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Cells
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HIV and Immunotherapy
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HIV and Immunotherapy

A special issue of Cells (ISSN 2073-4409). This special issue belongs to the section "Cellular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2023) | Viewed by 5227

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Arnaldo Caruso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa, 11–25123 Brescia, Italy
Interests: HIV; human respiratory viruses; vaccines; gene therapy; viral oncology; cell/host interaction; endothelial cell dysfunction; cancer microenvironment; clinical virology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

HIV infection alters the natural history of several cancers, in large part due to its effect on the immune system. Immune function in people living with HIV may vary from normal to highly dysfunctional and is largely dependent on the timing of initiation (and continuation) of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Thus, we urgently need to develop new strategies to understand the mechanisms underlying the latency of HIV and new compounds to minimize the damage to cells of infected patients.

In this Special Issue, we invite contributors to publish their research on the molecular biology of HIV, the molecular basis of HIV’s pathogenicity, latent infection, innate immune evasion strategies, and the development of new therapies, among other things.

Ultimately, we hope to gain a more in-depth understanding of anti-HIV immune responses, immune escape and dysfunction pathways, and functional consequences for the virus from the earliest stages of infection. Studying immunotherapy in people with HIV and cancer will advance clinical care of all people living with HIV and presents a unique opportunity to gain insight into mechanisms for HIV eradication.

Dr. Arnaldo Caruso
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Cells is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • HIV
  • immune signaling pathways
  • immunotherapy
  • immune response

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 2075 KiB  
Article
Hierarchical Clustering and Trajectory Analyses Reveal Viremia-Independent B-Cell Perturbations in HIV-2 Infection
by Emil Johansson, Priscilla F. Kerkman, Lydia Scharf, Jacob Lindman, Zsófia I. Szojka, Fredrik Månsson, Antonio Biague, Patrik Medstrand, Hans Norrgren, Marcus Buggert, Annika C. Karlsson, Mattias N. E. Forsell, Joakim Esbjörnsson, Marianne Jansson and the SWEGUB CORE Group
Cells 2022, 11(19), 3142; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11193142 - 6 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2134
Abstract
Time to AIDS in HIV-2 infection is approximately twice as long compared to in HIV-1 infection. Despite reduced viremia, HIV-2-infected individuals display signs of chronic immune activation. In HIV-1-infected individuals, B-cell hyperactivation is driven by continuous antigen exposure. However, the contribution of viremia [...] Read more.
Time to AIDS in HIV-2 infection is approximately twice as long compared to in HIV-1 infection. Despite reduced viremia, HIV-2-infected individuals display signs of chronic immune activation. In HIV-1-infected individuals, B-cell hyperactivation is driven by continuous antigen exposure. However, the contribution of viremia to B-cell perturbations in HIV-2-infected individuals remains largely unexplored. Here, we used polychromatic flow cytometry, consensus hierarchical clustering and pseudotime trajectory inference to characterize B-cells in HIV-1- or HIV-2-infected and in HIV seronegative individuals. We observed increased frequencies of clusters containing hyperactivated T-bethighCD95highCD27int and proliferating T-bet+CD95highCD27+CD71+ memory B-cells in viremic HIV-1 (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively), viremic HIV-2 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.014, respectively) and in treatment-naïve aviremic HIV-2 (p = 0.004 and p = 0.020, respectively)-infected individuals, compared to seronegative individuals. In contrast, these expansions were not observed in successfully treated HIV-1-infected individuals. Finally, pseudotime trajectory inference showed that T-bet-expressing hyperactivated and proliferating memory B-cell populations were located at the terminal end of two trajectories, in both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections. As the treatment-naïve aviremic HIV-2-infected individuals, but not the successfully ART-treated HIV-1-infected individuals, showed B-cell perturbations, our data suggest that aviremic HIV-2-infected individuals would also benefit from antiretroviral treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV and Immunotherapy)
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15 pages, 2915 KiB  
Article
Effective Treatment of Patients Experiencing Primary, Acute HIV Infection Decreases Exhausted/Activated CD4+ T Cells and CD8+ T Memory Stem Cells
by Domenico Lo Tartaro, Antonio Camiro-Zúñiga, Milena Nasi, Sara De Biasi, Marco A. Najera-Avila, Maria Del Rocio Jaramillo-Jante, Lara Gibellini, Marcello Pinti, Anita Neroni, Cristina Mussini, Luis E. Soto-Ramírez, Juan J. Calva, Francisco Belaunzarán-Zamudio, Brenda Crabtree-Ramirez, Christian Hernández-Leon, Juan L. Mosqueda-Gómez, Samuel Navarro-Álvarez, Santiago Perez-Patrigeon and Andrea Cossarizza
Cells 2022, 11(15), 2307; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11152307 - 27 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2450
Abstract
Several studies have identified main changes in T- and B-lymphocyte subsets during chronic HIV infection, but few data exist on how these subsets behave during the initial phase of HIV infection. We enrolled 22 HIV-infected patients during the acute stage of infection before [...] Read more.
Several studies have identified main changes in T- and B-lymphocyte subsets during chronic HIV infection, but few data exist on how these subsets behave during the initial phase of HIV infection. We enrolled 22 HIV-infected patients during the acute stage of infection before the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients had blood samples drawn previous to ART initiation (T0), and at 2 (T1) and 12 (T2) months after ART initiation. We quantified cellular HIV-DNA content in sorted naïve and effector memory CD4 T cells and identified the main subsets of T- and B-lymphocytes using an 18-parameter flow cytometry panel. We identified correlations between the patients’ clinical and immunological data using PCA. Effective HIV treatment reduces integrated HIV DNA in effector memory T cells after 12 months (T2) of ART. The main changes in CD4+ T cells occurred at T2, with a reduction of activated memory, cytolytic and activated/exhausted stem cell memory T (TSCM) cells. Changes were present among CD8+ T cells since T1, with a reduction of several activated subsets, including activated/exhausted TSCM. At T2 a reduction of plasmablasts and exhausted B cells was also observed. A negative correlation was found between the total CD4+ T-cell count and IgM-negative plasmablasts. In patients initiating ART immediately following acute/early HIV infection, the fine analysis of T- and B-cell subsets has allowed us to identify and follow main modifications due to effective treatment, and to identify significant changes in CD4+ and CD8+ T memory stem cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV and Immunotherapy)
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