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A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Laser Coatings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2025 | Viewed by 15885

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Haiying Song

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Interests: nanostructuring fabrication by ultrafast laser; ultra-microstructural surface properties and applications; surface micorstrutures characteristics modeling and simulation; time-resolved ultrafast spectroscopy; ultrafast photonics; strong-field physics and extreme radiation

Prof. Dr. Shibing Liu

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Guest Editor

Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
Interests: nanostructuring fabrication by ultrafast laser; ultra-microstructural surface properties and applications; surface micorstrutures characteristics modeling and simulation; strong field physics; time-resolved ultrafast spectroscopy; ultrafast pump-probe and quantum manipulate

Prof. Dr. Xuewu Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

College of Mechanical Engineering, Xi’an University of Science & Technology, Xi’an, China
Interests: behavior and regulation of coating surface interface; surface engineering; metal corrosion and protection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Laser as a heat source or light source energy has become a “universal tool” in the advanced manufacturing industry. With the rapid development of high precision mechanical manufacturing, the high surface device performance requirements are needed in many surface application fields. Laser assisted surface technology (LAST, including coatings and modification) plays an important role in the surface engineering fields. Many studies have been carried out to develop advanced technologies and new functional materials. The protective layers and modified surface can greatly improve the performance to the device.

This Special Issue will focus on the cross combination of multi-technology, multi-mechanism, and multi-methods of LAST to improve the surface properties, including the principal scheme and technology, which cannot be solved by the single technology in the laser material processing field and other surface engineering fields, the design and optimization of the process system, as well as the physical process and interfacial microstructure transition mechanism of different laser-assisted surface technologies in improving surface properties. Additive manufacturing (AM), laser surface cladding (LSC), laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD), laser surface alloying (LSA), laser-assisted plasma spraying (LPS), pulsed laser deposition (PLD), laser surface micro/nano structure preparation and other laser-assisted surface technologies are all of interest.

This Special Issue will serve as a forum for papers in the following concepts:

Theoretical, design, and process of laser-assisted protection coatings by different materials.
Mechanism, design and preparation of laser-assisted surface modification on different substrates.
The durability tests of the coatings through friction, wear, heat transfer, superhydrophobic, mechanical behavior, biocompatibility, etc.
The combination of laser-assisted technology and other technologies to improve the surface properties.
The machine learning and simulation to predict surface properties, performance, durability and reliability by the laser-assisted technology.
Interface relationships between mechanical, chemical and electrochemical interactions.
The further application in various fields, such as aviation, aerospace, biomedical science, automotive, chemical, machinery and others.

Dr. Haiying Song
Prof. Dr. Shibing Liu
Prof. Dr. Xuewu Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

laser-assisted coating techniques
laser-assisted surface modifications
surface performance
performance modelling and simulation
reliability coatings
machine learning

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

3 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Metasurface Properties Obtained via Laser-Assisted Surface Technology

by Haiying Song, Liang Wang and Shibing Liu

Coatings 2023, 13(2), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020251 - 21 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1303

Abstract

Lasers as sources of heat or light energy have become a “universal tool” in the advanced manufacturing industry [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 6581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Cladding of a Ti–Zr–Mo–Ta–Nb–B Composite Coating on Ti60 Alloy to Improve Wear Resistance

by Kaijin Huang and Xianchao Han

Coatings 2024, 14(10), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14101247 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 667

Abstract

To improve the wear resistance of the Ti60 alloy, laser cladding was used to obtain a composite coating containing a high-entropy (Ti_0.2Zr_0.2Mo_0.2Ta_0.2Nb_0.2)B₂ boride phase, with Ti, Zr, Mo, Ta, Nb, and B powders as the raw materials. The microstructure and wear characteristics of the coating were studied using XRD, SEM, EDS, and the pin-on-disc friction wear technique. The results show that the coating mainly consists of six phases: (Ti_0.2Zr_0.2Mo_0.2Ta_0.2Nb_0.2)B₂, ZrB₂, TiB, TiZr, Ti_1.83 Zr_0.17, and Ti_0.67Zr_0.67Nb_0.67. The average microhardness of the coating was 1062.9 HV_0.1 due to the occurrence of the high-entropy, high-hardness (Ti_0.2Zr_0.2Mo_0.2Ta_0.2Nb_0.2)B₂ boride phase, which was about 2.9 times that of the Ti60 alloy substrate. The coating significantly improved the wear resistance of the Ti60 alloy substrate, and the mass wear rate was about 1/11 that of the Ti60 alloy substrate. The main types of wear affecting the coating were abrasive, adhesive, and oxidation wear, while the main wear affecting the Ti60 alloy matrix was abrasive wear, accompanied by a small amount of adhesive and oxidation wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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16 pages, 4697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Thermal Radiation Characteristics of Tungsten Surface Grating Structures Prepared by Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing

by Ruxue Guo, Ping Zhou, Wanyun Zhang, Haiying Song and Shibing Liu

Coatings 2024, 14(8), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081045 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 776

Abstract

In this paper, using laser direct writing technology, a femtosecond laser was used to process a periodic grating structure on a 99.99% tungsten target. The specific parameters of the laser are as follows: a center wavelength of 800 nm, pulse width of 35 fs, repetition rate of 1 kHz, and maximum single pulse energy of 3.5 mJ. The surface morphology of the samples was characterized and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Coxem, Republic of Korea) and atomic force microscope (AFM, Being Nano-Instruments, China). The thermal radiation infrared spectrum of the tungsten target with grating structures was measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Vertex 70, Bruker, Germany). The results show that as the laser fluence increases, the depth of the groove, the width of the nanostructure region, and the width of the direct writing etching region all increase. The peak thermal radiation enhancement appears around the wavenumber of 900 cm⁻¹ when the laser fluence is sufficient. Additionally, its intensity initially increases and then decreases as the laser fluence increases. If the grating period is too large, the impact on thermal radiation is not clear. The heating temperature significantly affects the intensity of thermal radiation but does not have a noticeable effect on the position of thermal radiation peaks. Moreover, the relative weighting of different wavenumbers changes as the temperature increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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11 pages, 10448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of PVD-Coated Inserts’ Lifetime in High-Pressure Die Casting Regarding the Requirements for Surface Quality of Castings

by Andrea Sütőová, Róbert Kočiško, Patrik Petroušek, Martin Kotus, Ivan Petryshynets and Andrii Pylypenko

Coatings 2024, 14(8), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14081043 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 819

Abstract

The wear and degradation of tools applied in the high-pressure die casting of Al alloys induce significant financial losses. The formation of failures on the surface of mold parts caused by erosion, thermal fatigue, corrosion, and soldering negatively affects the surface quality of castings. In this study, the lifetime of inserts protected by physical-vapor-deposited coatings (TiN, TiAlN, and CrAlSiN) is examined under real manufacturing conditions while considering requirements for the castings’ surface quality (maximum average roughness Ra) defined by the customer. The goal was to identify the most suitable solution for HPDC in the foundry organization. After the deposition of PVD coatings on the inserts, the hardness (HRC) values increased from two to five depending on the coating used, and also the surface roughness was higher in the case of all inserts (Ra values increased from 0.24 to 0.36 µm). The lifetime of all PVD-coated inserts was higher compared to the uncoated insert. The highest lifetime was achieved by the application of a TiN coating, when 15,000 shots were achieved until the inserts’ wear negatively affected (increased) the surface roughness of castings, considering the customer requirements for the maximum Ra value. SEM analysis was used to identify examples of wear and degradation on the surface of the TiN coated insert. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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21 pages, 10088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Surface Hardening of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)

by Ladislav Záhon, Jiří Kuchař, Jakub Horník, Jan Krčil and Jan Kudláček

Coatings 2024, 14(8), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14080958 - 1 Aug 2024

Viewed by 948

Abstract

The subject of the research is the possibility of using laser surface hardening to modify the tribological properties of ADI castings. ADI cast irons are a very progressive material; these cast irons find their application (due to their characteristic properties) in demanding applications. In these applications, the tribology of their surface is an essential parameter. This research focused on the change in tribological properties due to laser hardening of the surface layers. ADI cast iron samples processed at different isothermal holding temperatures were selected for the experiment. This is because these temperatures have a major influence on the initial structure (before laser exposure), which also affects the laser hardening process. To analyze the structural changes, metallographic examinations were performed. The microhardness was also measured on each sample in relation to the distance from the surface. The samples were also subjected to a tribological test (linear reciprocating tribometer) during which the coefficient of friction was recorded. The surface conditions after the tribological experiment were evaluated using an electron microscope. Tribological experiments revealed very different behavior of laser-hardened ADI cast iron surfaces depending on their isothermal holding temperature. At the same time, a homogeneous martensitic layer on the surface (a consequence of the relatively uniform distribution of carbon in the initial ausferritic structure) was achieved by laser, which contributed to a significant increase in hardness and wear resistance. A trend of decreasing friction coefficient as a function of isothermal holding temperature was observed for non-laser-hardened surfaces. This phenomenon supports the theory of a possible martensitic transformation of the high-carbon austenite contained in the structure of ADI castings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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15 pages, 23229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Erosive Wear Resistance of Ductile Cast Iron Following Laser Surface Melting and Alloying

by Jacek Górka, Aleksandra Lont, Damian Janicki, Tomasz Poloczek and Agnieszka Rzeźnikiewicz

Coatings 2024, 14(5), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050646 - 20 May 2024

Viewed by 1124

Abstract

This article presents research results on the influence of the laser surface melting and alloying processes on the erosive wear resistance of ductile cast iron. For the research, an EN-GJS 350-22 ductile cast iron surface was laser-melted and laser-alloyed with titanium powder in an argon and nitrogen atmosphere. Solid-particle erosion tests were carried out on the laser-melted and -alloyed surface layers and the base material according to the ASTM G76-04 standard with 30° and 90° impingement angles. The erosive wear resistance results were correlated with Vickers hardness and microstructural test results with the use of SEM (scanning electron microscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction). The mechanisms of erosive wear were also analyzed for the laser-treated surface layers and the base material. The research showed that the laser melting and alloying processes with titanium powder had a positive effect on the hardness and erosive wear resistance of the ductile cast iron surface due to microstructure modification. Moreover, despite the lower hardness of the laser-alloyed surface layers, their composite microstructure had a positive impact on the erosive wear resistance in comparison to the laser-melted surface layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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17 pages, 17951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Microstructure and Properties of FeCoNiCrAl High-Entropy Alloy Coating Prepared by Laser Cladding-Remelting

by Tianyi Lv, Wenkai Zou, Jiaqi He, Xiang Ju and Chuanbo Zheng

Coatings 2024, 14(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14010049 - 28 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1430

Abstract

Laser remelting technology effectively repairs defects such as pores and cracks in the coating. To investigate the impact of laser remelting on high-entropy alloy coatings, this study used Q235 steel as the substrate and employed laser cladding technology to prepare FeCoNiCrAl high-entropy alloy coatings, followed by laser remelting treatment. The phase composition and microstructure of the coatings were extensively characterized using equipment such as optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the wear resistance and corrosion resistance of the coatings were tested using a multifunctional material surface performance tester, an electrochemical workstation, and SVET (Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique). The results indicate that following laser remelting treatment, the atomic proportion of Fe elements on the coating surface decreased from 33.21% to 26.03%, while the atomic proportion of Al elements increased from 12.56% to 20.31%. The phase composition of the coating underwent a marked transformation, shifting from a structure composed of FCC, A2, and B2 phases to a singular BCC structure characterized by the presence of A2 and B2 phases. Concurrently, the grain morphology on the coating surface transitioned from elongated plate-like grains to equiaxed grains. Laser remelting enhanced the wear resistance of the coating. Laser remelting had no significant impact on the corrosion resistance of the non-cracked regions of the coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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23 pages, 14485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Spherical WC Content on the Microstructure and Properties of SiCp Aluminium Composite Material

by Xinyi Feng, Xiao Li, Fei Wang, Zengzhi Liu and Wenping Wang

Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111935 - 13 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1197

Abstract

In this paper, SiCp aluminium matrix composites were used as the matrix, and AlSi10Mg powder, which has a relatively similar coefficient of thermal expansion to that of the matrix, was used to prepare laser cladding Al-based coatings. The results show that the optimal process parameters are P = 4400 W, V_f = 11.3 g·min⁻¹, and V_S = 1800 mm·min⁻¹, and, although the hardness of the coatings is lower than the hardness of the substrate, it reduces the generation of defects such as cracks and porosity. With the increase in WC reinforced phase and the hardness of the coatings, wear resistance increases, the granular cytocrysts are transformed into rod-like cytocrysts, and at the same time generate the dendritic crystals, and the undergo grain refining and generate the new phases such as Al₄C₃, Al₄SiC₄. There is no obvious defect in AlSi10Mg + 40%WC coatings, the macro morphology of the coatings is good, there is no spalling in the friction wear morphology, and the wear resistance is excellent, but there are obvious cracks and obvious spalling in the coatings of AlSi10Mg + 60%WC. Compared to the matrix hardness of 171.61 HV, the hardness of the 20%WC cladding layer increased by a factor of 1.06, while the hardness of the 40%WC cladding layer increased by a factor of 1.65 and that of the 60%WC cladding layer increased by a factor of 1.8. In terms of wear, compared to a substrate wear amount of 9.36 mg, the wear for the 20%WC cladding layer was reduced to 6.13 mg (34.5% less than the substrate), for the 40%WC cladding layer it was reduced to 4.58 mg (51.06% less than the substrate), and for the 60%WC cladding layer it was reduced to 7.35 mg (21.47% less than the substrate). The quality of the coatings decreases although the hardness is higher than that of AlSi10Mg + 40%WC. The comprehensive performance of AlSi10Mg + 40%WC coatings is optimal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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11 pages, 5812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Finely and Directly Patternable Liquid Metal Electrodes via Selective Surface Wetting Technique

by Seong Ju Park and Chanwoo Yang

Coatings 2023, 13(11), 1922; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13111922 - 10 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1309

Abstract

Eutectic gallium–indium (EGaIn) is an ideal material for preparing flexible electrodes, but its high surface tension poses a challenge during deposition and patterning. Herein, we propose a laser-induced selective surface wetting technique (SSWT) to enable the facile and straightforward fabrication of flexible finely and directly patternable EGaIn liquid metal electrodes. Our proposed technique selectively controls the wettability of EGaIn by establishing a perfluorinated self-assembled monolayer on a zinc oxide nanorod array to impart superhydrophobicity and then inducing specific sites on the hydrophilized surface by ultraviolet (UV) pulsed laser ablation, thereby enabling fine patterning (linewidth, ~50 μm). Surface analysis of the effect of laser ablation was also performed to elucidate the mechanism of SSWT. The patterned EGaIn liquid metal electrode fabricated by SSWT exhibited superior flexibility, with a resistance change (ΔR/R₀) of only 18.6% compared with a Ag thin film electrode, which showed a dramatic increase in ΔR/R₀ to nearly 500% after 50,000 folding cycles at a peak strain of 2.5%. The simple and easily implementable liquid metal patterning technique proposed in this study may potentially be applied in the field of wearable and stretchable electronics, which requires extreme flexibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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18 pages, 13323 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Temperature Oxidation Properties of Ti-Hf-Mo-Ta-Nb-B Composite Coating Deposited on Ti60 Alloy with Laser Cladding

by Kaijin Huang and Xianchao Han

Coatings 2023, 13(9), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13091646 - 20 Sep 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2041

Abstract

In order to improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of Ti60 alloy, a Ti-Hf-Mo-Ta-Nb-B composite coating was prepared on Ti60 alloy with Ti, Hf, Mo, Ta and Nb powder and B powder as raw materials using laser cladding. The microstructure and oxidation behavior of the coating before and after oxidation at 1100 °C × 120 h in static air were studied with XRD, SEM, EDS and isothermal oxidation techniques. The results show that the coating was mainly composed of six phases, (Ti_0.2Hf_0.2Mo_0.2Ta_0.2 Nb_0.2)B₂, TiB, HfB₂, Mo_4.00 B_3.40, TiHf and Hf_1.86Mo_0.14. The high-temperature oxidation of the coating and Ti60 alloy followed parabolic law, and the oxidation weight gain rate of the coating after 110 °C × 120 h was only 1/4.8 of that of the Ti60 alloy. The improvement of the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the coating may benefit from high-temperature oxidation resistance (Ti_0.2Hf_0.2 Mo_0.2Ta_0.2Nb_0.2)B₂, HfB₂ and TiB boride ceramic phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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16 pages, 5385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of High-Temperature-Assisted Ultrasonic Deep Rolling on Microstructure and Tribological Properties of Ni-WC Coatings

by Jun Zhang, Yuncai Zhao, Yang He, Cheng Meng, Xinyu Zhang and Shilei Zhang

Coatings 2023, 13(3), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030499 - 24 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Cermet coatings are post-treated by a new surface microcrystallization technology, namely high-temperature-assisted ultrasonic deep rolling (HT + UDR). The process parameters of ultrasonic deep rolling significantly affect the microstructure and tribological properties of the Ni-WC coatings. In this paper, the samples were treated with different preloading depths (0.20 mm, 0.25 mm, and 0.30 mm), and the microstructure and properties of the coatings were characterized by SEM, EDS, X-ray stress analysis, and micro-Vickers hardness testing. An MMW-1A-type friction and wear tester was used for the dry friction and wear test at room temperature, respectively. Compared with the untreated sample, plastic rheology occurred on the surface of the coatings after HT + UDR, showing a phenomenon of “cutting peaks and filling valleys”. In the treated coatings, visible cracks were eliminated, and the inside of the coating was denser. The surface hard phase was increased as a “skeleton” and embedded with the soft phase, which played a role in strong and tough bonding. After HT + UDR + 0.25 mm treatment, the surface roughness increased by 68%, the microhardness of the surface layer reached a maximum of 726.3 HV_0.1, and the residual tensile stress changed from 165.5 MPa to −337.9 MPa, which inhibited the germination and propagation of cracks. HT + UDR improved the wear resistance of the coating in many aspects. The coating after the 0.25 mm preloading depth treatment possessed the smallest friction coefficient and the lowest wear amount, which is 0.04 and 4.5 mg, respectively. The wear form was abrasive wear, and the comprehensive tribological performance is the best. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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14 pages, 5962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Mechanical Properties and Micro-Structure Evolution of 7075 Aluminum Alloy Sheet for 2-Dimension Ellipse Ultrasonic Vibration Incremental Forming: A Pretreatment for Laser Shock Peening

by Yuan Lv, Mengen Dong, Xixiang Pan, Cong Yi and Jiaqi Su

Coatings 2022, 12(12), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12121914 - 7 Dec 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

In this paper, a composite technique of ultrasonic incremental forming and laser shock peeing is proposed. The former process is mainly used for the manufacturing of complex-shaped sheet and strengthening coating that is prepared for subsequent laser treatment. The latter is applied for secondary surface reinforcement with ultra-high energy. This work focused on the novel ultrasonic incremental forming method and its effects on surface mechanical properties and micro-structure of a 7075 aluminum alloy. First, a kind of 2-dimension ellipse ultrasonic vibration incremental forming process and the unique double-mechanism method of sectionalized cooperative control of plastic deformation and mechanical performance were designed. Second, the single-point incremental forming, the longitudinal ultrasonic vibration incremental forming, and the 2 dimension ellipse ultrasonic vibration incremental forming were performed for the manufacture of conical components of 7075 aluminum alloy. Third, the Vickers micro-hardness testing results and images of the fracture morphology of the machined part for the novel technique confirm that softening mechanisms become dominant inside the metal sheet. Furthermore, a strengthening coating with excellent mechanical properties and a residual compressive stress field were created on its surface simultaneously. In a word, the research shows potential values of the proposed technique for the manufacture of aircraft panels of complex shape and excellent surface properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Assisted Coating Techniques and Surface Modifications)

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