Dentistry Journal

Research

11 pages, 2307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Condylar Parameter Assessment Using Cadiax^® 2 and Modjaw^®

by Smaranda Buduru, Sara Hafidi, Oana Almășan, Manuela Manziuc, Manuela Tăut, Rareș Buduru, Vlad-Ionuț Nechita, Andreea Kui, Andreea Chisnoiu and Cecilia Bacali

Dent. J. 2024, 12(11), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12110369 - 19 Nov 2024

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Abstract

Background: The main aim of this research was to assess the reliability of two systems designed specifically for condylar movement recording using condylar slope and Bennett angle information. The objectives were to evaluate the validity of two subsequent null hypotheses: (1) there [...] Read more.

Background: The main aim of this research was to assess the reliability of two systems designed specifically for condylar movement recording using condylar slope and Bennett angle information. The objectives were to evaluate the validity of two subsequent null hypotheses: (1) there is no significant difference between the measurements of condylar slope and Bennett angle taken at T0 (initial) and T1 (after one week) using the same equipment; (2) there is no notable difference in the values of the condylar slope and Bennett angle measurements obtained using Modjaw and Cadiax 2. Methods: An observational, descriptive, and prospective study was conducted with a selected group of 25 individuals (13 females and 12 males) aged between 22 and 27. Results: The results of Cadiax 2 and Modjaw showed excellent measurement repeatability for both parameters, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) above 0.90, indicating excellent reliability between T0 and T1, both at 3 mm and 5 mm of displacement. Modjaw had an overall average value relatively higher than Cadiax 2, even though Modjaw’s condylar slope at 5mm had a significantly lower average value (37.4 ± 6.31) with an interval of 24.5–48.1, which was lower than Cadiax 2 (48.4 ± 10.6) with an interval of 30.5–68.5. Regarding the primary aim, it can be stated that both Modjaw and Cadiax 2 demonstrated excellent repeatability on their own, demonstrating robust reliability since there was no discernible difference between the T0 and T1 measurements. On the contrary, analyses of the two devices’ measured values for the secondary aim showed a considerable difference. Conclusions: Even though each device is reliable on its own, the absolute values that are obtained are different. Technological differences between the systems may account for these variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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9 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy Assessment of EM3D App-Based 3D Facial Scanning Compared to Cone Beam Computed Tomography

by Selene Barone, Alessandro Antonelli, Marianna Salviati, Vincenzo Greco, Francesco Bennardo, Kathrin Becker, Amerigo Giudice and Michele Simeone

Dent. J. 2024, 12(11), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12110342 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 543

Abstract

Background: The use of 3D facial scans is becoming essential for dental practice. However, traditional scanners require labor-intensive procedures and are expensive, making them less accessible in routine clinical practice. In this context, high-performance smartphones and dedicated apps offer a more accessible alternative. [...] Read more.

Background: The use of 3D facial scans is becoming essential for dental practice. However, traditional scanners require labor-intensive procedures and are expensive, making them less accessible in routine clinical practice. In this context, high-performance smartphones and dedicated apps offer a more accessible alternative. This study aims to validate the accuracy of the EM3D app, which utilizes the iPhone’s TrueDepth camera technology, by comparing it to Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Methods: Thirty patients requiring CBCT scans were recruited for the study. Facial scans obtained with the TrueDepth camera of the iPhone 13 Pro in conjunction with EM3D app were automatically superimposed onto the 3D models derived from the CBCTs through the implementation of a deep learning methodology. The approach enabled the automatic identification of fifteen landmarks to perform linear and angular measurements for quantitative assessment. A color map was created to highlight discrepancies between the overlaid meshes, and the overall surface differences between the models were automatically quantified. Results: The overall surface difference between the CBCT and EM3D scans was highly accurate, with a mean discrepancy of 0.387 ± 0.361 mm. The mean discrepancies of most measurements were lower than 1 mm (five out of six; 83.33%) between the groups, with no significant differences (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The combination of the iPhone’s TrueDepth camera and the EM3D app exhibited high accuracy for 3D facial modeling. This makes it a cost-effective alternative to professional scanning systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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10 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct vs. Indirect Digital Implant Impressions: A Time and Cost Analysis

by Manuel António Sampaio-Fernandes, Ricardo Jorge Pinto, Paulo Rocha Almeida, Maria Margarida Sampaio-Fernandes, Duarte Nuno Silva Marques and Maria Helena Figueiral

Dent. J. 2024, 12(11), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12110340 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 725

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the cost and time implications for implant-supported prosthesis comparing three digital impression techniques: digitization with an intraoral scanner, digitization of the conventional impression (without dental casts) and digitization of the stone models. Methods: To assess the time [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the cost and time implications for implant-supported prosthesis comparing three digital impression techniques: digitization with an intraoral scanner, digitization of the conventional impression (without dental casts) and digitization of the stone models. Methods: To assess the time and cost of digital impression techniques on implants, time records on intraoral scans were consulted and three models were created with one, two and six implants to assess extraoral procedures time. Costs were evaluated based on material consumption, time expenditure and operator-related expenses. Time was recorded in three stages: (1) impression-taking, (2) model fabrication and (3) overall workflow completion. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to compare cost and time differences across workflows. Results: Intraoral scanning presented a reduction in chair-side time between 4 and 20% when compared to extraoral techniques. For the three clinical situations evaluated, the intraoral scanning always presented the lowest cost. The extraoral digitization of impressions showed a reduction between 51.9% and 53.6% in laboratory time and between 3.5% and 7.6% in total cost compared to stone models digitization. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that intraoral scanning is a more cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to traditional impression methods, providing advantages in terms of reduced material use and shorter procedural durations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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13 pages, 3252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Analysis of Closest Speaking Space in Dentates—Method Proposal and Preliminary Findings

by Cristina Teodora Preoteasa, Karla Alexandra Duță, Bogdan Florin Tudose, Cătalina Murariu-Măgureanu and Elena Preoteasa

Dent. J. 2024, 12(11), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12110336 - 22 Oct 2024

Viewed by 634

Abstract

Aims: The aim of this study is to identify methods for the digital analysis of the closest speaking space in dentates and to assess certain particularities using digital analysis. Method: For the adult patients included in this study, traditional dental casts were fabricated, [...] Read more.

Aims: The aim of this study is to identify methods for the digital analysis of the closest speaking space in dentates and to assess certain particularities using digital analysis. Method: For the adult patients included in this study, traditional dental casts were fabricated, and interocclusal registrations of the maximal intercuspal position and of the closest speaking space were taken using polyvinyl siloxane. Dental casts in both positions were scanned using a dental laboratory scanner, and digital analysis was conducted using the 3Shape 3D Viewer. Results: The interocclusal distance corresponding to the closest speaking space can be easily and precisely measured digitally or assessed using occlusion maps, at the level of all teeth. The interocclusal distance was variable across the dental arch, central incisors, and second molars, registering the smallest values, and was asymmetrical, with mandibular lateral deviation being suggested. The assessment of the range of motion of the mandible during the speaking test, recorded based on tooth movement, was conducted using superimpositions. The movement of the tooth was the largest in central incisors and decreased progressively as the tooth was more distal, and, in all cases, mandibular deviation occurred, more frequently to the left. Conclusions: Digital methods for the analysis of the closest speaking space have the advantages of increased precision and a broader range of analysis and application, showing research and clinical value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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17 pages, 1394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of IOS Scanning Accuracy on Additively Manufactured Occlusal Splints

by Eduardo Anitua, Asier Lazcano, Asier Eguia and Mohammad Hamdan Alkhraisat

Dent. J. 2024, 12(10), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12100298 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1274

Abstract

Introduction: Digital workflow and intraoral scanners (IOSs) are used to clinically obtain data for a wide range of applications in restorative dentistry. The study aimed to compare two different IOSs with inexperienced users in the digital workflow of oral split manufacturing. Material and [...] Read more.

Introduction: Digital workflow and intraoral scanners (IOSs) are used to clinically obtain data for a wide range of applications in restorative dentistry. The study aimed to compare two different IOSs with inexperienced users in the digital workflow of oral split manufacturing. Material and Methods: Anonymous stone models of upper and lower dentate patients were used. Both models were scanned with a desktop 3D scanner 3Shape D2000 to obtain the reference models (STL_R). Ten inexperienced operators scanned each model three times with each IOS system (3Shape TRIOS 3 and Carestream CS 3800). Finally, 20 intraoral scanners were randomly chosen from the obtained dataset (10 per IOS system) to design and manufacture 20 nightguards. All the nightguards were scanned. Trueness and precision were calculated and compared between the two IOS systems. Results: All the mean errors both for trueness and precision were below 40 µm, more than acceptable for the design and manufacturing of intraoral devices such as nightguards. All the mean errors (except one) for trueness between the inner part of the nightguards and the upper control model were below 100 µm, less than a printed layer height. For inexperienced operators, both IOSs are suitable for a digital workflow of manufacturing occlusal splints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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16 pages, 3692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of the CALM^® Algorithm in Reducing Motion-Induced Artifacts in CBCT Imaging: A Fractal Dimension Analysis of Trabecular Bone

by Yahia H. Khubrani, Hassem Geha, Rujuta A. Katkar, Taraneh Maghsoodi-Zahedi, William Moore and Ahmed Z. Abdelkarim

Dent. J. 2024, 12(8), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12080262 - 19 Aug 2024

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Objective: The primary goal of this investigation was to ascertain the efficacy of the CALM^® motion artifact reduction algorithm in diminishing motion-induced blurriness in Cone Beam Computed Tomography [CBCT] images. The assessment was conducted through Fractal Dimension [FD] analysis of the trabecular [...] Read more.

Objective: The primary goal of this investigation was to ascertain the efficacy of the CALM^® motion artifact reduction algorithm in diminishing motion-induced blurriness in Cone Beam Computed Tomography [CBCT] images. The assessment was conducted through Fractal Dimension [FD] analysis of the trabecular bone. Methods and Materials: A desiccated human mandible was subjected to Planmeca ProMax 3D^® scanning under eight distinct protocols, marked by variations in motion presence [at 5, 10, and 15 degrees] and the deployment of CALM^®. In every scan, five distinct regions of interest [ROIs] were designated for FD analysis, meticulously avoiding tooth roots or cortical bone. The FD was computed employing the box-counting method with Image-J 1.53 software. Results: Our findings reveal that a 5-degree motion does not significantly disrupt FD analysis, while a 10-degree motion and beyond exhibit statistical differences and volatility among the sites and groups. A decreased FD value, signifying a less intricate or “rough” bone structure, correlated with amplified motion blurriness. The utilization of CALM^® software seemed to counteract this effect in some instances, reconciling FD values to those akin to the control groups. Nonetheless, CALM^®’s efficacy differed across sites and motion degrees. Interestingly, at one site, CALM^® application in the absence of motion resulted in FD values considerably higher than all other groups. Conclusion: The study indicates that motion, particularly at 10 degrees or more, can considerably impact the FD analysis of trabecular bone in CBCT images. In some situations, the CALM^® motion artifact reduction algorithm can alleviate this impact, though its effectiveness fluctuates depending on the site and degree of motion. This underscores the necessity of factoring in motion and the employment of artifact reduction algorithms during the interpretation of FD analysis outcomes in CBCT imaging. More research is necessary to refine the application of such algorithms and to comprehend their influence on different sites under varying motion degrees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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10 pages, 2875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implementation of Patient-Individualized 3D-Printed Models in Undergraduate Students’ Education for Various Prosthetic Treatments: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study

by Andrea Klink, Fabian Engelskirchen, Pablo Kaucher-Fernandez, Fabian Huettig and Ariadne Roehler

Dent. J. 2024, 12(7), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070199 - 27 Jun 2024

Viewed by 847

Abstract

Background: Due to rapid changes in dental practice, digital technologies have become prominent in undergraduate dental education at German universities in recent years. This shift has prompted a re-evaluation of content as well as teaching methods, particularly in courses where students are prepared [...] Read more.

Background: Due to rapid changes in dental practice, digital technologies have become prominent in undergraduate dental education at German universities in recent years. This shift has prompted a re-evaluation of content as well as teaching methods, particularly in courses where students are prepared for patient treatment. Traditional training on standardized models with resin teeth cannot cover the complexity of individual dental arch configuration encountered in patient situations. This study explores the use of 3D printing technology to create individualized models for prosthetic treatment simulations, aiming to evaluate students’ feedback towards their experience with this training setting. Methods: First, the study describes the design and fabrication of individualized models with exchangeable teeth based on intraoral scans, mounted on connected plates with distance holders that can be fixed to standard phantom heads. Second, students provided feedback through a questionnaire, assessing various aspects such as the effectiveness of the 3D-printed models compared to traditional frasaco models for preparation exercises. Results: The results indicated that the design of the realized models was feasible for preparation training (question no. 4: 93% positive rating) and showed positive perceptions of the 3D-printed models, with students finding them effective for preparation exercises and beneficial in bridging the gap between simulation and real patient situations (question no. 6: 69% positive rating). Conclusions: The study suggests that 3D printing technology offers a valuable tool in dental education, providing realistic and patient-specific scenarios for students to enhance their skills and readiness for clinical practice. Further improvements in material properties in hand with cost-effective approaches are essential for widespread implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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13 pages, 2428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vacuum Plasma Treatment Device for Enhancing Fibroblast Activity on Machined and Rough Titanium Surfaces

by Luigi Canullo, Tullio Genova, Giorgia Chinigò, Roberta Iacono, Paolo Pesce, Maria Menini and Federico Mussano

Dent. J. 2024, 12(3), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12030071 - 7 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

This study was conducted to compare the effects of an innovative plasma surface treatment device that does not need a gas supply for titanium disks with two different surface topographies: the prototypical machined surface (MAC) and one of the most diffused roughened ones [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of an innovative plasma surface treatment device that does not need a gas supply for titanium disks with two different surface topographies: the prototypical machined surface (MAC) and one of the most diffused roughened ones (SL) obtained through grit blasting and acid etching. A total of 200-MAC and 200-SL titanium disks were used. Each group of disks was divided into four sub-groups of 40 samples each that were subjected to five different tests. Among these, 150-MAC and 150-SL were considered the test group, and they were treated with plasma for 15, 30, and 60 s after being removed from the sterile packaging. On the other hand, 50-MAC and 50-SL were considered the control group, and they were only removed from sterile plastic vials. The samples were analyzed to evaluate the capability of the plasma treatment in influencing protein adsorption, cell adhesion, proliferation, and microbial growth on the test group disks when compared to the untreated disks. Protein adsorption was significantly enhanced after 20 min of plasma treatment for 15 and 30 s on the MAC and SL disks. Plasma treatment for 15 and 30 s significantly increased the level of adhesion in both treated samples after 30 min. Furthermore, the MAC samples showed a significant increase in cell adhesion 4 h after plasma treatment for 15 s. The SEM analysis highlighted that, on the treated samples (especially on the MAC disks), the cells with a polygonal and flat shape prevailed, while the fusiform- and globular-shaped cells were rare. The encouraging results obtained further confirm the effectiveness of plasma treatments on cell adhesion and fibroblast activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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10 pages, 788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Shade-Matching Reproducibility Using an Intraoral Scanner and a Spectrophotometer

by Franciele Floriani, Carlos A. Jurado, Salahaldeen Abuhammoud, Marcos Vargas, Nicholas G. Fischer, Silvia Rojas-Rueda and Guilherme Carpena Lopes

Dent. J. 2024, 12(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12030062 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2161

Abstract

Background: We compared the repeatability of the shade determination of resin composite restorations and acrylic teeth in light and darker shades at baseline and after an aging process through two digital tooth color-matching methods: using a Trios 3Shape intraoral scanner and using a [...] Read more.

Background: We compared the repeatability of the shade determination of resin composite restorations and acrylic teeth in light and darker shades at baseline and after an aging process through two digital tooth color-matching methods: using a Trios 3Shape intraoral scanner and using a Vita Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer. Material and Methods: Forty upper central incisor acrylic teeth in the shade A1 (n = 10) and A3 (n = 10) were randomly assigned to be restored with Filtek Bulk Fill in the shade A1 (n = 10) or A3 (n = 10). Subsequently, 20 Class V cavities were prepared in a standardized manner (mesio-distal = 3.0 mm, cervical–occlusal = 2.0 mm, depth = 1.5 mm). Cavities were restored using an universal adhesive system and resin composite in two increments and were light-cured. The shade difference between the resin composite Class V restorations in acrylic teeth of the A1 and A3 shades was evaluated at baseline and after aging. Aging was simulated using ultraviolet light for 120 h. An Easyshade device and an intraoral scanner were used under D65 illumination. Measurements were taken five times, on top of the restoration and on the acrylic teeth, in a randomized manner. Results: Data analysis was on the calculation of the arithmetic mean for the percentage of repeatability conducted by the Trios scanner and the Easyshade device. There was no statistically significant comparison between the shade measurement devices (p > 0.05). At baseline, the repeatability for both the Trios intraoral scanner and the Vita Easyshade Compact device for artificial teeth in the shades A1 and A3 was 100%. After aging, the trueness recorded by the intraoral scanner and the Easyshade device for artificial teeth in the shade A1 was 80%. For Class V restoration with shade A1, the intraoral scanner recorded 80% trueness and the Easyshade device recorded 60% trueness at baseline. For shade A3, the intraoral scanner recorded 60% trueness and the Easyshade device recorded 60% trueness. Conclusions: The intraoral scanner and Easyshade device are reliable for baseline shade selection, but their accuracy decreases after aging, particularly for darker shades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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10 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SEM Evaluation of the Marginal Gap of Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate Full Crowns and the Effect of Post Crystallization: An In Vitro Study

by Asaf Shely, Diva Lugassy, Maxim Anufriev, Joseph Nissan, Olisya Rauchwerger and Gil Ben-Izhack

Dent. J. 2024, 12(3), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12030061 - 4 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

Background: This study compared the influence of crystallization on marginal gap adaptation by using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) for producing monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic crowns. Methods: A total of 25 plastic teeth were scanned using a Primescan intra-oral scanner (IOS), [...] Read more.

Background: This study compared the influence of crystallization on marginal gap adaptation by using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) for producing monolithic zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) ceramic crowns. Methods: A total of 25 plastic teeth were scanned using a Primescan intra-oral scanner (IOS), and ZLS crowns were ground. For each unit (abutment and crown), the marginal gap was evaluated pre crystallization and post crystallization at four regions of interest through the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). To compare the marginal gap between the two groups, a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test performed on the study variables indicated a normal distribution (p > 0.05) followed by paired samples T-tests (α = 0.0005). Results: After crystallization, there were significantly higher circumferential marginal gaps (CMGs) for all four surfaces (distal (p = 0.0005), mesial (p = 0.0005), palatal (p = 0.0005), and buccal (p = 0.0005)). The total mean marginal gap (MMG) revealed a significantly higher result for the post-crystallization group (79.82 ± 7.86 μm) compared to the pre-crystallization group (24.25 ± 5.49 μm). Conclusions: The post-crystallization group showed a significantly higher marginal gap compared to the pre-crystallization group in all parameters, but both groups were in the clinically accepted threshold (<120 microns). In terms of the marginal gap, it is arguable whether to carry out post-crystallization for CELTRA^® DUO crowns and achieve better mechanical properties but significantly increase the marginal gap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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13 pages, 2635 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Remodelling of Connectors in Fixed Partial Dentures

by Hassen Jemaa, Michael Eisenburger and Andreas Greuling

Dent. J. 2023, 11(11), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11110252 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2458

Abstract

In this study, an approach for automated parametric remodelling of the connector cross-sectional area in a CAD model of a given fixed partial denture (FPD) geometry was developed and then applied to a 4-unit FPD. The remodelling algorithm was implemented using Rhinoceros and [...] Read more.

In this study, an approach for automated parametric remodelling of the connector cross-sectional area in a CAD model of a given fixed partial denture (FPD) geometry was developed and then applied to a 4-unit FPD. The remodelling algorithm was implemented using Rhinoceros and the Grasshopper plugin. The generated CAD models were used to perform a finite element analysis with Ansys to analyse the stress distribution in an implant-supported 4-unit FPD for different connector designs. The results showed that the type of connector adjustment matters and that the resulting stress can be significantly different even for connectors with the same cross-sectional area. For tensile stresses, a reduction in the connector cross-sectional area from the gingival side showed the highest influence on each connector type. It can be concluded that the developed algorithm is suitable for automatic connector detection and adjustment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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13 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis between 3D-Printed Models Designed with Generic and Dental-Specific Software

by Cristian Abad-Coronel, Doménica Patricia Pazán, Lorena Hidalgo and Jaime Larriva Loyola

Dent. J. 2023, 11(9), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11090216 - 14 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2481

Abstract

With the great demand in the market for new dental software, the need has been seen to carry out a precision study for applications in digital dentistry, for which there is no comparative study, and there is a general ignorance regarding their applications. [...] Read more.

With the great demand in the market for new dental software, the need has been seen to carry out a precision study for applications in digital dentistry, for which there is no comparative study, and there is a general ignorance regarding their applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy differences between digital impressions obtained using generic G-CAD (general CAD) and D-CAD (CAD dental) software. Today, there is a difference between the design software used in dentistry and these in common use. Thus, it is necessary to make a comparison of precision software for specific and generic dental use. We hypothesized that there is no significant difference between the software for specific and general dental use. Methods: A typodont was digitized with an intraoral scanner and the models obtained were exported in STL format to four different softwares (Autodesk MeshMixer 3.5, Exocad Dental, Blender for dental, and InLAB). The STL files obtained by each software were materialized using a 3D printer. The printed models were scanned and exported in STL files, with which six pairs of groups were formed. The groups were compared using analysis software (3D Geomagic Control X) by superimposing them in the initial alignment order and using the best fit method. Results: There were no significant differences between the four analyzed software types; however, group 4, composed of the combination of D-CAD (Blender–InLAB), obtained the highest average (−0.0324 SD = 0.0456), with a higher accuracy compared to the group with the lowest average (group 5, composed of the combination of the Meshmixer and Blender models), a generic software and a specific software (0.1024 SD = 0.0819). Conclusion: Although no evidence of significant difference was found regarding the accuracy of 3D models produced by G-CAD and D-CAD, combinations of groups where specific dental design software was present showed higher accuracy (precision and trueness). The comparison of the 3D graphics obtained with the superimposition of the digital meshes of the printed models performed with the help of the analysis software using the best fit method, replicating the same five reference points for the six groups formed, evidenced a greater tolerance in the groups using D-CAD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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12 pages, 2288 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Clinical Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance, Ion Release, and Biocompatibility of CoCr Alloy for Metal-Ceramic Restorations Produced by CAD/CAM Technologies

by Zlatina Tomova, Angelina Vlahova, Stefan Zlatev, Ilyana Stoeva, Desislav Tomov, Delyana Davcheva and Viktor Hadzhigaev

Dent. J. 2023, 11(7), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11070166 - 7 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1896

Abstract

Background. CAD/CAM technologies facilitate using powder CoCr alloys to produce metal-ceramic dental restorations. However, base alloys may induce oxidative stress in the oral cavity due to corrosion and ion release. This study evaluated resistance to corrosion and release of metal ions from 3D [...] Read more.

Background. CAD/CAM technologies facilitate using powder CoCr alloys to produce metal-ceramic dental restorations. However, base alloys may induce oxidative stress in the oral cavity due to corrosion and ion release. This study evaluated resistance to corrosion and release of metal ions from 3D printed CoCr dental alloy and their effect on oral oxidative stress. Methods. Metal-ceramic crowns with 3D printed copings from CoCr alloy EOS CobaltChrome SP2 (EOS, Germany) were fabricated for 35 patients. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for measuring the concentration of Co and Cr ions in non-stimulated saliva before prosthetic treatment (BPT), at 2 h and 7 days after the dental treatment (APT2, APT7, respectively). Open circuit potentials (Eocp) were evaluated at APT2 and APT7. Estimating oral oxidative stress, measurements of 8-isoprostaglandin F2-alpha were conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at stages BPT, APT2, and APT7. Results. Salivary Co level increased at APT2 and decreased to the initial levels at APT7. No statistical difference was found between the levels of 8-isoPGF2-alpha measured, and between the Eocp measurements at APT2 and APT7. Conclusions. The studied alloy showed stable corrosion resistance and the metal ion release did not induce oral oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

15 pages, 1544 KiB

Open AccessReview

Materials and Applications of 3D Printing Technology in Dentistry: An Overview

by Min Jeong, Kyle Radomski, Diana Lopez, Jack T. Liu, Jason D. Lee and Sang J. Lee

Dent. J. 2024, 12(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12010001 - 19 Dec 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9275

Abstract

Purpose. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of 3D printing, the dental materials relevant to each mechanism, and the possible applications of these materials within different areas of dentistry. Methods. Subtopics within 3D printing technology in dentistry were [...] Read more.

Purpose. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms of 3D printing, the dental materials relevant to each mechanism, and the possible applications of these materials within different areas of dentistry. Methods. Subtopics within 3D printing technology in dentistry were identified and divided among five reviewers. Electronic searches of the Medline (PubMed) database were performed with the following search keywords: 3D printing, digital light processing, stereolithography, digital dentistry, dental materials, and a combination of the keywords. For this review, only studies or review papers investigating 3D printing technology for dental or medical applications were included. Due to the nature of this review, no formal evidence-based quality assessment was performed, and the search was limited to the English language without further restrictions. Results. A total of 64 articles were included. The significant applications, applied materials, limitations, and future directions of 3D printing technology were reviewed. Subtopics include the chronological evolution of 3D printing technology, the mechanisms of 3D printing technologies along with different printable materials with unique biomechanical properties, and the wide range of applications for 3D printing in dentistry. Conclusions: This review article gives an overview of the history and evolution of 3D printing technology, as well as its associated advantages and disadvantages. Current 3D printing technologies include stereolithography, digital light processing, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering/melting, photopolymer jetting, powder binder, and 3D laser bioprinting. The main categories of 3D printing materials are polymers, metals, and ceramics. Despite limitations in printing accuracy and quality, 3D printing technology is now able to offer us a wide variety of potential applications in different fields of dentistry, including prosthodontics, implantology, oral and maxillofacial, orthodontics, endodontics, and periodontics. Understanding the existing spectrum of 3D printing applications in dentistry will serve to further expand its use in the dental field. Three-dimensional printing technology has brought about a paradigm shift in the delivery of clinical care in medicine and dentistry. The clinical use of 3D printing has created versatile applications which streamline our digital workflow. Technological advancements have also paved the way for the integration of new dental materials into dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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15 pages, 889 KiB

Open AccessReview

Use of Digital Diagnostic Aids for Initial Caries Detection: A Review

by Emma Kay Chan, Yuet Ying Wah, Walter Yu-Hang Lam, Chun-Hung Chu and Ollie Yiru Yu

Dent. J. 2023, 11(10), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11100232 - 28 Sep 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5303

Abstract

The advance in digital diagnostic technologies has significantly facilitated the detection of dental caries. Despite the increase in clinically available digital diagnostic aids for dental caries, there is yet to be a comprehensive summary of all available technology. This review aims to provide [...] Read more.

The advance in digital diagnostic technologies has significantly facilitated the detection of dental caries. Despite the increase in clinically available digital diagnostic aids for dental caries, there is yet to be a comprehensive summary of all available technology. This review aims to provide an overview of digital diagnostic aids for the clinical detection of dental caries, particularly those at an initial stage. Currently available digital diagnostic aids for caries detection can be classified into four categories according to the initial source of energy, including radiation-based aids, light-based aids, ultrasound-based aids, and electric-based aids. Radiation-based aids use ionizing radiation, normally X-ray, to produce images of dental structures. Radiation-based aids encompass digital bitewing radiography and cone beam computed tomography. Light-based aids employ light or laser to induce signals for the detection of the changes in the carious dental hard tissue. Common light-based aids include digital transillumination and light/laser-induced fluorescence. Ultrasound-based aids detect the signal of ultrasound waves to assess the acoustic impedance of the carious teeth. The ultrasound caries detector is an available ultrasound-based aid. Electric-based aids assess the changes in the electric current conductance or impedance of the teeth with caries. Available electric-based aids include electrical conductance measurement and alternating current impedance spectroscopy. Except for these clinically available digital diagnostic aids, many digital diagnostic aids for caries detection are still under development with promising results in laboratory settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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14 pages, 5876 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Combining Orthodontic and Restorative Care with Novel Workflows

by Francisco Garcia-Torres, Carlos A. Jurado, Silvia Rojas-Rueda, Susana Sanchez-Vazquez, Franciele Floriani, Nicholas G. Fischer and Akimasa Tsujimoto

Dent. J. 2024, 12(7), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj12070218 - 15 Jul 2024

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Abstract

This report describes multidisciplinary care combining orthodontics and restorative dentistry for a patient with Class II occlusion and stained mandibular and maxillary resin composite veneers. The orthodontic treatment improved severe overjet and malocclusion prior to restorative care. Occlusal assessment was provided with a [...] Read more.

This report describes multidisciplinary care combining orthodontics and restorative dentistry for a patient with Class II occlusion and stained mandibular and maxillary resin composite veneers. The orthodontic treatment improved severe overjet and malocclusion prior to restorative care. Occlusal assessment was provided with a novel digital device (PlaneSystem, Zirkonzahn) that is integrated with digital workflows for the evaluation of the occlusal plane and condylar path inclination. Diagnostic digital impressions and digital wax-up for intraoral mock-ups led to the patient’s treatment acceptance. Minimally invasive tooth preparation, final digital impressions, and bonding under dental dam isolation fulfilled the patient’s esthetic and functional demands with all-ceramic restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Digital Dentistry)

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