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Advances in Novel Coatings
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Advances in Novel Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 18415

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Stefan Lucian Toma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Science and Materials Engineering, Technical University Gheorghe Asachi from Iasi, 700050 Iași, Romania
Interests: thermal spray; plasma spray; arc spray process; PVD; corrosion; biocompatible and osseointegrating layers; functional coatings; thin films; moddeling; modeling physical phenomena; analysis and characterization of surface
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As you know, metallic or non-metallic coatings are increasingly used in a variety of fields, in order to obtain functional surfaces characterized by: high hardness, wear resistance, electrical and thermal properties, anti-friction, anti-microbial, bio-compatibility, chemical stability, etc. The use of some innovative installations for some adequate materials introduced directly into the process, or  through using different techniques,  as well as rigorous control of process parameters allows for obtaining of qualitative coatings with excellent physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties. This fact allows for the use of the obtained coatings in the following industries: automobiles, aeronautics and aerospace, chemicals, nuclear, mining, textiles, and energy, as well as in medical applications, in energy conversion, and in storage processes.

This Special Issue aims to present the latest news and to promote additional research in the fields of coatings that are obtained by thermal spraying in plasma or electric arc, including experimental characterization and theoretical calculations. All original papers, case studies, review articles, and communications are welcome.

About the Topics of Interest

In particular, the topic of interest includes but is not limited to

  • Fundamentals and new concepts of a coating technologies;
  • Modelling and simulation of processes for obtaining metallic or non-metallic coatings;
  • Relations between process parameters and deposit properties;
  • Theoretical and experimental studies on the phenomena that are developing at the coating-substrate interface;
  • The effect of the coatings on the properties of the substrate;
  • New directions in the design and production of hard coatings, resistant to wear and corrosion, type thermal barrier coatings (TBC), layers used in medical applications (biocompatible) or in energy production or storage phenomena;
  • New coatings used to control and minimize the friction phenomenon (self-lubricating);
  • Tribological coatings used for extreme operating conditions, for example, for high / low temperatures, aggressive environments etc.;
  • Study of the phenomena of friction and wear of tribological deposits;
  • Single and multilayer thin films with special properties, such as: high refractive index (HRI), super-hydrophobic and self-cleaning coatings;
  • Biomaterials coatings applied, but not limited, to Ti-based alloys, CoCr alloys, and stainless steels;
  • Functional coatings obtained by different deposition processes: chemical, electro-chemical, thermal spraying, PVD, CVD, Spin-coating etc.;
  • The behavior in operation of the functional coatings obtained by various new deposition techniques (case studies)
  • New methods of investigation, testing and characterization of coatings;
  • Techniques for post-processing the surface of the coatings, in order to improve the properties of the coatings, such as: heat treatment, severe plastic deformation, thermo-mechanical treatment, etc..
  • Any other aspects related to the functional coatings obtained by different techniques (chemical, electro-chemical, thermal spraying, PVD, CVD, Spin-coating etc.).

Dr. Stefan Lucian Toma
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • thermal spray
  • plasma spray
  • arc spray process
  • PVD
  • corrosion
  • biocompatible and osseointegrating layers
  • functional coatings
  • thin films
  • moddeling
  • modeling physical phenomena
  • analysis and characterization of surface

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  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 16651 KiB  
Article
Excellent Tribological Properties of WS2 Films in Air by Doping Copper
by Lulu Pei, Bowei Kang, Haichao Cai and Yujun Xue
Coatings 2025, 15(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15020173 - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
WS2 films exhibit excellent tribological properties in a vacuum, but they are prone to failure due to oxidation in air, which severely limits their application. Cu has great potential to improve the tribological properties of WS2, similar to that of [...] Read more.
WS2 films exhibit excellent tribological properties in a vacuum, but they are prone to failure due to oxidation in air, which severely limits their application. Cu has great potential to improve the tribological properties of WS2, similar to that of Au and Ag. Thus, to clarify the contribution of Cu to the tribological properties of WS2 films and provide new insight for the development of new multi-environmentally adaptable films, this study deposited WS2-Cu composite films under different sputtering powers of the Cu target by magnetron sputtering systems, and the Cu target was supplied by DC power. Then, the structure of films was analyzed by FESEM, EDS and XPS. The results show that Cu is difficult to uniformly dope on the WS2 film at a high sputtering power of Cu target, showing possibly low solubility of Cu in WS2 film. However, a uniform and dense WS2-Cu composite film was deposited under the lower sputtering power of Cu target. Furthermore, the results of the nanoindentation test demonstrated that the WS2-Cu composite films exhibited high hardness (6.6 GPa). Finally, the tribological properties of the WS2-Cu films were examined, and their friction interface was characterized by SEM, EDS and TEM. The WS2-Cu film demonstrated superior tribological behavior in air (the average friction coefficient is 0.09), based on a special sliding interface, low oxidation levels of WS2 and Cu-rich transfer film. This study provides a new insight and a new method for improving the environmental adaptation ability of WS2 film. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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12 pages, 3649 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Thermoelectric Performance: The Impact of Carbon Incorporation in Spin-Coated Al-Doped ZnO Thin Films
by Alberto Giribaldi, Cristiano Giordani, Giovanna Latronico, Cédric Bourgès, Takahiro Baba, Cecilia Piscino, Maya Marinova, Takao Mori, Cristina Artini, Hannes Rijckaert and Paolo Mele
Coatings 2025, 15(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15010107 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 465
Abstract
In the present study, for the first time, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films with nanoinclusions of amorphous carbon have been synthesized via spin coating, and the thermoelectric performances were investigated varying the aging period of the solution, the procedure of carbon nanoparticles’ [...] Read more.
In the present study, for the first time, aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films with nanoinclusions of amorphous carbon have been synthesized via spin coating, and the thermoelectric performances were investigated varying the aging period of the solution, the procedure of carbon nanoparticles’ addition, and the annealing atmosphere. The addition of nanoparticles has been pursued to introduce phonon scattering centers to reduce thermal conductivity. All the samples showed a strong orientation along the [002] crystallographic direction, even though the substrate is amorphous silica, with an intensity of the diffraction peaks reaching its maximum in samples annealed in the presence of hydrogen, and generally decreasing by the addition of carbon nanoparticles. Absolute values of the Seebeck coefficient improve when nanoparticles are added. At the same time, electric conductivity is higher for the sample with 1 wt.% of carbon and annealed in Ar with 1% of H2, both increasing in absolute value with the temperature rise. Among all the samples, the lowest thermal conductivity value of 1.25 W/(m∙K) was found at room temperature, and the highest power factor was 111 μW/(m∙K2) at 325 °C. Thus, the introduction of carbon effectively reduced thermal conductivity, while also increasing the power factor, giving promising results for the further development of AZO-based materials for thermoelectric applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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17 pages, 4223 KiB  
Article
Stainless Steel Deposits on an Aluminum Support Used in the Construction of Packaging and Food Transport Containers
by Steluța Radu and Stefan Lucian Toma
Coatings 2024, 14(11), 1431; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14111431 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 963
Abstract
A series of chemical elements from the chemical composition of the packs of liquid food products migrate inside them or they combine with other chemical elements existing in the food, resulting in chemical compounds that worsen the quality of the food. In the [...] Read more.
A series of chemical elements from the chemical composition of the packs of liquid food products migrate inside them or they combine with other chemical elements existing in the food, resulting in chemical compounds that worsen the quality of the food. In the present paper, layers of food stainless steel were deposited using thermal arc spraying on an aluminum alloy substrate to stop the migration of aluminum ions inside liquid food products. The physical-chemical and mechanical properties of the protection system: stainless steel layer used in the food industry (suggestively called: food-grade stainless steel)—aluminum substrate were investigated, and then the organoleptic properties of the food liquids that came into contact with the deposit were evaluated. It was found that food-gradestainless steel deposits have low porosity (3.8%) and relatively high adhesion and hardness, which allows complete isolation of the substrate material. The investigations carried out on the properties of food liquids that come into contact with the stainless steel deposit revealed the fact that it perfectly seals the aluminum start. The food-grade stainless steel coating (80T) was much better and safer for preserving dairy products maintaining a constant acidity up to 17 degrees Thorner, wines (with an average acidity of 3.5–4 degrees), juices (with natural pigments), and oils (with a good absorbance level correlated with clarity). This aspect suggests that the created system can be successfully used to manufacture containers for the transport of liquid products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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14 pages, 24262 KiB  
Article
The Preparation of Ti–Ta Impedance-Graded Coatings with Limited Diffusion by Cold Spraying Combined with Hot Isostatic Pressing
by Yaoning Shen, Xianjin Ning, Xiaodong Yu, Dongwei Li, Chengliang Feng and Chengwen Tan
Coatings 2024, 14(5), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050565 - 2 May 2024
Viewed by 1275
Abstract
Ti–Ta impedance-graded coatings were prepared using cold spraying combined with hot isostatic pressing. Compared to the general Ti–Ta binary diffusion couple, the interdiffusion coefficient of as-sprayed Ti–Ta can be increased by approximately 25 times at 1100 °C due to grain refinement at the [...] Read more.
Ti–Ta impedance-graded coatings were prepared using cold spraying combined with hot isostatic pressing. Compared to the general Ti–Ta binary diffusion couple, the interdiffusion coefficient of as-sprayed Ti–Ta can be increased by approximately 25 times at 1100 °C due to grain refinement at the interface of the cold-sprayed particles. By the control of interdiffusion, pure Ta and pure Ti regions can remain in the materials after hot isostatic pressing at 900 °C. Hot isostatic pressing with capsulate reduced the porosity of the material efficiently to less than 0.02%. The strength of the as-sprayed Ti–Ta composite coating was significantly improved to 990.1 MPa, and the fracture strain reached 11.5%. The strengthening mechanism of Ti–Ta composite coatings relies primarily on the hindrance of dislocation slip by phase interfaces between α and β. Moreover, the macroscopic interfacial bonding strength of the graded material exceeds 881 MPa, which is comparable to that of bulk materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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11 pages, 12980 KiB  
Article
Quasi Non-Destructive Quality Assessment of Thermally Sprayed AISI 316L Coatings Using Polarization Measurements in 3.5% NaCl Gel Electrolyte
by Maximilian Grimm, Pia Kutschmann, Christian Pluta, Olga Schwabe, Thomas Lindner and Thomas Lampke
Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071256 - 16 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1324
Abstract
There is currently a lack of suitable methods of non-destructive quality assessment of thermally sprayed coatings. Therefore, this study investigates the suitability of polarization measurements that are adapted to the special needs of thermally sprayed coatings for non-destructive quality testing. For this purpose, [...] Read more.
There is currently a lack of suitable methods of non-destructive quality assessment of thermally sprayed coatings. Therefore, this study investigates the suitability of polarization measurements that are adapted to the special needs of thermally sprayed coatings for non-destructive quality testing. For this purpose, a gel electrolyte containing 3.5% NaCl and a measuring cell based on the three-electrode arrangement were developed to prevent the corrosion medium from infiltrating the typical microstructure of thermally sprayed coatings (pores and microcracks). The newly developed method was evaluated on AISI 316L coatings deposited by high velocity air fuel (HVAF) and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The polarization curves showed significant differences as a result of spraying process-related changes in the coating microstructure. Even slight differences in oxide content within the AISI 316L coating produced by APS can be detected by the new method. In order to verify the new findings, the coatings were analyzed regarding their microstructure by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The measuring cell and gel electrolyte developed offer a promising opportunity to evaluate the quality of thermally sprayed coatings in a largely non-destructive manner using polarization curves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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11 pages, 6909 KiB  
Article
Production of Al–Mn/WC Composite Coatings with Electrodeposition in AlCl3–NaCl–KCl–MnCl2 Molten Salts
by Wenjuan Qi, Desheng Ding, Weijie Luo, Weiliang Jin, Qian Kou, Chuntao Ge and Saijun Xiao
Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071246 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1236
Abstract
The hardness and wear resistance of amorphous Al–Mn alloy coatings can be improved by incorporating ceramic particles into them to extend their application. In this paper, Al–Mn/WC composite coatings have been prepared with electrodeposition in stirred AlCl3–NaCl–KCl–MnCl2 molten salts at [...] Read more.
The hardness and wear resistance of amorphous Al–Mn alloy coatings can be improved by incorporating ceramic particles into them to extend their application. In this paper, Al–Mn/WC composite coatings have been prepared with electrodeposition in stirred AlCl3–NaCl–KCl–MnCl2 molten salts at 180 °C with the addition of WC particles. The effects of stirring speed (400–700 rpm) and cathode current density (15–75 mA/cm2) on the produced Al–Mn/WC composite coatings have been studied. At 600 rpm and 700 rpm, the Al–Mn/WC composite coatings exhibited the best uniform distribution of the embedded WC particles, with the tested microhardness value up to 650 HV0.1, compared with 530 HV0.1 of the Al–Mn alloy. Moreover, under various cathode current densities, the best quality of the Al–Mn/WC composite coating was obtained at 55 mA/cm2, with a homogeneous distribution of WC particles and the highest microhardness value (670 HV0.1). It is expected that this method could be extended to be applied for the preparation of aluminum-based and magnesium-based ceramic composite coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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12 pages, 4339 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Porous MgF2 Coating by a Sol–Gel Method Accompanied by Phase Separation
by Yu Lin, Rui Wang, Yang Xu, Dongyun Li and Hongliang Ge
Coatings 2023, 13(6), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13061083 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1995
Abstract
Surfaces with translucent and wear-resistant effects have a wide range of applications, especially as protective layers. In this work, a simple and convenient method for the preparation of porous magnesium fluoride (MgF2) coatings was proposed. Nano-porous MgF2 powder was prepared [...] Read more.
Surfaces with translucent and wear-resistant effects have a wide range of applications, especially as protective layers. In this work, a simple and convenient method for the preparation of porous magnesium fluoride (MgF2) coatings was proposed. Nano-porous MgF2 powder was prepared with sol–gel and phase separation methods by optimizing the polymer amount and used for the preparation of thick layers onto PVC substrates. The automated surface area and porosity analyzer (BET) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed that the layers containing 0.028‰ PEO presented a 3D structure with pore sizes in the range of 16 nm. The layer reached 93% transmittance in the visible region, a Vickers hardness value of 2889.1 kg/mm2, and a friction coefficient of 0.2 in the wear test. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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15 pages, 8058 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Thermophysical Properties of New Multi-Component Entropy-Stabilized Oxide Ceramics for Thermal Barrier Coatings
by Wenzhe Li, Yongping Zhu, Xueying Wang, Lili Zhao, Ying Chu, Fuhua Chen, Chang Ge and Shige Fang
Coatings 2023, 13(5), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13050937 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1582
Abstract
Five kinds of multi-component entropy-stabilized oxide ceramics were prepared by a solid-state reaction method for thermal barrier coatings, namely La0.125Y0.125Yb0.125Gd0.125Zr0.5O1.75 (LaYYbGdZr), Y0.125Yb0.125Gd0.125Ta0.125Zr0.5O [...] Read more.
Five kinds of multi-component entropy-stabilized oxide ceramics were prepared by a solid-state reaction method for thermal barrier coatings, namely La0.125Y0.125Yb0.125Gd0.125Zr0.5O1.75 (LaYYbGdZr), Y0.125Yb0.125Gd0.125Ta0.125Zr0.5O1.875 (YYbGdTaZr), La0.1Y0.1Yb0.1Gd0.1Ta0.1Zr0.5O1.85 (LaYYbGdTaZr), Y0.125Yb0.125Gd0.125Ta0.125Hf0.25Zr0.25O1.875 (YYbGdTaHfZr), and La0.1Y0.1Yb0.1Gd0.1Ta0.1Hf0.25Zr0.25O1.85 (LaYYbGdTaHfZr). Many properties of the materials were studied, such as their microscopic morphology, crystal structure, thermophysical properties, and ablation resistance. The results show that the oxide ceramics synthesized in this paper have a uniform single-phase defect fluorite structure, and can still maintain this structure after high-temperature treatment at 1500 °C. The YYbGdTaHfZr coatings had the lowest thermal conductivity (0.61~0.89 W·m–1·K–1), which was much lower than that of YSZ. The ceramic blocks also exhibited excellent thermal expansion properties. The thermal expansion coefficient of LaYYbGdTaZr could reach 11.09 × 10−6 K−1 (1400 °C), which was slightly higher than that of 8YSZ (11.0 × 10−6 K−1). The antioxidant ablation results proved that the YYbGdTaHfZr coating showed the best heat-insulating property. All the results showed that the YYbGdTaHfZr coating is a promising thermal barrier coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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16 pages, 5916 KiB  
Article
Pyramid-Patterned Germanium Composite Film Anode for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries Prepared Using a One-Step Physical Method
by Liyong Wang, Mei Wang, Liansheng Jiao, Huiqi Wang, Jinhua Yang, Xiaozhong Dong, Ting Bi, Shengsheng Ji, Lei Liu, Shengliang Hu, Chengmeng Chen, Quangui Guo and Zhanjun Liu
Coatings 2023, 13(3), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13030555 - 5 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2071
Abstract
Using a top-down magnetron sputtering technique with a high deposition-rate, a one-step method for preparing germanium (Ge) hybrid film is presented. At present, graphite film is used as a current collector because it is flexible, self lubricating, and possesses a stress–strain-relieving property. In [...] Read more.
Using a top-down magnetron sputtering technique with a high deposition-rate, a one-step method for preparing germanium (Ge) hybrid film is presented. At present, graphite film is used as a current collector because it is flexible, self lubricating, and possesses a stress–strain-relieving property. In order to further suppress the volume changes of the Ge, a multilayered electrically conductive nickel film is deposited between multilayered Ge films. The cells are cycled at a current density of 200 mA g−1. An initial discharge and charge capacity of 1180.7 and 949.3 mAh g−1 are achieved by the prepared integrated pyramid patterned Ge composite film anode, respectively. The average capacity was maintained at 580 mAh g−1 after 280 cycles. In the rate capability measurement, the Ge composite demonstrated a reversible capacity of 1163.1 mAh g−1. It is easily made using magnetron sputtering, which is widely accepted in the industry. A physical approach to increase pure Ge’s specific capacity and its cycle life for LIBs is demonstrated in this work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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11 pages, 4092 KiB  
Article
Electroless Ni-P-PTFE Composite Plating with Rapid Deposition and High PTFE Concentration through a Two-Step Process
by Myungwon Lee, Junghyun Park, Kyeongsik Son, Donghyun Kim, Kwangho Kim and Myungchang Kang
Coatings 2022, 12(8), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081199 - 17 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3866
Abstract
Electroless composite plating enables uniform and thin surface treatment along with composite deposition using nanoparticles. Among such particles, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is capable of dry lubrication because of its self-lubricating properties. Specifically, the PTFE content in a plating layer increases with the concentration of [...] Read more.
Electroless composite plating enables uniform and thin surface treatment along with composite deposition using nanoparticles. Among such particles, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is capable of dry lubrication because of its self-lubricating properties. Specifically, the PTFE content in a plating layer increases with the concentration of PTFE in the plating bath. However, a high concentration of PTFE interferes with the co-deposition of Ni and P, thereby reducing the plating speed. Additionally, PTFE is unevenly deposited on the surface of the plating layer. Consequently, a method for increasing the PTFE content at low PTFE concentrations is required. Therefore, in this study, a stirring process in a low-PTFE-concentration plating bath and a process wherein PTFE precipitates on a specimen without stirring were combined. The PTFE content of the plated layer deposited on high carbon steel, plated layer deposition rate, average friction co-efficient, static contact angle, and surface energy were evaluated as 25.96%, 3.44 µm/40 min, 0.195, 141.9°, and 2.74 mN/m, respectively. This technique prevented the decrease in the deposition rate of the plating layer and led to high PTFE content in the plating layer. Notably, even a thin plating layer (5 μm or less in thickness) showed excellent surface characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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18 pages, 4720 KiB  
Article
Numerical Calculation of the Arc-Sprayed Particles’ Temperature in Transient Thermal Field
by Stefan Lucian Toma, Daniela-Lucia Chicet and Alin-Marian Cazac
Coatings 2022, 12(7), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070877 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2116
Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of the coatings produced by electric arc thermal spraying are closely related to the velocity and temperature of the particles that interact with the substrate surface. Knowing the temperature variation of the sprayed particles allows establishing their aggregation [...] Read more.
The physical and mechanical properties of the coatings produced by electric arc thermal spraying are closely related to the velocity and temperature of the particles that interact with the substrate surface. Knowing the temperature variation of the sprayed particles allows establishing their aggregation state, respectively determining the spraying distance, so that the state of aggregation of the particles at the impact moment is predominantly liquid. Obviously, when the sprayed particle passes through the spray cone, it cools continuously due to the low and variable temperature of the entrainment gas. This paper aims to determine analytically the thermal behavior of the particles entrained by the gas jet formed at the thermal spraying in an electric arc, depending on the variable temperature, existing along the spraying cone. In this sense, by modeling with finite elements, using the ANSYS program, the temperature inside the spray jet was determined, and by a mathematical model carried out based on the thermal balance equations, the thermal profile of the sprayed particles was determined. The thermal profile demonstrates that their temperature suddenly increases to the solidification temperature, then increases to the melting temperature—due to the latent heat of solidification, after which it decreases to 300 K. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Novel Coatings)
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