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Crystals
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Terahertz Metamaterials and Active Modulation
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Terahertz Metamaterials and Active Modulation

A special issue of Crystals (ISSN 2073-4352). This special issue belongs to the section "Inorganic Crystalline Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 December 2022) | Viewed by 16754

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Yifei Zhang

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Guest Editor
School of Integrated Circuits, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Interests: novel 3D integrated circuits; active metasurfaces; smart systems at terahertz frequencies
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Yanpeng Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of microelectronics, Shandong University, 250101 Jinan, China
Interests: terahertz metamaterials; terahertz devices; terahertz sensing
Dr. Haotian Ling

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
QiLu Aerospace Information Research Institute, Jinan 250132, China
Interests: active metasurfaces; terahertz devices; terahertz sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Emerging as the sixth-generation communication technologies, terahertz (THz) frequencies from 100 GHz to 10 THz have gained great interest over the world. Metamaterials (MTMs) are artificial composite materials with arrays of subwavelength “meta-atoms”, which can unnaturally manipulate the amplitude, frequency, phase, and polarization of THz waves. Recently, THz MTMs have become a focus of active research in many fields, such as communication, radar, imaging, and biosensing. Typically, the optical properties of MTMs are consolidated post fabrication. Active stimuli have been investigated to dynamically control the optical properties of THz MTMs and enable advances in wireless applications. This Special Issue will present a collection of frontier studies, technologies, reviews, and perspectives on this rapidly evolving area and aims to address the key challenges and requirements across a broad range of THz MTMs and their active modulations. 

Dr. Yifei Zhang
Dr. Yanpeng Shi
Dr. Haotian Ling
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Terahertz metamaterials
  • Surface plasmon
  • Active modulation
  • Graphene metamaterials
  • Metamaterials for biosensing
  • Flexible metamaterials
  • Terahertz metamaterial applications.

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 2494 KiB  
Article
Terahertz Electromagnetically Induced Transparency with Electric-Field-Coupled Inductor-Capacitor Resonators on LCP Substrate
by Haotian Ling, Zhaolin Li, Ke Li, Ruiqi Zhao, Pengfei Ma, Yongping Zhou, Jingxuan Li, Xiaoyu Xu, Yevhen Yashchyshyn, Xudong Zou and Yifei Zhang
Crystals 2023, 13(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020283 - 7 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1887
Abstract
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) metamaterials (MTMs) based on the bright-dark mode theory have gained great interest in slow light, sensing, and energy storage in recent years. Typically, various split ring resonators with magnetic response have been proposed as dark resonators in EIT MTMs. [...] Read more.
Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) metamaterials (MTMs) based on the bright-dark mode theory have gained great interest in slow light, sensing, and energy storage in recent years. Typically, various split ring resonators with magnetic response have been proposed as dark resonators in EIT MTMs. Here, we have employed a cut-wire (CW) and two electric-field-coupled inductor-capacitor (ELC) resonators with a pure electrical response on a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate with a low loss tangent to fulfill the EIT effect in the terahertz (THz) region. The former works as the bright mode, and the latter functions as the dark mode. The EIT phenomenon results from the destructive interference between these two modes, which can be verified by numerical simulation and near field distribution. In addition, a Lorentz oscillator model was studied to quantitatively analyze the relationship between the coupling strength and the coupling distance. As a demonstration, an EIT MTM device with 5000 units was fabricated and characterized, which showed a transmission window with a peak value of 0.75 at 0.414 THz. This work may inspire new multifunctional EIT MTMs, especially the flexible applications at THz frequencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Metamaterials and Active Modulation)
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8 pages, 1433 KiB  
Article
Terahertz Refractive Index Sensor Based on Enhanced Extraordinary Optical Transmission
by Kaixiang Sun, Jiukai Fang, Yanpeng Shi, Shengnan Shi, Shan Zhang, Jinmei Song, Meiping Li, Xiaodong Wang and Fuhua Yang
Crystals 2022, 12(11), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111616 - 11 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4542
Abstract
This paper presents a structure for refractive index sensors in the terahertz (THz) band. The THZ sensor is studied in simulation, utilizing the strong local electromagnetic field intensity produced by the enhanced extraordinary optical transmission. Depending on the different sensing positions of the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a structure for refractive index sensors in the terahertz (THz) band. The THZ sensor is studied in simulation, utilizing the strong local electromagnetic field intensity produced by the enhanced extraordinary optical transmission. Depending on the different sensing positions of the sensor, their sensing basis is also different, such as Mie scattering, surface plasmon polaritons, etc. The sensing sensitivity based on Mie scattering can reach 51.56 GHz/RIU; meanwhile the sensing sensitivity based on surface plasmon polaritons is only 5.13 GHz/RIU. The sensor can also detect the thickness of the analyte, with the lowest detectable height of 0.2 µm. Additionally, we find that the sensitivity can be increased by replacing the silicon particle with the analyte. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Metamaterials and Active Modulation)
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10 pages, 2442 KiB  
Article
Enhanced THz Transmission by Bull’s Eye Structure Integrated with a Concentric Gold Hemisphere
by Mingqi Sun, Yueyang Liu, Yanpeng Shi, Yifei Zhang, Jinmei Song, Meiping Li, Shengnan Shi, Shan Zhang, Xiaodong Wang and Fuhua Yang
Crystals 2022, 12(9), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091210 - 27 Aug 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2525
Abstract
In this work, a hemispheric gold particle is introduced to the conventional bull’s eye structure that enhances extraordinary optical transmission in the terahertz region. Transmission enhancement is a result of the coupling of surface plasmon polaritons generated by periodic grooves and localized surface [...] Read more.
In this work, a hemispheric gold particle is introduced to the conventional bull’s eye structure that enhances extraordinary optical transmission in the terahertz region. Transmission enhancement is a result of the coupling of surface plasmon polaritons generated by periodic grooves and localized surface plasmon resonances generated by the hemisphere particle. The maximum normalized-to-area transmission peak reaches 556 for the hemisphere-in-hole bull’s eye structure, which is significantly higher than conventional bull’s eye structure. Such a transmission property is insensitive to polarization direction. The physical mechanisms are thoroughly analyzed by geometric parameter optimization and electromagnetic simulations. The modified structure can reduce the number of grooves in need, thereby reducing the device area. This novel design can be instructive for future improvement of bull’s eye applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Metamaterials and Active Modulation)
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15 pages, 3396 KiB  
Article
Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum Enabled Strong Terahertz Chiroptical Response in Bilayer Metallic Metasurfaces
by Yaolin Hu, Suxia Xie, Chongjun Bai, Weiwei Shen and Jingcheng Yang
Crystals 2022, 12(8), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081052 - 28 Jul 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3192
Abstract
Bound state in the continuum (BIC) as a novel non-radiating state of light in the continuum of propagating modes has received great attention in photonics. Recently, chiral BICs have been introduced in the terahertz regime. However, strong chiroptical effects of transmitted waves remain [...] Read more.
Bound state in the continuum (BIC) as a novel non-radiating state of light in the continuum of propagating modes has received great attention in photonics. Recently, chiral BICs have been introduced in the terahertz regime. However, strong chiroptical effects of transmitted waves remain challenging to achieve in metallic terahertz metasurfaces, especially for intrinsic chirality at normal incidences. Here, we propose a chiral quasi-BIC by simultaneously breaking the out-of-plane mirror and in-plane C2 rotation symmetries in a bilayer metallic metasurface, in which spin-selective terahertz transmittance is successfully realized. Benefiting from the symmetry-protected nature of our proposed BIC, precise tuning of structural parameters can lead to anticipated chiroptical performance. As a degree of freedom, the rotation angle of the split ring gaps can fully determine the handedness, linewidth, and working frequency with strong circular dichroism. Besides, the sensing performance shows a surrounding refractive index sensitivity of 200 GHz/RIU, which is similar to those of previous works based on terahertz metasurfaces. Taking advantage exclusively of symmetry-protected BICs to realize transmitted terahertz chiroptical response provides fresh insights into the creation of novel BICs, which enables profound advancements in the surging field of novel terahertz devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Metamaterials and Active Modulation)
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Review

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24 pages, 8019 KiB  
Review
Active and Programmable Metasurfaces with Semiconductor Materials and Devices
by Can Cui, Junqing Ma, Kai Chen, Xinjie Wang, Tao Sun, Qingpu Wang, Xijian Zhang and Yifei Zhang
Crystals 2023, 13(2), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020279 - 6 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3585
Abstract
Active metasurfaces provide promising tunabilities to artificial meta−atoms with unnatural optical properties and have found important applications in dynamic cloaking, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, etc. As the development of semiconductor technologies, electrically controlled metasurfaces with semiconductor materials and devices have become the most promising [...] Read more.
Active metasurfaces provide promising tunabilities to artificial meta−atoms with unnatural optical properties and have found important applications in dynamic cloaking, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, etc. As the development of semiconductor technologies, electrically controlled metasurfaces with semiconductor materials and devices have become the most promising candidate for the dynamic and programmable applications due to the large modulation range, compact footprint, pixel−control capability, and small switching time. Here, a technical review of active and programmable metasurfaces is given in terms of semiconductors, which consists of metasurfaces with diodes, transistors, and newly rising semiconductor materials. Physical models, equivalent circuits, recent advances, and development trends are discussed collectively and critically. This review represents a broad introduction for readers just entering this interesting field and provides perspective and depth for those well−established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Terahertz Metamaterials and Active Modulation)
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