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Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II

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A special issue of Chemosensors (ISSN 2227-9040). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials for Chemical Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2024) | Viewed by 13305

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Dr. Alexander G. Bannov

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Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 630073 Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: gas sensors; carbon nanomaterials; graphene; graphene oxide; ammonia
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Prof. Dr. Tamara Basova

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Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Lavrentiev Pr., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
Interests: optical sensors; chemiresistive sensors; amperometric sensors; gas detection; phthalocyanine thin films; hybrid materials
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The application of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, porous carbons, and diamond-like carbons, etc.) and related materials for chemical sensing is important due to their unique properties and ability to modify the characteristics of detection of various substances.

This Special Issue will focus on understanding the properties of carbon nanomaterials and their impact on various sensors. In particular, the characteristics of sensors, such as response, sensitivity, selectivity, operating temperature, operating relative humidity, and their interconnection with the structure, surface area, and the chemistry of the surface of active materials are of interest. The modification, functionalization, and activation of the surface of carbon nanomaterials in order to improve the response and other characteristics is also an urgent problem considered in the Special Issue.

In this Special Issue, we invite researchers and authors to submit review articles and original research on carbon nanomaterials and related materials for sensing applications. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

Carbon nanomaterials and related materials for gas sensors;
Carbon nanomaterials and related materials for biosensors;
Carbon nanomaterials and related materials for electrochemical sensors;
Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials for sensing applications;
Hybrid materials based on carbon nanomaterials for gas sensors and biosensors;
Doped carbon nanomaterials for chemical sensing;
Operating conditions of gas sensors based on carbon nanomaterials;
Quantum chemical simulation of adsorption processes in hybrid materials.

Dr. Alexander G. Bannov
Prof. Dr. Tamara Basova
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Nanodiamond-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Samples

by Déborah de Oliveira Lopes, Felipe Magalhães Marinho, Patricia Batista Deroco, Amanda Neumann, Jessica Rocha Camargo, Rafaela Cristina de Freitas, Lucas Ventosa Bertolim, Orlando Fatibello Filho, Bruno Campos Janegitz and Geiser Gabriel de Oliveira

Chemosensors 2024, 12(11), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12110243 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 393

Abstract

This study presents an electrochemical sensor developed from a glassy carbon electrode modified with nanodiamond film (ND/GCE). This electrochemical response of the proposed sensor was improved, and it showed excellent analytical performance for the detection of paracetamol (PAR), which was attributed to the high PAR charging capacity on the electrode surface and the excellent electrical conductivity of ND. Morphological and electrochemical characterizations of the sensor were performed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry using a redox probe [Fe(CN)₆]³⁻. The sensor was applied for the determination of PAR. Quantification was performed using square-wave voltammetry, and it showed a linear concentration range from 0.79 to 100 µmol L⁻¹, with a limit of detection of 0.18 µmol L⁻¹. The proposed sensor exhibited satisfactory repeatability and high sensitivity in the determination of the analyte of interest. The electrochemical sensor was also employed for the analysis of PAR in real samples, with recovery rates ranging between 96.4 and 98.7%. This sensor was successfully used for the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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15 pages, 4617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltammetric Investigation of Paracetamol Detection in Acidic Conditions by Using Cork-Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes

by Mayra K. S. Monteiro, Mayara M. S. Monteiro, João M. M. Henrique, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle, Sergio Ferro and Elisama Vieira dos Santos

Chemosensors 2024, 12(9), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12090183 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 759

Abstract

Developing new products that satisfy performance and durability expectations while also addressing environmental concerns is possible through the reuse of residues produced by industrial processes, aiming to fulfill the principles of circular economy. In this study, we improved the performance of a carbon paste sensor by incorporating untreated (RC) and regranulated/thermally treated (RGC) cork, which are considered biomass residues from the cork industry. We explored the electroanalytical behavior of paracetamol in sulfuric acid solutions using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse techniques. The cork-modified carbon paste sensors showed greater sensitivity towards paracetamol. Both modified sensors allowed for an excellent resolution in distinguishing the voltammetric responses of paracetamol in sulfuric acid, showing for both an increase in peak currents compared to the unmodified carbon paste electrode. The quantification of paracetamol without interference has proved to be a feasible operation for the RC- and RGC-modified carbon paste sensors; notably, the first showed the most favorable limits of detection (LD = 2.4112 µM) and quantification (LQ = 8.0373 µM) for paracetamol in the sulfuric acid solution, performing significantly better than the second (LD = 10.355 µM, and LQ = 34.518 µM). Finally, the practical utility of the proposed sensors was assessed by analyzing paracetamol in pharmaceutical samples, obtaining satisfactory results that were in line with those obtainable using high-performance liquid chromatography. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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14 pages, 3364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Fabrication of Bio-Nanohybrid Electrode with Guanine/Cytosine-Modified Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrode and Its Application in Doxorubicin Analysis

by Yoojin Cho, Da Eun Oh, Myungeun Kim, Ahran Lim, Chang-Seuk Lee and Tae Hyun Kim

Chemosensors 2024, 12(8), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12080163 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 968

Abstract

Graphene, known for its outstanding physical and chemical properties, is widely used in various fields, including electronics and biomedicine. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is preferred for electrochemical applications due to its enhanced water solubility and dispersion. Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) is particularly advantageous as it can be prepared under mild conditions and simplifies sensor fabrication; however, ErGO-based electrochemical sensors often lack specificity. Bioreceptors like proteins, enzymes, and DNA/RNA aptamers are incorporated to provide high specificity. This study introduces a guanine (G)/cytosine (C)-modified ErGO electrode (G/C@ErGO-GCE) for the sensitive electrochemical detection of doxorubicin (DOX) with good selectivity. The G/C mixture acts as a bioreceptor and is anchored on the ErGO-GCE surface via π-π interactions. The G/C@ErGO-GCE was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurement, Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. The sensor demonstrated excellent dynamic range (DPV: 10 nM to 1 µM, CA: 30 nM to 1.3 µM), sensitivity (DPV: 2.17 µA/µM, CA: 6.79 µA/µM), limit of detection (DPV: 84 nM, CA: 34 nM), and selectivity for DOX detection, highlighting its potential for biomedical applications and pharmacokinetic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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15 pages, 4269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Determination of Tryptophan Based on Gly@CDs Clusters Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

by Martina Bortolami, Paola Di Matteo, Piero Mastrorilli, Rita Petrucci, Alessandro Trani, Fabrizio Vetica, Marta Feroci and Antonella Curulli

Chemosensors 2024, 12(8), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12080149 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1004

Abstract

A simple sensor for the quantitation of tryptophan (Trp) has been developed using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with electro-synthesized carbon dots functionalized with glycine (Gly@CDs). The surface functionalization with an amino acid led to the formation of large clusters of nanostructures. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which a Gly@CDs clusters modified GCE is used for the analysis of Trp. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) are the techniques used to study Trp electrochemical behavior in an alkaline solution using such an electrode. A linear concentration range was found for Trp from 5 × 10⁻⁶ to 5 × 10⁻³ mol L⁻¹ with a detection limit (LOD) of 5 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹. The reproducibility and repeatability data were satisfactory in terms of RSD%. Moreover, the stability during the time of the modified electrode was considered, evidencing interesting results. The described sensor was used for the determination of Trp in herbal tea and a dietary supplement, and the results were compared with those obtained with HPLC-ESI-MS in the Selected Ion Recording (SIR) mode as an independent method. The electrochemical sensor presents significant advantages in terms of low cost, portability, ease of handling and not requiring skilled personnel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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13 pages, 3494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

N-Doped Nanocrystalline Graphite Electrochemical Sensor for Oleuropein Detection from Extra Virgin Olive Oils

by Camelia Albu, Ana Chira, Alice Stoica, Gabriel-Lucian Radu, Antonio Radoi, Marius Stoian, Octavian-Gabriel Simionescu and Sandra A. V. Eremia

Chemosensors 2024, 12(8), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12080144 - 25 Jul 2024

Viewed by 772

Abstract

A nitrogen-doped nanocrystalline electrochemical graphite sensor for the sensitive determination of oleuropein (OL) from extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) is presented. The sensor was developed by the deposition of nanocrystalline graphite (NCG) using plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) on silicon wafers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to characterise the microstructure and morphology of the developed materials. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to investigate the electrochemical properties of the material and the performance of the sensor. The developed sensor showed good analytical performance against OL over a concentration range of 5.00–500.00 µM, with a good detection limit of 3.93 µM and a good sensitivity of 0.057 µA µM⁻¹. The reproducibility of the electrochemical sensor was excellent, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 8.56% for seven measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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12 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycled Graphene Oxide Nanosheets for Reversible Room Temperature NO₂ Gas Sensor

by Vien Trinh, Kai Xu, Hao Yu, Nam Ha, Yihong Hu, Muhammad Waqas Khan, Rui Ou, Yange Luan, Jiaru Zhang, Qijie Ma, Guanghui Ren and Jian Zhen Ou

Chemosensors 2024, 12(6), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12060108 - 10 Jun 2024

Viewed by 2016

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, as one of the most studied graphene derivatives, have demonstrated an intrinsically strong physisorption-based gas–matter behavior, owing to its enhanced volume–surface ratio and abundant surface functional groups. The exploration of efficient and cost-effective synthesis methods for GO is an ongoing task. In this work, we explored a novel approach to upcycle inexpensive polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic waste into high-quality GO using a combination of chemical and thermal treatments based on a montmorillonite template. The obtained material had a nanosheet morphology with a lateral dimension of around ~2 µm and a thickness of ~3 nm. In addition, the GO nanosheets were found to be a p-type semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.41 eV and was subsequently realized as a gas sensor. As a result, the GO sensor exhibited a fully reversible sensing response towards ultra-low-concentration NO₂ gas with a limit of detection of ~1.43 ppb, without the implementation of an external excitation stimulus including elevating the operating temperature or bias voltages. When given a thorough test, the sensor maintained an impressive long-term stability and repeatability with little performance degradation after 5 days of experiments. The response factor was estimated to be ~11% when exposed to 1026 ppb NO₂, which is at least one order of magnitude higher than that of other commonly seen gas species including CH₄, H₂, and CO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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16 pages, 2698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

All-Solid-State Potentiometric Sensor Based on Graphene Oxide as Ion-to-Electron Transducer for Nitrate Detection in Water Samples

by Renato L. Gil, Laura Rodriguez-Lorenzo, Begoña Espiña and Raquel B. Queirós

Chemosensors 2024, 12(6), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12060086 - 22 May 2024

Viewed by 1600

Abstract

Graphene oxide (GO) was used as an ion-to-electron transducer for all-solid-state nitrate electrodes based on an alkyl ammonium salt as the sensing element. Commercially available carbon screen-printed electrodes modified with GO were used as conductive substrates, whose morphology and distribution along the surface were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The potentiometric performance of the GO-based electrodes revealed a Nernstian slope of −53.5 ± 2.0 mV decade⁻¹ (R² = 0.9976 ± 0.0015) in the range from 3.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 10⁻² M and a lower limit of detection of 1.9 × 10⁻⁶ M. An impressive reproducibility between equally prepared electrodes (n = 15) was demonstrated by a variation of <6% for the calibration parameters. Constant current chronopotentiometry and water layer tests were used to evaluate the potential signal stability, providing similar performance to previously published works with graphene-based ion-selective electrodes. Notably, the GO-based sensors showed the absence of a water layer, a long-term drift of 0.3 mV h⁻¹, and a stable performance (LOD and sensitivity) over 3 months. The applicability of the proposed sensors was demonstrated in determining nitrate levels in water samples with great accuracy, yielding recovery values from 87.8 to 107.9%, and comparable (p > 0.05) results to a commercial nitrate probe. These findings demonstrate the use of GO as an alternative ion-to-electron transducer for the fabrication of all-solid-state potentiometric electrodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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14 pages, 4088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wearable Sensors Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets Reinforced Polydimethylsiloxane for Human Motion Monitoring: Analysis of Crack Propagation and Cycling Load Monitoring

by Antonio del Bosque, Xoan F. Sánchez-Romate, María Sánchez and Alejandro Ureña

Chemosensors 2022, 10(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020075 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2745

Abstract

The use of graphene and other carbon nanoparticles is now of interest for developing chemical (gas and compounds detectors) and physical sensors. In this work, a graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)-PDMS sensor is proposed. More specifically, its strain-sensing capabilities under consecutive cycles as well as the crack propagation mechanisms are widely analyzed. First, an analysis of the electrical properties shows that the increase of the GNP content leads, as expected, to an increase of the electrical conductivity, ranging from values around 10⁻³ to 1 S/m for 5 and 11 wt.% samples. The analysis of crack propagation monitoring capabilities shows an exceptional sensitivity of the proposed flexible sensors, with a highly exponential behavior of the electrical resistance due to the prevalent breakage of the electrical pathways as crack propagation occurs. Furthermore, the analysis of the electrical response under cyclic load proves a very high robustness, with a similar response when comparing different cycles and an electrical sensitivity that increases when decreasing the GNP content (from 15–25 to 25–50 at 7 and 11 wt.% GNP content, respectively), a fact that is explained by the prevalence of tunneling mechanisms at low contents. Finally, a proof-of-concept of human motion monitoring by the detection of neck, wrist and facial movements is successfully achieved, indicating the high applicability of the proposed sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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Review

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31 pages, 12545 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phthalocyanine and Porphyrin Derivatives and Their Hybrid Materials in Optical Sensors Based on the Phenomenon of Surface Plasmon Resonance

by Tamara Basova

Chemosensors 2024, 12(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors12040056 - 6 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

In this review, the state of research over the past fifteen years in the field of the applications of metal phthalocyanines and porphyrin derivatives as well as their hybrid materials with carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, and polymers in optical sensors based on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is analyzed. The first chapter of the review presents an analysis of works on the use of porphyrins and phthalocyanines in classical SPR sensors for the detection of gases and volatile organic vapors, as well as their improved modifications, such as total internal reflection ellipsometry (TIRE) and magneto-optical SPR (MOSPR) methods, while the second chapter is devoted to their application for the detection of various analytes in solutions. The third chapter of the review summarizes publications describing recent advances in the use of porous materials based on hybrids of carbon nanotubes and oxides with metal phthalocyanines. The fourth chapter describes two-dimensional metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) based on metal porphyrin derivatives as SPR sensitizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials and Related Materials for Sensing Applications, Volume II)

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