebo (Maltodextrin-Group B). Clinical evaluations and plasma levels cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TGF-β) were also assessed at enrollment and after 12 weeks. Anti-parkinsonian therapy remained stable throughout the study. Results. Forty PD patients were recruited. After 12 weeks, Group A showed significant improvement in motor symptoms (UPDRS III: 13.89 ± 4.08 vs. 12.74 ± 4.57, p = 0.028) and non-motor symptoms (NMSS: 34.32 ± 21.41 vs. 30.11 ± 19.89, p = 0.041), with notable improvement in the gastrointestinal sub-item (3.79 ± 4.14 vs. 1.89 ± 2.54, p = 0.021). A reduction of IFN-γ levels was observed in both groups, but group A also showed a significant decrease in IL-6 and a slight increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β. Conclusions. Our data suggest that probiotics may modulate peripheral cytokines levels and improve clinical symptoms in PD patients. Probiotics may, therefore, represent a valuable adjunctive therapy to conventional anti-parkinsonian drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Parkinson’s Disease: Opportunities and Challenges)
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8 pages, 1762 KiB  
Communication
High Expression of GABAA Receptor β Subunit Genes Is Associated with Longer Overall Survival in Medulloblastoma
by Jander M. Monteiro, Matheus Dalmolin, Marcelo A. C. Fernandes, Jaqueline I. R. Ramos, Carmen A. P. M. Ribas, Fernando I. Tabushi, Rafael Roesler and Gustavo R. Isolan
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111146 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 419
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Most of the rapid inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain is mediated through activation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A (GABAA) receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel. GABAA receptor activation via GABA binding allows for an intracellular influx [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Most of the rapid inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain is mediated through activation of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A (GABAA) receptor, which is a ligand-gated ion channel. GABAA receptor activation via GABA binding allows for an intracellular influx of Cl− ions, thus inducing cellular hyperpolarization. Each GABAA receptor consists of a combination of five subunits, and several subunits have been proposed as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. Here, we show the expression of genes encoding β subunits of the GABAA receptor, namely GABRB1, GABRB2, and GABRB3, across the four different molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma (MB), which is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. We also show the associations of GABAA receptor β subunits with MB patients’ overall survival (OS). Methods: The expression of genes encoding GABAA receptor β subunits was analyzed using a previously described dataset comprising 763 MB tumor samples. Patients were classified into high- and low-gene-expression groups, and the Kaplan–Meier estimate was used to examine the relationship between gene expression levels and patient OS. Results: High GABRB1 expression was associated with better OS within each of the four molecular subgroups. The GABRB2 gene showed higher transcript levels in Group 3 MB compared to all other subgroups, and high expression was associated with better prognosis in Group 3 tumors. GABRB3 expression was significantly higher in Group 3 and Group 4 MB, and high expression of GABRB3 genes was associated with longer OS in the sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup. The high expression of GABRB1, GABRB2, and GABRB3 is associated with longer patient OS in a subgroup-specific manner. Conclusions: These results indicate a role for GABAA receptors containing β subunits in influencing MB progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Biology of Brain Tumors and Neuro-Oncology)
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20 pages, 2243 KiB  
Article
New Pharmacological Insight into Etanercept and Pregabalin in Allodynia and Nociception: Behavioral Studies in a Murine Neuropathic Pain Model
by Loulwah Alothman, Emad Alhadlaq, Asma Alhussain, Alwaleed Alabdulkarim, Youssef Sari and Shakir D. AlSharari
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111145 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 433
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Neuropathic pain is challenging to treat, often resistant to current therapies, and associated with significant side effects. Pregabalin, an anticonvulsant that modulates calcium channels, is effective but can impair mental and motor functions, especially in older patients. To improve patient outcomes, reducing [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Neuropathic pain is challenging to treat, often resistant to current therapies, and associated with significant side effects. Pregabalin, an anticonvulsant that modulates calcium channels, is effective but can impair mental and motor functions, especially in older patients. To improve patient outcomes, reducing the doses of pregabalin and combining it with other drugs targeting different neuropathic pain mechanisms may be beneficial. TNF-α blockers such as etanercept have shown potential in addressing neuropathic pain by affecting sodium channels, synaptic transmission, and neuroinflammation. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of combining low doses of etanercept and pregabalin in allodynia and nociceptive tests. Materials and Methods: Male C57/BL6 mice underwent chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve to induce neuropathic pain. They were divided into seven groups: sham control, CCI control, low and high doses of pregabalin, low and high doses of etanercept, and a combination of low doses of both drugs. Behavioral tests, including von Frey, hot-plate, and rotarod tests, were used to assess pain responses and motor activity. Results: The results indicated that a high dose of pregabalin significantly reduced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia but impaired motor function. Conversely, low doses of etanercept alone had no significant effect. However, the combination of low doses of etanercept (20 mg/kg) and pregabalin (5 mg/kg) effectively alleviated pain without compromising locomotor activity. Conclusions: These results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain, enhancing analgesic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience of Pain)
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14 pages, 556 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Post-Stroke Rehabilitation Outcomes: A Systematic Review
by Debora Bertoni, Stefania Bruni, Donatella Saviola, Antonio De Tanti and Cosimo Costantino
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111144 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 514
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Stroke remains a major cause of disability and death, with survivors facing significant physical, cognitive, and emotional challenges. Rehabilitation is crucial for recovery, but outcomes can vary widely. Cognitive reserve (CR) has emerged as a factor influencing these outcomes. This systematic [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Stroke remains a major cause of disability and death, with survivors facing significant physical, cognitive, and emotional challenges. Rehabilitation is crucial for recovery, but outcomes can vary widely. Cognitive reserve (CR) has emerged as a factor influencing these outcomes. This systematic review evaluates the role of CR in post-stroke rehabilitation, examining whether higher CR is associated with better outcomes. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted for studies published between 2004 and 2024. Studies examining social-behavior CR proxies (e.g., education, bilingualism) and their impact on post-stroke outcomes were included. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for NOn-Randomized Studies (MINORS) scale. Results: Among 3851 articles screened, 27 met the inclusion criteria. Higher education levels, bilingualism, and engagement in cognitively stimulating activities were associated with better cognitive outcomes and functional recovery. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) correlated with poorer outcomes. Early rehabilitation and dynamic CR proxies showed stronger associations with cognitive recovery than static ones. Conclusions: CR may predict post-stroke rehabilitation outcomes, with education, bilingualism, and active engagement in cognitive activities showing potential benefits. Future research should explore CR’s role alongside factors like lesion location and severity in enhancing recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)
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10 pages, 5058 KiB  
Case Report
Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension and Dural Ectasia in Marfan Syndrome: An Illustrative Case Successfully Treated with Steroid Therapy and Literature Review
by Francesco Signorelli, Omar Ktari, Ludovico Agostini, Giorgio Ducoli, Fabio Zeoli and Massimiliano Visocchi
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111143 - 15 Nov 2024
Viewed by 470
Abstract
Background: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare and frequently misdiagnosed disorder characterized by a low volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) caused by the leakage of CSF through the spinal dural membrane. Patients with Marfan Syndrome (MS) and other connective tissue disorders are [...] Read more.
Background: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare and frequently misdiagnosed disorder characterized by a low volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) caused by the leakage of CSF through the spinal dural membrane. Patients with Marfan Syndrome (MS) and other connective tissue disorders are at an increased risk for dural ectasia, which may predispose them to spontaneous CSF leaks due to the structural weakness of their dural membranes. The management of SIH in MS patients is debated. Conservative measures, an epidural blood patch (EBP), and surgical treatments are the options generally provided. Methods: Herein, we report on the case of a 52-year-old female affected by MS, genetically confirmed, with a two-month history of sudden-onset, “thunderclap” headache, worsened in an upright position and horizontal diplopia. A Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the brain showed a bilateral chronic subdural hematoma, slit ventricles, and a caudal descent of the brainstem without overt tonsillar herniation. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan of the whole spine revealed dural ectasia in the lumbosacral area and presacral perineural cyst without extradural CSF collection. The case was successfully managed with bed rest and high-dose corticosteroid therapy. Then, we discuss the pertinent literature, consisting of 25 papers dealing with the treatment of SIH in patients affected by MS. Results: The literature review yielded 25 papers dealing with SIH management in patients with MS, including 28 patients overall; 21 patients underwent EBP, of whom 7 patients had multiple procedures. Overall, in 23 cases (82%), the symptoms improved. In three cases, the patients were managed conservatively with bed rest. In three of these cases, there was an improvement. In one case, the surgical fenestration of two lumbar intradural spinal meningeal cysts was performed and the patient improved after the procedure. Our patient underwent 15 days of steroid therapy (dexamethasone iv 12 mg/day for 7 days, then reduced to 4 mg/day) and intravenous hydration (Ringer lactate 1500 mL/day). In ten days, the symptoms disappeared. At the 6-month follow-up, the patient was in good clinical condition, and a CT scan showed an almost complete regression of the bilateral subdural hematoma. Conclusions: The management of SIH in MS patients is still challenging. Patients with connective tissue disorders such as MS are at an increased risk for SIH. Few studies have assessed the management of these patients and different strategies. Our case and the available literature provide further data for this type of case. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Technologies in Modern Neurosurgery)
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16 pages, 2859 KiB  
Article
Examining the Neural Markers of Speech Rhythm in Silent Reading Using Mass Univariate Statistics of EEG Single Trials
by Stephanie J. Powell, Srishti Nayak and Cyrille L. Magne
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111142 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 588
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The Implicit Prosody Hypothesis (IPH) posits that individuals generate internal prosodic representations during silent reading, mirroring those produced in spoken language. While converging behavioral evidence supports the IPH, the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the neurophysiological markers [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The Implicit Prosody Hypothesis (IPH) posits that individuals generate internal prosodic representations during silent reading, mirroring those produced in spoken language. While converging behavioral evidence supports the IPH, the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the neurophysiological markers of sensitivity to speech rhythm cues during silent word reading. Methods: EEGs were recorded while participants silently read four-word sequences, each composed of either trochaic words (stressed on the first syllable) or iambic words (stressed on the second syllable). Each sequence was followed by a target word that was either metrically congruent or incongruent with the preceding rhythmic pattern. To investigate the effects of metrical expectancy and lexical stress type, we examined single-trial event-related potentials (ERPs) and time–frequency representations (TFRs) time-locked to target words. Results: The results showed significant differences based on the stress pattern expectancy and type. Specifically, words that carried unexpected stress elicited larger ERP negativities between 240 and 628 ms after the word onset. Furthermore, different frequency bands were sensitive to distinct aspects of the rhythmic structure in language. Alpha activity tracked the rhythmic expectations, and theta and beta activities were sensitive to both the expected rhythms and specific locations of the stressed syllables. Conclusions: The findings clarify neurocognitive mechanisms of phonological and lexical mental representations during silent reading using a conservative data-driven approach. Similarity with neural response patterns previously reported for spoken language contexts suggests shared neural networks for implicit and explicit speech rhythm processing, further supporting the IPH and emphasizing the centrality of prosody in reading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Collection on Neurobiology of Language)
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17 pages, 2137 KiB  
Article
Validation of a Set of Clinical Criteria for the Diagnosis of Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
by Alin Ciubotaru, Daniel Alexa, Cristina Grosu, Lilia Böckels, Ioana Păvăleanu, Alexandra Maștaleru, Maria Magdalena Leon, Roxana Covali, Emanuel Matei Roman, Cătălina Elena Bistriceanu, Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc, Doina Azoicăi and Emilian Bogdan Ignat
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111141 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 410
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive impairment of neuronal transmission due to focal demyelination. The most common form is RRMS (relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis), which, under the influence of certain factors, can [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by progressive impairment of neuronal transmission due to focal demyelination. The most common form is RRMS (relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis), which, under the influence of certain factors, can progress to SPMS (secondary progressive multiple sclerosis). Our study aimed to validate the criteria proposed by a working group of the Romanian Society of Neurology versus the criteria proposed by a group of experts from Spain, Karolinska, and Croatia concerning the progression from RRMS to SPMS. Methods: This was done by gathering epidemiological data (age, gender) and by applying clinical tests such as the 9HPT (9-hole peg test), 25FWT (25-foot walk test), and EDSS (expanded disability status scale) tests and the SDMT test (symbol digit modalities test). The present research is a cohort study that included a number of 120 patients diagnosed with MS according to the McDonald Diagnostic Criteria 2017. The study was carried out between January 2023 and April 2024, including patients hospitalized in the Neurology Clinic of the Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital from Iasi, Romania. The data were collected at baseline (T0) and at a 12-month interval (T1). Results: The statistical analysis was conducted using Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin analysis, which indicated a value of 0.683, thus validating the clinical tests used. The correlation matrix and the linear regression for all the tests showed highly significant statistical results. Furthermore, the ROC curve analysis of the criteria suggested by the working group of the Romanian Society of Neurology demonstrated that the EDSS, 9HPT, and 25FWT are highly sensitive in diagnosing SPMS, an opinion that is shared with the Spanish experts, but not with the Karolinska expert panel. Using the criteria given by the Croatian expert group in the ROC curve analysis showed that only the EDSS was strongly significant for the progression to the SPMS phase. Conclusions: In conclusion, all clinical methods used demonstrated that they are valid and can contribute to identifying patients with an increased risk of progression. The model proposed by the Romanian Society of Neurology working group is similar to other countries’ expert opinions and can be used to detect the risk of disease progression and establish a more tailored therapeutic management of SPMS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neuropharmacology and Neuropathology)
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20 pages, 760 KiB  
Article
Temperament and the Experience of Tension and Self-Injurious Behaviour in Adolescents—The Mediating Role of Maladaptive Perfectionism
by Magdalena Chęć, Sylwia Michałowska, Alicja Gnych-Pietrzak, Albina Rybarska and Klaudia Strochalska
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111140 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 444
Abstract
Background: Adolescence is an important point in the emotional development of young people. It is a time when young people are characterised by a high degree of emotional instability and seek effective ways to regulate their emotions. One of the frequent methods they [...] Read more.
Background: Adolescence is an important point in the emotional development of young people. It is a time when young people are characterised by a high degree of emotional instability and seek effective ways to regulate their emotions. One of the frequent methods they use to cope with emotional tension is self-injurious behaviour. Methods: In the context of the rising incidence of self-harm among adolescents, this study aims to understand the association of temperament with the experience of tension and self-injurious behaviour along with the mediating role of perfectionism among 366 adolescents aged 15 to 20 years (Mage = 17.98, SD = 1.302, 52.7% female). Participants completed questionnaires on temperament traits, level of perfectionism, and experience of tension and self-injurious behaviour. Results: The results show that traits such as perfectionism, sensory sensitivity and emotional reactivity increase the risk of self-injurious behaviour. Maladaptive perfectionism partially mediates the relationship between these traits and the tendency to experience emotional tension. A temperament profile with a protective role was also identified. Conclusions: The results of the study highlight the importance of innate traits as well as environmental and cognitive influences, and may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to self-injurious behaviour and strategies aimed at its prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Mental Health and Mental Illness in Adolescents)
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18 pages, 467 KiB  
Review
Efficacy and Safety of Lithium for Suicide and Suicide-Related Behaviors in Youth: A Review of the Literature
by Gianluca Sesso, Francesca Bargnesi, Francesca Olzi, Giulia Mutti, Stefano Berloffa, Valentina Viglione, Pamela Fantozzi, Greta Tolomei, Fulvio Guccione, Annarita Milone and Gabriele Masi
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111139 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 485
Abstract
Objectives: This systematic review evaluates the anti-suicidal properties of Lithium in children and adolescents with Bipolar Disorder (BD), addressing gaps in evidence regarding its efficacy and safety in reducing suicidality and self-harming behaviors. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web [...] Read more.
Objectives: This systematic review evaluates the anti-suicidal properties of Lithium in children and adolescents with Bipolar Disorder (BD), addressing gaps in evidence regarding its efficacy and safety in reducing suicidality and self-harming behaviors. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus up to February 2024. Eligible studies were those focusing on patients aged 25 years or younger, examining Lithium therapy and its impact on suicidal ideation and behaviors. The review included randomized controlled trials, longitudinal prospective and retrospective studies, and cross-sectional studies, while excluding expert opinions and case reports. Results: Evidence generally supports the efficacy of Lithium in reducing suicidal ideation and self-harming behaviors in youth with BD, though results are mixed. Randomized controlled trials demonstrated its effectiveness in mitigating suicidal thoughts during acute manic episodes, with effects persisting post-treatment. Longitudinal studies suggested that Lithium might offer superior outcomes compared to other mood stabilizers, although its specific impact on suicidality remains inconclusive. Cross-sectional studies and retrospective analyses reveal associations between Lithium use and reduced self-harming behaviors, but causality remains uncertain. While mood-stabilizing effects of Lithium offer potential benefits for reducing suicidality in youth, evidence on its direct impact on emotional dysregulation (ED) and long-term efficacy is limited. Variability in individual responses and adherence issues underscore the need for further research. Future studies should include larger, diverse samples, focus on ED symptoms, and explore Lithium mechanisms in suicidality prevention. Conclusions: Lithium remains a promising treatment for mood stabilization and reduction in suicidality in youth with BD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Approach to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder)
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18 pages, 1652 KiB  
Article
Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation (CLAS) During Sleep Augments Language and Discovery Learning
by Vincent P. Clark, Hector P. Valverde, Mason S. Briggs, Teagan Mullins, Jacqueline Ortiz, Christopher J. H. Pirrung, Olivia S. O’Keeffe, Madeline Hwang, Sidney Crowley, Marko Šarlija and Panagiotis Matsangas
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111138 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 555
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Slow oscillation (SO) brainwaves observed during sleep have been shown to reflect the process of memory consolidation, that underlies the critical role of sleep in learning, memory, and other cognitive functions. Closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) uses tones presented in phase with SOs [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Slow oscillation (SO) brainwaves observed during sleep have been shown to reflect the process of memory consolidation, that underlies the critical role of sleep in learning, memory, and other cognitive functions. Closed-loop auditory stimulation (CLAS) uses tones presented in phase with SOs to increase their amplitude and number, along with other brainwave signatures related to memory consolidation. Prior studies have found that CLAS maximizes the ability to perform rote memorization tasks, although this remains controversial. The present study examined whether CLAS affects a broader range of learning tasks than has been tested previously, including a rote language learning task requiring basic memorization and also two discovery learning tasks requiring insight, hypothesis testing, and integration of experience, all processes that benefit from memory consolidation. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy participants performed language and discovery learning tasks before sleeping in our laboratory for three continuous nights per week over two weeks, with verum or control CLAS using a prototype NeuroGevity system (NeuroGeneces, Inc., Santa Fe, NM, USA) in a crossed, randomized, double-blind manner. Results: Language learning showed a 35% better word recall (p = 0.048), and discovery learning showed a 26% better performance (p < 0.001) after three continuous nights of CLAS vs. control. EEG measures showed increased SO amplitude and entrainment, SO-spindle coupling, and other features that may underlie the learning benefits of CLAS. Conclusions: Taken together, the present results show that CLAS can alter brain dynamics and enhance learning, especially in complex discovery learning tasks that may benefit more from memory consolidation compared with rote word pair or language learning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging)
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13 pages, 2248 KiB  
Article
Association Between the Enriched Environment Level and Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
by Andrés Vega-Rosas, Mónica Flores-Ramos and Gerardo Bernabé Ramírez-Rodríguez
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111137 - 13 Nov 2024
Viewed by 446
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric condition whose neurobiological characteristics include alterations in brain plasticity, modulated by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). In animal models, environmental enrichment promotes neuroplasticity and reduces depressive-like behaviors. In humans, we proposed to assess the level of Enriched [...] Read more.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a neuropsychiatric condition whose neurobiological characteristics include alterations in brain plasticity, modulated by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). In animal models, environmental enrichment promotes neuroplasticity and reduces depressive-like behaviors. In humans, we proposed to assess the level of Enriched Environment (EE) using a questionnaire that includes different domains of the EE (cognitive, social, and physical), which we named the EE Indicator (EEI). Objective: To determine the relationship between the level of EE and serum BDNF in participants with MDD and healthy controls. Materials: Participants with MDD without antidepressant treatment and healthy controls were recruited, and their EE level and serum BDNF concentration were determined looking for correlations between their clinical characteristics and the cognitive, social, and physical activities according to the EEI. Results: A total of 25 participants were recruited, of which 6 participants with MDD and the same number of controls were selected in a paired manner. Although no differences were found in the concentration of BDNF between the groups, positive correlations were observed between cognitive EE and BDNF (r = 0.62, p = 0.035), as well as negative social EE and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) (r = −0.86, p = 0.001). The sum between cognitive and social EE showed a positive correlation with the serum concentration of BDNF (r = 0.34, p = 0.0451). Conclusions: The level of EE is potentially modulating the presence and severity of MDD at a clinical level, but it can also influence at a neuroplastic level through promoting or limiting the concentration of BDNF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linkage among Cognition, Emotion and Behavior)
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12 pages, 2621 KiB  
Article
Clinical Presentations and Treatment Approaches in a Retrospective Analysis of 128 Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformation Cases
by Corneliu Toader, Mugurel Petrinel Radoi, Milena-Monica Ilie, Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc, Vlad Buica, Luca-Andrei Glavan, Christian-Adelin Covlea, Antonio Daniel Corlatescu, Horia-Petre Costin, Carla Crivoi and Leon Danaila
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111136 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Background: Intracranial AVMs are a highly heterogeneous group of lesions that, while not very common, can pose significant risks. The therapeutic management of AVMs is complicated by ambiguous guidelines, particularly regarding which Spetzler–Martin grades should dictate specific treatment options. This study analyzed the [...] Read more.
Background: Intracranial AVMs are a highly heterogeneous group of lesions that, while not very common, can pose significant risks. The therapeutic management of AVMs is complicated by ambiguous guidelines, particularly regarding which Spetzler–Martin grades should dictate specific treatment options. This study analyzed the clinical presentations and treatment approaches of 128 brain AVM cases managed between 2014 and 2022 at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases in Bucharest, Romania. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on patient demographics, clinical symptoms, Spetzler–Martin categorization, nidus localization, therapeutic management, and outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using Python 3.10. Results: In our cohort of patients, the median age was 45 years, with a slight male predominance (67 males, 61 females). At admission, 51.5% presented with elevated blood pressure. The majority of patients had a Spetzler–Martin score of 2 (37.5%), followed by scores of 3 (31.3%) and 1 (20.3%). Treatment strategies included microsurgical resection in 32% of cases, conservative management in 31.2%, Gamma Knife radiosurgery in 22.6%, and endovascular embolization in 13.3%. Notably, open surgery was predominantly chosen for Grade II AVMs. The functional outcomes were favorable, with 69.5% achieving a good recovery score on the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Only four in-hospital deaths occurred, all in patients who underwent open surgery, and no deaths were recorded during the two-year follow-up. Conclusions: AVMs within the same Spetzler–Martin grade display considerable complexity, necessitating personalized treatment strategies. Our findings highlight the limitations of open surgery for Grade I cases but affirm its effectiveness for Grade II AVMs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Exploration of Cerebrovascular Diseases: From Preclinical Research to Treatment)
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14 pages, 2746 KiB  
Article
The Electroencephalogram (EEG) Study for Estimating Endurance Sports Performance Base on Eigenvalues Extraction Method
by Zijian Zhou, Hongqi Xu, Yubing Sun and Guangda Liu
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111135 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 436
Abstract
Objectives. Brain–behavior connections are a new means to evaluate sports performance. This electroencephalogram (EEG) study aims to estimate endurance exercise performance by investigating eigenvalue trends and comparing their sensitivity and linearity. Methods. Twenty-three cross-country skiers completed endurance cycling tasks. Twenty-four-channel full-brain EEG signals [...] Read more.
Objectives. Brain–behavior connections are a new means to evaluate sports performance. This electroencephalogram (EEG) study aims to estimate endurance exercise performance by investigating eigenvalue trends and comparing their sensitivity and linearity. Methods. Twenty-three cross-country skiers completed endurance cycling tasks. Twenty-four-channel full-brain EEG signals were recorded in the motor phase and recovery phase continuously. Eighteen EEG eigenvalues calculation methods were collected, commonly used in previous research. Time-frequency, band power, and nonlinear analyses were used to calculate the EEG eigenvalues. Their regression coefficients and correlation coefficients were calculated and compared, with the linear regression method. Results. The time-frequency eigenvalues shift slightly throughout the test. The power eigenvalues changed significantly before and after motor and recovery, but the linearity was not satisfactory. The sensitivity and linearity of the nonlinear eigenvalues were stronger than the other eigenvalues. Of all eigenvalues, Shannon entropy showed completely non-overlapping distribution intervals in the regression coefficients of the two phases, which were −0.1474 ± 0.0806 s−1 in the motor phase and 0.2560 ± 0.1365 s−1 in the recovery phase. Shannon entropy amplitude decreased more in the F region of the brain than in the other regions. Additionally, the higher the level of sport, the slower the decline in Shannon entropy of the athlete. Conclusions. The Shannon entropy method provided more accurate estimations for endurance exercise performance compared to other eigenvalues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Neuroscience)
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16 pages, 1357 KiB  
Article
The Development of a Brief but Comprehensive Therapeutic Assessment Protocol for the Screening and Support of Youth in the Community to Address the Youth Mental Health Crisis
by Margaret Danielle Weiss, Eleanor Castine Richards, Danta Bien-Aime, Taylor Witkowski, Peyton Williams, Katie E. Holmes, Dharma E. Cortes, Miriam C. Tepper, Philip S. Wang, Rajendra Aldis, Nicholas Carson and Benjamin Le Cook
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111134 - 10 Nov 2024
Viewed by 585
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the acceptability and feasibility of a therapeutic assessment protocol for the Screening and Support of Youth (SASY). SASY provides brief but comprehensive community-based screening and support for diverse youth in the community. Methods: SASY [...] Read more.
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the acceptability and feasibility of a therapeutic assessment protocol for the Screening and Support of Youth (SASY). SASY provides brief but comprehensive community-based screening and support for diverse youth in the community. Methods: SASY screening evaluates symptoms, functioning and clinical risk. The Kiddie Computerized Adaptive Test was used to evaluate seven different diagnoses and symptom severity. The Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale-Self was used to measure functional impairment. Measures were scored according to nationally developed norms. An algorithm was developed to aggregate symptom and function ratings into an overall score for clinical risk. The results are discussed with participants in a motivational interview designed to promote insight, followed by the opportunity for the participant to engage in an online intervention. Protocol changes necessitated by social distancing during the pandemic led to innovative methods including the use of a QR code for recruitment, integration of both online and offline participation, and expansion from in-person recruitment within the schools to virtual engagement with youth throughout the community. The final sample included disproportionately more Black or African American and Hispanic youth as compared to school and community statistics, suggesting that optimization of online and offline methods in research may facilitate the recruitment of diverse populations. Qualitative interviews indicated that the screening and feedback raised youth awareness of their wellbeing and/or distress, its impact on their functioning, and engagement with options for improved wellbeing. Conclusions: The emergence of innovative methods optimizing the advantages of both online and offline methods, developed as a necessity during the pandemic, proved advantageous to the feasibility and acceptability of community-based recruitment of at-risk, minoritized youth. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Mental Health and Mental Illness in Adolescents)
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20 pages, 1754 KiB  
Hypothesis
Environmental Affordance for Physical Activity, Neurosustainability, and Brain Health: Quantifying the Built Environment’s Ability to Sustain BDNF Release by Reaching Metabolic Equivalents (METs)
by Mohamed Hesham Khalil
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111133 - 10 Nov 2024
Viewed by 716
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Unlike enriched environments for rodents, human-built environments often hinder neuroplasticity through sedentary lifestyles, to which exercise can merely overcome its adverse effects. This paper introduces "environmental affordance for physical activity" to quantify the potential of spatial layout designs to stimulate activity and [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Unlike enriched environments for rodents, human-built environments often hinder neuroplasticity through sedentary lifestyles, to which exercise can merely overcome its adverse effects. This paper introduces "environmental affordance for physical activity" to quantify the potential of spatial layout designs to stimulate activity and sustain neuroplasticity, mainly hippocampal neurogenesis. Methods: A novel framework links metabolic equivalents (METs) that can be afforded by the spatial layout of the built environment to its role in increasing the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)—a biomarker that promotes and sustains adult hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Equations are developed to assess the built environment’s affordance for physical activity through BDNF changes measurable after brief exposure to the built environment for 20–35 min. Results: The developed equations are evidenced to be feasible to cause BDNF release through low- to moderate-intensity physical activity. This model provides a feasible assessment tool to test the built environment’s effectiveness towards neurosustainability. Conclusions: By sustaining neurogenesis, the environmental affordance for physical activity holds promise for improving mental health and preventing cognitive decline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Neuroscience)
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28 pages, 1111 KiB  
Review
Prion-like Spreading of Disease in TDP-43 Proteinopathies
by Emma Pongrácová, Emanuele Buratti and Maurizio Romano
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14111132 - 9 Nov 2024
Viewed by 717
Abstract
TDP-43 is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that plays a central role in neurodegenerative disorders collectively known as TDP-43 proteinopathies. Under physiological conditions, TDP-43 is primarily localized to the nucleus, but in its pathological form it aggregates in the cytoplasm, contributing to neuronal death. [...] Read more.
TDP-43 is a ubiquitous nuclear protein that plays a central role in neurodegenerative disorders collectively known as TDP-43 proteinopathies. Under physiological conditions, TDP-43 is primarily localized to the nucleus, but in its pathological form it aggregates in the cytoplasm, contributing to neuronal death. Given its association with numerous diseases, particularly ALS and FTLD, the mechanisms underlying TDP-43 aggregation and its impact on neuronal function have been extensively investigated. However, little is still known about the spreading of this pathology from cell to cell. Recent research has unveiled the possibility that TDP-43 may possess prion-like properties. Specifically, misfolded TDP-43 aggregates can act as templates inducing conformational changes in native TDP-43 molecules and propagating the misfolded state across neural networks. This review summarizes the mounting and most recent evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies supporting the prion-like hypothesis and its underlying mechanisms. The prion-like behavior of TDP-43 has significant implications for diagnostics and therapeutics. Importantly, emerging strategies such as small molecule inhibitors, immunotherapies, and gene therapies targeting TDP-43 propagation offer promising avenues for developing effective treatments. By elucidating the mechanisms of TDP-43 spreading, we therefore aim to pave the way for novel therapies for TDP-43-related neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Recent Considerations for Diagnosis, Pathogenesis and Therapy)
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