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Diagnostics
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What's New in Retinal Imaging?
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What's New in Retinal Imaging?

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomedical Optics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2024) | Viewed by 8289

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Rui Hua

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Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
Interests: the interpretation of fundus multi-modal imaging; choroidal disease; anti-VEGF and laser therapy; genetic diagnosis of retinal disease and AI in ophthalmology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Feng Wen

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
Interests: age-related macular degeneration; polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy; punctate inner choroidopathy; fundus multi-modal imaging
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Meixia Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
Interests: vtreoretinal disease; macular disease; fundus fluorescein angiography; retinal laser photocoagulation therapy; retinal disease research
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Multi-modal imaging techniques, based on lights and shadows, are beneficial for us to accurately diagnose and dynamically monitor eye diseases. Recently, more innovative retinal imaging approaches have been introduced into clinical practice. Generally, these approaches can be divided into two subtypes: structural and functional imaging. Retinal structural imaging usually refers to OCT/OCTA, dye angiography, stereoscopic/wide-field/super-resolution/multispectral/retro mode imaging, adaptive optics, etc. Retinal functional imaging usually includes multi-wavelength autofluorescence and fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, used to investigate the metabolism of RPE, in multispectral imaging, and to detect the blood oxygen saturation in retinal vasculature. Moreover, the modified applications of traditional imaging approaches improve our understanding of retinal diseases. For example, based on FA, we developed red free angiography to reveal more details in retina, and some specific retinal lesions can also be imaged better by ICGA compared with FA. Moreover, the modified enhanced vitreous imaging modality of spectral domain OCT can provide comparable pictures with swept source OCT. In addition, some retinal imaging techniques are still in the preclinical or laboratory phase, for example, polarization sensitivity OCT, which is also promising in the diagnosis of retinal diseases. Finally, AI deep learning is developing gradually in the area of retinal imaging, although there are still potential challenges.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to investigate the latest advances in retinal imaging including the application of new instruments, modification of traditional imaging approaches, new ideas on imaging analysis, optical markers, and AI algorithms that can reflect the pathogenesis of retinal diseases accurately to improve clinical decisions.

Prof. Dr. Rui Hua
Prof. Dr. Feng Wen
Prof. Dr. Meixia Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • optical coherence tomography
  • optical coherence tomography angiography
  • dye angiography
  • autofluorescence
  • stereoscopic/wide-field/super-resolution/multispectral/retro mode imaging
  • adaptive optics
  • AI in retinal imaging
  • image analysis
  • retina
  • optic nerve head

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

11 pages, 37833 KiB  
Editorial
The Latest Updates in Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
by Fan Xia and Rui Hua
Diagnostics 2024, 14(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14010047 - 25 Dec 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2349
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a revolutionary imaging technology in the field of ophthalmic medical imaging [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue What's New in Retinal Imaging?)
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Research

Jump to: Editorial

14 pages, 3897 KiB  
Article
Artificial Intelligence in Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) Data Analysis—Toward Retinal Metabolic Diagnostics
by Natalie Thiemann, Svenja Rebecca Sonntag, Marie Kreikenbohm, Giulia Böhmerle, Jessica Stagge, Salvatore Grisanti, Thomas Martinetz and Yoko Miura
Diagnostics 2024, 14(4), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040431 - 16 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1500
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of implementing an artificial intelligence (AI) approach for the analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) data even with small data. FLIO data, including the fluorescence intensity and mean fluorescence lifetime (τm) of [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of implementing an artificial intelligence (AI) approach for the analysis of fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) data even with small data. FLIO data, including the fluorescence intensity and mean fluorescence lifetime (τm) of two spectral channels, as well as OCT-A data from 26 non-smokers and 28 smokers without systemic and ocular diseases were used. The analysis was performed with support vector machines (SVMs), a well-known AI method for small datasets, and compared with the results of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and autoencoder networks. The SVM was the only tested AI method, which was able to distinguish τm between non-smokers and heavy smokers. The accuracy was about 80%. OCT-A data did not show significant differences. The feasibility and usefulness of the AI in analyzing FLIO and OCT-A data without any apparent retinal diseases were demonstrated. Although further studies with larger datasets are necessary to validate the results, the results greatly suggest that AI could be useful in analyzing FLIO-data even from healthy subjects without retinal disease and even with small datasets. AI-assisted FLIO is expected to greatly advance early retinal diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue What's New in Retinal Imaging?)
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15 pages, 4623 KiB  
Article
Distinctive Imaging Characteristics of Retinal and Cerebral Vessels between Central and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion by MRI and AI-Based Image Analyzer
by Qiyun Wang, Ting Li, Xinyuan Zhang, Yiyun Zeng, Yang Yang, Yun Zhou, Xinming Gu, Xiaobin Xie and Saiguang Ling
Diagnostics 2024, 14(3), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14030267 - 26 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1404
Abstract
Retinal vessels have been good predictive and prognostic imaging biomarkers for systemic or eye diseases. Numerous studies have shown that the two retinal vein occlusion entities may correlate with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events or primary open-angle glaucoma. This study aims to investigate if [...] Read more.
Retinal vessels have been good predictive and prognostic imaging biomarkers for systemic or eye diseases. Numerous studies have shown that the two retinal vein occlusion entities may correlate with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events or primary open-angle glaucoma. This study aims to investigate if there is a disparity in the correlations between branch RVO (BRVO) and central RVO (CRVO) with systemic disorders or POAG, thus explaining the pathogenic difference between BRVO and CRVO. This retrospective case-control study enrolled 59 RVO subjects (118 eyes), including 25 CRVO and 34 BRVO subjects, who received routine eye and brain MRI examinations. The geometric characteristics of the caliber of the retinal and cerebral blood vessels and the optic nerve subarachnoid space width (ONSASW) were measured. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that ONSASW at 3 mm behind the globe (p = 0.044) and the relative retinal venular calibers (p = 0.031) were independent risk factors for the CRVO-affected eyes group in comparison with the BRVO-affected eyes group after adjusting for age, duration of hypertension, BMI, and IOP. In the CRVO-affected eyes, narrower relative retinal arteriolar calibers (p = 0.041) and wider relative venular calibers (p = 0.011) were independent risk factors compared with the CRVO-contralateral normal eyes when adjusting for IOP. We concluded that BRVO may be more associated with cerebrovascular diseases, and CRVO may be correlated with primary angle glaucoma. The geometric characteristics difference between the retinal and cerebrovascular may explain the pathological difference between CRVO and BRVO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue What's New in Retinal Imaging?)
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13 pages, 39941 KiB  
Article
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy after SARS-CoV-2 Infection: An Analysis of Clinical and Multimodal Imaging Characteristics
by Jiyang Tang, Siying Li, Zongyi Wang, Ye Tao, Linqi Zhang, Hong Yin, Heng Miao, Yaoyao Sun and Jinfeng Qu
Diagnostics 2023, 13(24), 3600; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13243600 - 5 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1341
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to analyze clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) post-recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods: Retrospective observational study. Medical records and multimodal imaging of 12 AMN eyes of eight patients (six female [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to analyze clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics of acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) post-recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Methods: Retrospective observational study. Medical records and multimodal imaging of 12 AMN eyes of eight patients (six female and two male) with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Four patients (50%) presented with bilateral AMN. Fundus ophthalmoscopy revealed a reddish-brown lesion around the macula, and two eyes had cotton-wool spots at the posterior pole. Three eyes showed mild hypo-autofluorescence. All FFA images (7 eyes) showed no abnormal signs. On OCT scans, all eyes showed outer nuclear layer (ONL) thinning, 8 eyes (66.7%) showed ONL hyperreflectivity, 5 eyes (41.7%) showed outer plexiform layer (OPL) hyperreflectivity, 8 eyes (66.7%) showed interdigitation zone (IZ) disruption, 11 eyes (91.6%) showed ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, 2 eyes (16.7%) showed cotton-wool spots and inner plexiform layer (IPL) hyperreflectivity, 1 eye (8.3%) had intraretinal cyst and 1 eye (8.3%) had inner nuclear layer (INL) thinning. Persistent scotoma, ONL hyperreflectivity and IZ/EZ disruption as well as recovery of OPL hyperreflectivity were reported after follow-up in three cases. Conclusions: AMN post-SARS-CoV-2 mostly affected young females and could present unilaterally or bilaterally. Dark lesions on IR reflectance and outer retinal hyperreflectivity on OCT are useful in diagnosing AMN. OPL/ONL hyperreflectivity on OCT could disappear after follow-up, but ONL thinning and IZ/EZ could persist. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue What's New in Retinal Imaging?)
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11 pages, 1887 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing Visual Acuity in Patients with Active Subfoveal Circumscribed Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy and Changes in Imaging Parameters
by Fan Xia, Peiyu Xing, Hao Zhang, Tongtong Niu, Qi Wang and Rui Hua
Diagnostics 2023, 13(18), 3017; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13183017 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1011
Abstract
We performed a retrospective, observational study of 51 eyes in 51 treatment-naïve patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), whose lesion ranged within the 6 × 6 mm scope of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The patients were divided into an ill-defined group and [...] Read more.
We performed a retrospective, observational study of 51 eyes in 51 treatment-naïve patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), whose lesion ranged within the 6 × 6 mm scope of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The patients were divided into an ill-defined group and a well-defined group based on the pattern of branching vascular network (BVN) on OCTA. BVN morphology was not related to baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). However, the BCVA in the ill-defined BVN group (−0.18 [interquartile range: −0.40 to 0.00]) was significantly improved after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, compared with that (0.00 [interquartile range: −0.18 to 0.00]) in the well-defined group (z = 2.143, p = 0.032). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, fewer injections, and the presence of polypoidal lesions on OCTA images at baseline predicted a poor prognosis in patients with polypoidal lesions on OCTA images after anti-VEGF therapy (all p < 0.05). Finally, BCVA at baseline and the number of injections were protective factors for BCVA after anti-VEGF therapy (all p < 0.05). In contrast, a history of hypertension and macular edema at baseline were risk factors for BCVA after anti-VEGF injections (all p < 0.05). Our results revealed the visual and morphological prognosis of patients with active subfoveal circumscribed PCV after anti-VEGF therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue What's New in Retinal Imaging?)
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