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Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings
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Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings

A special issue of Coatings (ISSN 2079-6412). This special issue belongs to the section "Surface Coatings for Biomedicine and Bioengineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 28283

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Richard Drevet

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plasma Physics and Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
Interests: coatings and films; characterization and testing; materials science; biomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hicham Benhayoune

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institut de Thermique, Mécanique et Matériaux (ITheMM), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), Reims, France
Interests: electrochemical deposition; electrophoretic deposition; biomaterials; prosthetic coatings; calcium phosphates; bioactive glasses; bone substitutes; electron microscopy; X-ray microanalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The ageing of the worldwide population requires the continuous development of advanced biomaterials and coatings by academic and industrial research. Inside the body, the implanted materials need specific biological, chemical, and mechanical properties for a good interaction with the surrounding tissues. Specifically, orthopaedic and dental surgeries need bone implants with enhanced properties and an extended lifespan. To reach this objective, many research labs focus their works on improving the osseointegration of bone implants by modifying the surface of prosthetic alloys with bioactive coatings made of calcium phosphate or bioglass. These coatings support bone cell growth at the surface of the implant, promoting the formation of an intimate link with the surrounding bone tissues.

Several methods can be used to synthesize bioactive coatings on prosthetic alloys such as plasma spraying, magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser-deposition, electrophoretic deposition, or electrodeposition. Among them, low-temperature processes can be used to add organic components (polymers, proteins, drugs, etc.) inside the prosthetic coatings in order to enhance the biological and mechanical properties of the biomaterials.

In that framework, this Special Issue aims to present the latest developments in this field.

In particular, the topics of interest include but are not limited to:

  • Advanced biomaterials;
  • Calcium phosphate coatings for bone implant applications;
  • Bioglass coatings for bone implant applications;
  • Bone implants with enhanced biological properties;
  • Bone implants with enhanced mechanical properties.

Dr. Richard Drevet
Prof. Dr. Hicham Benhayoune
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Coatings is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced biomaterials
  • bioactive coatings
  • calcium phosphate
  • bioglass
  • bone implant
  • functionalization of biomaterials
  • biocompatibility
  • bioactivity

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 197 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings
by Richard Drevet and Hicham Benhayoune
Coatings 2022, 12(7), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070965 - 7 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1921
Abstract
Everywhere on Earth, people are living longer and longer [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)

Research

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16 pages, 22326 KiB  
Article
An Advanced Surface Treatment Technique for Coating Three-Dimensional-Printed Polyamide 12 by Hydroxyapatite
by Abdulaziz Alhotan, Saleh Alhijji, Sahar Ahmed Abdalbary, Rania E. Bayoumi, Jukka P. Matinlinna, Tamer M. Hamdy and Rasha M. Abdelraouf
Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091181 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 918
Abstract
Polymer 3D printing has is used in a wide range of applications in the medical field. Polyamide 12 (PA12) is a versatile synthetic polymer that has been used to reconstruct bony defects. Coating its surface with calcium phosphate compounds, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), [...] Read more.
Polymer 3D printing has is used in a wide range of applications in the medical field. Polyamide 12 (PA12) is a versatile synthetic polymer that has been used to reconstruct bony defects. Coating its surface with calcium phosphate compounds, such as hydroxyapatite (HA), could enhance its bonding with bone. The aim of this study was to coat 3D-printed polyamide 12 specimens with hydroxyapatite by a simple innovative surface treatment using light-cured resin cement. Polyamide 12 powder was printed by selective laser sintering to produce 80 disc-shaped specimens (15 mm diameter × 1.5 mm thickness). The specimens were divided randomly into two main groups: (1) control group (untreated), where the surface of the specimens was left without any modifications; (2) treated group, where the surface of the specimens was coated with hydroxyapatite by a new method using a light-cured dental cement. The coated specimens were characterised by both Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), (n = 10/test). The control and treated groups were further randomly subdivided into two subgroups according to the immersion in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The first subgroup was not immersed in PBS and was left as 3D-printed, while the second subgroup was immersed in PBS for 15 days (n = 10/subgroup). The surfaces of the control and treated specimens were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) before and after immersion in PBS. Following the standard American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D3359), a cross-cut adhesion test was performed. The results of the FTIR spectroscopy of the coated specimens were confirmed the HA bands. The TEM micrograph revealed agglomerated particles in the coat. The SEM micrographs of the control 3D-printed polyamide 12 specimens illustrated the sintered 3D-printed particles with minimal porosity. Their EDXA revealed the presence of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as atomic%: 52.1, 23.8, 24.1 respectively. After immersion in PBS, there were no major changes in the control specimens as detected by SEM and EDXA. The microstructure of the coated specimens showed deposited clusters of calcium and phosphorus on the surface, in addition to carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, with atomic%: 9.5, 5.9, 7.2, 30.9, and 46.5, respectively. This coat was stable after immersion, as observed by SEM and EDXA. The coat adhesion test demonstrated a stable coat with just a few loose coating flakes (area removed <5%) on the surface of the HA-coated specimens. It could be concluded that the 3D-printed polyamide 12 could be coated with hydroxyapatite using light-cured resin cement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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15 pages, 7208 KiB  
Article
Chemical Bonding of Nanorod Hydroxyapatite to the Surface of Calciumfluoroaluminosilicate Particles for Improving the Histocompatibility of Glass Ionomer Cement
by Sohee Kang, So Jung Park, Sukyoung Kim and Inn-Kyu Kang
Coatings 2024, 14(7), 893; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070893 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 780
Abstract
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is composed of anionic polyacrylic acid and a silica-based inorganic powder. GIC is used as a filling material in the decayed cavity of the tooth; therefore, compatibility with the tooth tissue is essential. In the present study, we aimed [...] Read more.
Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is composed of anionic polyacrylic acid and a silica-based inorganic powder. GIC is used as a filling material in the decayed cavity of the tooth; therefore, compatibility with the tooth tissue is essential. In the present study, we aimed to improve the histocompatibility of GIC by introducing nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), a component of teeth, into a silica-based inorganic powder. CFAS-nHA was prepared by chemically bonding nanorod hydroxyapatite (nHA) to the surface of calciumfluoroaluminosilicate (CFAS). The synthesis of CFAS-nHA was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared CFAS-nHA was mixed with polyacrylic acid and cured to prepare GIC containing nHA (GIC-nHA). Cytocompatibility tests of GIC-nHA and GIC were performed using osteoblasts. Osteoblast activity and bone formation ability were superior after GIC-nHA treatment than after control GIC treatment. This enhanced histocompatibility is believed to be due to the improvement of the biological activity of osteoblasts induced by the HA introduced into the GIC. Therefore, to enhance its compatibility with dental tissues, GIC could be manufactured by chemically bonding nHA to the surface of GI inorganic powder. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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16 pages, 3757 KiB  
Article
Influence of TiO2 on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Hydroxyapatite HaP + TiO2 Nanocomposites Deposited Using Spray Pyrolysis
by Hafedh Dhiflaoui, Sarra Ben Salem, Mohamed Salah, Youssef Dabaki, Slah Chayoukhi, Bilel Gassoumi, Anouar Hajjaji, Ahmed Ben Cheikh Larbi, Mosbah Amlouk and Hicham Benhayoune
Coatings 2023, 13(7), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13071283 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1630
Abstract
Titanium oxides and their alloys are widely used in medical applications because of their biocompatibility. However, they are characterized by their low resistance to corrosion. The HaP + TiO2 nanocomposites’ coating was applied in different experiments, especially on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate with [...] Read more.
Titanium oxides and their alloys are widely used in medical applications because of their biocompatibility. However, they are characterized by their low resistance to corrosion. The HaP + TiO2 nanocomposites’ coating was applied in different experiments, especially on a Ti-6Al-4V substrate with the spray pyrolysis process to deal with such weakness. The TiO2 content effects on the surface morphology and the phase composition were investigated using a scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDXS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanical properties were determined with nanoindentation. The potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and simulated body fluid (SBF) solution environment tests were carried out to investigate the corrosion resistance of HaP + TiO2/Ti6Al4V systems. The experimental findings revealed that sprayed thin films possessed uniform morphology. The coatings’ nanoindentations proved that the HaP + 20% TiO2 coating hardness (252.77 MPa) and the elastic modulus (52.48 GPa) overtopped those of the pure hydroxyapatite coatings. The corrosion test demonstrated that the corrosion current density of about 36.1 µA cm−2 and the corrosion potential of the order of −392.7 mV of HaP + 20% TiO2 was lower compared to the pure HaP coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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15 pages, 5063 KiB  
Article
Powder Synthesized from Aqueous Solution of Calcium Nitrate and Mixed-Anionic Solution of Orthophosphate and Silicate Anions for Bioceramics Production
by Daniil Golubchikov, Tatiana V. Safronova, Elizaveta Nemygina, Tatiana B. Shatalova, Irina N. Tikhomirova, Ilya V. Roslyakov, Dinara Khayrutdinova, Vadim Platonov, Olga Boytsova, Maksim Kaimonov, Denis A. Firsov and Konstantin A. Lyssenko
Coatings 2023, 13(2), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020374 - 7 Feb 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2769
Abstract
Synthesis from mixed-anionic aqueous solutions is a novel approach to obtain active powders for bioceramics production in the CaO-SiO2-P2O5-Na2O system. In this work, powders were prepared using precipitation from aqueous solutions of the following precursors: [...] Read more.
Synthesis from mixed-anionic aqueous solutions is a novel approach to obtain active powders for bioceramics production in the CaO-SiO2-P2O5-Na2O system. In this work, powders were prepared using precipitation from aqueous solutions of the following precursors: Ca(NO3)2 and Na2HPO4 (CaP); Ca(NO3)2 and Na2SiO3 (CaSi); and Ca(NO3)2, Na2HPO4 and Na2SiO3 (CaPSi). Phase composition of the CaP powder included brushite CaHPO4‧2H2O and the CaSi powder included calcium silicate hydrate. Phase composition of the CaPSi powder consisted of the amorphous phase (presumably containing hydrated quasi-amorphous calcium phosphate and calcium silicate phase). All synthesized powders contained NaNO3 as a by-product. The total weight loss after heating up to 1000 °C for the CaP sample—28.3%, for the CaSi sample—38.8% and for the CaPSi sample was 29%. Phase composition of the ceramic samples after the heat treatment at 1000 °C based on the CaP powder contained β-NaCaPO4 and β-Ca2P2O7, the ceramic samples based on the CaSi powder contained α-CaSiO3 and Na2Ca2Si2O7, while the ceramics obtained from the CaPSi powder contained sodium rhenanite β-NaCaPO4, wollastonite α-CaSiO3 and Na3Ca6(PO4)5. The densest ceramic sample was obtained in CaO-SiO2-P2O5-Na2O system at 900 °C from the CaP powder (ρ = 2.53 g/cm3), while the other samples had densities of 0.93 g/cm3 (CaSi) and 1.22 (CaPSi) at the same temperature. The ceramics prepared in this system contain biocompatible and bioresorbable phases, and can be recommended for use in medicine for bone-defect treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3348 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Graphene Oxide on Polycaprolactone PCL Surfaces: Antimicrobial Activity and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell
by Letizia Ferroni, Chiara Gardin, Federica Rigoni, Eleonora Balliana, Federica Zanotti, Marco Scatto, Pietro Riello and Barbara Zavan
Coatings 2022, 12(6), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12060799 - 8 Jun 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2379
Abstract
In dentistry, bone regeneration requires osteoinductive biomaterial with antibacterial properties. Polycaprolactone (PCL) may be combined with different nanofillers including reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Here, the amount of rGO filler was defined to obtain a biocompatible and antibacterial PCL-based surface supporting the adhesion and [...] Read more.
In dentistry, bone regeneration requires osteoinductive biomaterial with antibacterial properties. Polycaprolactone (PCL) may be combined with different nanofillers including reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Here, the amount of rGO filler was defined to obtain a biocompatible and antibacterial PCL-based surface supporting the adhesion and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Compounds carrying three different percentages of rGO were tested. Among all, the 5% rGO-PCL compound is the most bacteriostatic against Gram-positive bacteria. All scaffolds are biocompatible. MSCs adhere and proliferate on all scaffolds; however, 5% rGO-PCL surface supports the growth of cells and implements the expression of extracellular matrix components necessary to anchor the cells to the surface itself. Moreover, the 5% rGO-PCL surface has superior osteoinductive properties confirmed by the improved alkaline phosphatase activity, mineral matrix deposition, and osteogenic markers expression. These results suggest that 5% rGO-PCL has useful properties for bone tissue engineering purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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14 pages, 3879 KiB  
Article
Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Fibroblasts
by Harish K Handral, C. Ashajyothi, Gopu Sriram, Chandrakanth R. Kelmani, Nileshkumar Dubey and Tong Cao
Coatings 2021, 11(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010107 - 19 Jan 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3353
Abstract
Advances in the use of nanoparticles (NPs) has created promising progress in biotechnology and consumer-care based industry. This has created an increasing need for testing their safety and toxicity profiles. Hence, efforts to understand the cellular responses towards nanomaterials are needed. However, current [...] Read more.
Advances in the use of nanoparticles (NPs) has created promising progress in biotechnology and consumer-care based industry. This has created an increasing need for testing their safety and toxicity profiles. Hence, efforts to understand the cellular responses towards nanomaterials are needed. However, current methods using animal and cancer-derived cell lines raise questions on physiological relevance. In this aspect, in the current study, we investigated the use of pluripotent human embryonic stem cell- (hESCs) derived fibroblasts (hESC-Fib) as a closer representative of the in vivo response as well as to encourage the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) concept for evaluating the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silicon-dioxide (SiO2) NPs. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that the adverse effects of respective NPs were observed in hESC-Fib beyond concentrations of 200 µg/mL (SiO2 NPs), 30 µg/mL (TiO2 NPs) and 20 µg/mL (ZnO NPs). Flow cytometry results correlated with increased apoptosis upon increase in NP concentration. Subsequently, scratch wound assays showed ZnO (10 µg/mL) and TiO2 (20 µg/mL) NPs inhibit the rate of wound coverage. DNA damage assays confirmed TiO2 and ZnO NPs are genotoxic. In summary, hESC-Fib could be used as an alternative platform to understand toxicity profiles of metal oxide NPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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Review

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25 pages, 3225 KiB  
Review
Electrophoretic Deposition of Bioactive Glass Coatings for Bone Implant Applications: A Review
by Richard Drevet, Joël Fauré and Hicham Benhayoune
Coatings 2024, 14(9), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091084 - 23 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1308
Abstract
This literature review deals with the electrophoretic deposition of bioactive glass coatings on metallic substrates to produce bone implants. Biocompatible metallic materials, such as titanium alloys or stainless steels, are commonly used to replace hard tissue functions because their mechanical properties are appropriate [...] Read more.
This literature review deals with the electrophoretic deposition of bioactive glass coatings on metallic substrates to produce bone implants. Biocompatible metallic materials, such as titanium alloys or stainless steels, are commonly used to replace hard tissue functions because their mechanical properties are appropriate for load-bearing applications. However, metallic materials barely react in the body. They need a bioactive surface coating to trigger beneficial biological and chemical reactions in the physiological environment. Bioactive coatings aim to improve bone bonding, shorten the healing process after implantation, and extend the lifespan of the implant. Bioactive glasses, such as 45S5, 58S, S53P4, 13-93, or 70S30C, are amorphous materials made of a mixture of oxides that are accepted by the human body. They are used as coatings to improve the surface reactivity of metallic bone implants. Their high bioactivity in the physiological environment induces the formation of strong chemical bonding at the interface between the metallic implant and the surrounding bone tissue. Electrophoretic deposition is one of the most effective solutions to deposit uniform bioactive glass coatings at low temperatures. This article begins with a review of the different compositions of bioactive glasses described in the scientific literature for their ability to support hard tissue repair. The second part details the different stages of the bioactivity process occurring at the surface of bioactive glasses immersed in a physiological environment. Then, the mechanisms involved in the electrophoretic deposition of bioactive glass coatings on metallic bone implants are described. The last part of the article details the current developments in the process of improving the properties of bioactive glass coatings by adding biocompatible elements to the glassy structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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28 pages, 9190 KiB  
Review
Plasma-Sprayed Osseoconductive Hydroxylapatite Coatings for Endoprosthetic Hip Implants: Phase Composition, Microstructure, Properties, and Biomedical Functions
by Robert B. Heimann
Coatings 2024, 14(7), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070787 - 24 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1285
Abstract
This contribution attempts to provide a state-of-the-art account of the physicochemical and biomedical properties of the plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite (HAp) coatings that are routinely applied to the surfaces of metallic endoprosthetic and dental root implants designed to replace or restore the lost functions of [...] Read more.
This contribution attempts to provide a state-of-the-art account of the physicochemical and biomedical properties of the plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite (HAp) coatings that are routinely applied to the surfaces of metallic endoprosthetic and dental root implants designed to replace or restore the lost functions of diseased or damaged tissues of the human body. Even though the residence time of powder particles of HAp in the plasma jet is extremely short, the high temperature applied induces compositional and structural changes in the precursor HAp that severely affect its chemical and physical properties and in turn its biomedical performance. These changes are based on the incongruent melting behavior of HAp and can be traced, among many other analytical techniques, by high resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction, vibrational (Raman) spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In vivo reactions of the plasma-sprayed coatings to extracellular fluid (ECF) can be assessed and predicted by in vitro testing using simulated body fluids (SBFs) as proxy agents. Ways to safeguard the appropriate biological performance of HAp coatings in long-term service by controlling their phase content, porosity, surface roughness, residual stress distribution, and adhesion to the implant surface are being discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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89 pages, 9015 KiB  
Review
Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4)-Based Bioceramics: Preparation, Properties, and Applications
by Sergey V. Dorozhkin
Coatings 2022, 12(10), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101380 - 21 Sep 2022
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 8324
Abstract
Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. [...] Read more.
Various types of materials have been traditionally used to restore damaged bones. In the late 1960s, a strong interest was raised in studying ceramics as potential bone grafts due to their biomechanical properties. A short time later, such synthetic biomaterials were called bioceramics. Bioceramics can be prepared from diverse inorganic substances, but this review is limited to calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-based formulations only, due to its chemical similarity to mammalian bones and teeth. During the past 50 years, there have been a number of important achievements in this field. Namely, after the initial development of bioceramics that was just tolerated in the physiological environment, an emphasis was shifted towards the formulations able to form direct chemical bonds with the adjacent bones. Afterwards, by the structural and compositional controls, it became possible to choose whether the CaPO4-based implants would remain biologically stable once incorporated into the skeletal structure or whether they would be resorbed over time. At the turn of the millennium, a new concept of regenerative bioceramics was developed, and such formulations became an integrated part of the tissue engineering approach. Now, CaPO4-based scaffolds are designed to induce bone formation and vascularization. These scaffolds are usually porous and harbor various biomolecules and/or cells. Therefore, current biomedical applications of CaPO4-based bioceramics include artificial bone grafts, bone augmentations, maxillofacial reconstruction, spinal fusion, and periodontal disease repairs, as well as bone fillers after tumor surgery. Prospective future applications comprise drug delivery and tissue engineering purposes because CaPO4 appear to be promising carriers of growth factors, bioactive peptides, and various types of cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Coatings)
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