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Diversity
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Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos
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Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos

A special issue of Diversity (ISSN 1424-2818). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Diversity".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2024) | Viewed by 22009

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Renato Mamede

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biology & CESAM & ECOMARE, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: ecology; biodiversity; biogeography; benthic communities; habitat mapping and modeling; species distribution modeling; remote sensing of benthic habitats; elemental fingerprints of seafood; fatty acid profiles of seafood
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The marine realm is a large reservoir of biodiversity with most species still waiting to be discovered. Ocean bottoms cover approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface, and from the illuminated seabed of coastal shallow waters to the abyssal plains where no sunlight can reach, they provide a wide range of key ecosystem services. Therefore, in the present context of global warming and other anthropogenic and natural threats (e.g., Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing; invasive species), the implementation of ecosystem-based approaches toward the conservation and management of the marine benthos is paramount. For this, our knowledge about the ecology and biogeography of these ecosystems must be expanded.

Hence, this Special Issue focuses on the study of benthic ecosystems. We invite the submission of papers that contribute new scientific knowledge on the ecology of benthic organisms from different marine taxa. Additionally, studies focusing on the biogeography of marine benthos, the discovery of new species, and reports of invasive species with predictable impacts on benthic ecosystems are welcome.

Dr. Renato Mamede
Guest Editor

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diversity is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2100 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • marine taxa
  • benthic communities
  • benthic habitats
  • benthic ecology
  • conservation and management of ecosystems
  • biodiversity
  • species distribution modeling
  • habitat mapping
  • trophic interactions
  • effects of anthropogenic pressures
  • effects of climatic change
  • invasive species

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 181 KiB  
Editorial
Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos
by Renato Mamede
Diversity 2024, 16(8), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080502 - 19 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1041
Abstract
The ocean floor, which spans approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface, stretches from sunlit shallow waters to the profound depths of ocean trenches around 11,000 m deep, encompassing regions from the polar ice to tropical seas [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Other

25 pages, 6489 KiB  
Article
Spatio-Temporal Structure of Two Seaweeds Communities in Campeche, Mexico
by Cynthia Mariana Hernández-Casas, Ángela Catalina Mendoza-González, Deisy Yazmín García-López and Luz Elena Mateo-Cid
Diversity 2024, 16(6), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16060344 - 14 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 900
Abstract
Macroalgae populations are influenced by various factors that define their spatial and temporal distribution in different habitats and regions. In Mexico, studies addressing the abundance and diversity of macroalgae communities related to environmental factors are scarce. The objective is to determine the spatio-temporal [...] Read more.
Macroalgae populations are influenced by various factors that define their spatial and temporal distribution in different habitats and regions. In Mexico, studies addressing the abundance and diversity of macroalgae communities related to environmental factors are scarce. The objective is to determine the spatio-temporal variation of the structure of the community of seaweeds in Xpicob and Villamar, Campeche, during three climatic seasons. Sampling took place during each season using transects and quadrants; additionally, the type of substrate, water temperature, transparency, depth, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, were recorded. The total richness was 74 taxa, corresponding to three classes: Phaeophyceae (3), Florideophyceae (36), and Ulvophyceae (35). Filamentous algae dominate in species richness in the intertidal zone at low depths, while fleshy and calcareous algae predominate in number and biomass in the subtidal zone at higher depths (60–200 cm). Twenty-eight species were common to both sites; meanwhile, 46 taxa were exclusive of specific sites, including 13 found exclusively in Xpicob and 33 in Villamar. The most favorable climatic season for the macroalgae located in Xpicob was the winter rain. For the macroalgae community in Villamar, the most favorable climatic season was the dry. These differences are likely attributed to the predominant environmental and physicochemical characteristics of each site. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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10 pages, 5988 KiB  
Communication
Benthic Biodiversity by Baited Camera Observations on the Cosmonaut Sea Shelf of East Antarctica
by Jianfeng Mou, Xuebao He, Kun Liu, Yaqin Huang, Shuyi Zhang, Yongcan Zu, Yanan Liu, Shunan Cao, Musheng Lan, Xing Miao, Heshan Lin and Wenhua Liu
Diversity 2024, 16(5), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16050277 - 6 May 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1080
Abstract
A free-fall baited camera lander was launched for the first time on the Cosmonaut Sea shelf of East Antarctica at a depth of 694 m during the 38th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) in 2022. We identified 31 unique taxa (23 were [...] Read more.
A free-fall baited camera lander was launched for the first time on the Cosmonaut Sea shelf of East Antarctica at a depth of 694 m during the 38th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) in 2022. We identified 31 unique taxa (23 were invertebrates and eight were fish) belonging to eight phyla from 2403 pictures and 40 videos. The Antarctic jonasfish (Notolepis coatsi) was the most frequently observed fish taxa. Ten species of vulnerable marine ecosystem (VME) taxa were observed, accounting for 32% of all species. The maximum number (MaxN) of Natatolana meridionalis individuals per image frame was ten, and they were attracted to the bait. The macrobenthic community type were sessile suspension feeders with associated fauna (SSFA), which was shaped by the muddy substrata with scattered rocks. Rocks served as the best habitats for sessile fauna. The study reveals the megafauna community and their habitat by image survey in the Cosmonaut Sea for the first time. It helped us obtain Antarctic biodiversity baselines and monitoring data for future ecosystem health assessment and better protection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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14 pages, 3195 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Variations in Invertebrates Sheltered among Corallina officinalis (Plantae, Rodophyta) Turfs along the Southern Istrian Coast (Croatia, Adriatic Sea)
by Moira Buršić, Andrej Jaklin, Milvana Arko Pijevac, Branka Bruvo Mađarić, Lucija Neal, Emina Pustijanac, Petra Burić, Neven Iveša, Paolo Paliaga and Ljiljana Iveša
Diversity 2023, 15(10), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101099 - 22 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1368
Abstract
Available research on invertebrates in Corallina officinalis settlements shows a high level of biodiversity due to a complex habitat structure. Our aim was to examine seasonal changes in the invertebrate population, considering the algae’s growth patterns. Nine locations with over 90% algal coverage [...] Read more.
Available research on invertebrates in Corallina officinalis settlements shows a high level of biodiversity due to a complex habitat structure. Our aim was to examine seasonal changes in the invertebrate population, considering the algae’s growth patterns. Nine locations with over 90% algal coverage were selected in southern Istria, where quantitative sampling was performed using six replicates of 5 × 5 cm quadrats in each location. Results showed that 29,711 invertebrates were found during winter (maximum algae growth) and 22,292 during summer (minimum algae growth), with an extrapolated average density of 220,000 and 165,200 individuals per square meter, respectively. The total number of individuals showed a linear increase as the algae biomass increased. The highest density, 586,000 individuals, was recorded in the Premantura area during winter. Dominant groups such as amphipods, polychaetes, bivalves and gastropods made up over 80% of the invertebrates. Our study confirms high invertebrate richness in the C. officinalis settlements, with the maximum density being the highest when compared to previously published data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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23 pages, 98161 KiB  
Article
Diversity and Distribution of the Benthic Foraminifera on the Brunei Shelf (Northwest Borneo): Effect of Seawater Depth
by Sulia Goeting, Huan Chiao Lee, László Kocsis, Claudia Baumgartner-Mora and David J. Marshall
Diversity 2023, 15(8), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15080937 - 18 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1897
Abstract
The marine benthic diversity of the Palawan/North Borneo ecoregion is poorly known, despite its implied unique high species richness within the Coral Triangle. The present study investigated the diversity and distribution of benthic foraminifera on the Brunei shelf. The objectives were to determine [...] Read more.
The marine benthic diversity of the Palawan/North Borneo ecoregion is poorly known, despite its implied unique high species richness within the Coral Triangle. The present study investigated the diversity and distribution of benthic foraminifera on the Brunei shelf. The objectives were to determine the species composition of sediment samples collected from 11 sites, extending ~70 km from the Brunei coastline and along a depth gradient of 10–200 m. We retrieved a total of 99 species, belonging to 31 families and 56 genera, out of which 52 species represented new records for Brunei and probably the ecoregion. Using presence/absence data, analyses were also performed to compare species diversity patterns (species richness, occupancy, taxonomic distinctness) and species assemblage similarity across the sites. For further insight into the relationship between distribution and depth-associated environmental conditions, we undertook stable isotope analyses of selected species of Rotaliida, Miliolida, and Lagenida. Oxygen isotope values were positively correlated with depth and species distribution, confirming cooler temperatures at greater depth. The carbon isotope data revealed species differences relating to habitat and food source specificity and a biomineralization effect. Close to one-third of the species were recorded from single sites, and species richness and taxonomic distinctness increased with depth and were greatest at the second deepest site (144 m). Together, these findings suggest data underrepresentation of diversity, habitat disturbance in shallower water, and species specialization (adaptation) in deeper water. Importantly, assemblage similarity suggests the occurrence of at least three marine biotopes on the Brunei shelf (10–40 m, 40–150 m, and >150 m). This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the local and regional patterns of foraminiferal diversity and distribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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20 pages, 5188 KiB  
Article
Echinoids and Crinoids from Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea) Based on a Reverse Taxonomy Approach
by Alice Guzzi, Maria Chiara Alvaro, Matteo Cecchetto and Stefano Schiaparelli
Diversity 2023, 15(7), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15070875 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1822
Abstract
The identification of species present in an ecosystem and the assessment of a faunistic inventory is the first step in any ecological survey and conservation effort. Thanks to technological progress, DNA barcoding has sped up species identification and is a great support to [...] Read more.
The identification of species present in an ecosystem and the assessment of a faunistic inventory is the first step in any ecological survey and conservation effort. Thanks to technological progress, DNA barcoding has sped up species identification and is a great support to morphological taxonomy. In this work, we used a “Reverse Taxonomy” approach, where molecular (DNA barcoding) analyses were followed by morphological (skeletal features) ones to determine the specific status of 70 echinoid and 22 crinoid specimens, collected during eight different expeditions in the Ross and Weddell Seas. Of a total of 13 species of sea urchins, 6 were from the Terra Nova Bay area (TNB, Ross Sea) and 4 crinoids were identified. Previous scientific literature reported only four species of sea urchins from TNB to which we added the first records of Abatus cordatus (Verrill, 1876), Abatus curvidens Mortensen, 1936 and Abatus ingens Koehler, 1926. Moreover, we found a previous misidentification of Abatus koehleri (Thiéry, 1909), erroneously reported as A. elongatus in a scientific publication for the area. All the crinoid records are new for the area as there was no previous faunistic inventory available for TNB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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18 pages, 3860 KiB  
Article
Feeding and Reproductive Phenotypic Traits of the Sea Urchin Tripneustes gratilla in Seagrass Beds Impacted by Eutrophication
by Helen Grace P. Bangi and Marie Antonette Juinio-Meñez
Diversity 2023, 15(7), 843; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15070843 - 11 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2872
Abstract
The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla is a major grazer and is, hence, an excellent key model organism to study to gain a better understanding of responses to changes in its habitat. We investigated whether there are significant variations in the feeding and reproductive [...] Read more.
The sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla is a major grazer and is, hence, an excellent key model organism to study to gain a better understanding of responses to changes in its habitat. We investigated whether there are significant variations in the feeding and reproductive phenotypic traits of populations from three seagrass bed sites, with respect to their proximity to fish farms in Bolinao, northwestern Philippines. We established three stations in each of the three sites: the far, the intermediate, and those near the fish farms, and compared the sea urchins’ phenotypic traits and determined whether these were related to seagrass productivity and water parameters. Regardless of the sampling period, adult sea urchins (66.92 ± 0.27 mm test diameter, TD, n = 157) from the areas intermediate and near to the fish farms had significantly lower indices of Aristotle’s lantern, gut contents, gut and gonads, and lower gonad quality (high percentage of unusual black gonads), compared to those from the far stations. Multivariate analysis showed that the smaller feeding structures and gut, lower consumption rates and lower gonad indices and quality of sea urchins in the intermediate and near fish farms were positively related to lower shoot density, leaf production and species diversity, as well as lower water movement in those stations. The larger size of the Aristotle’s lantern in the far stations was not related to food limitations. More importantly, the phenotypic variability in the feeding structures and gonads of sea urchins in the same seagrass bed provides new evidence regarding the sensitivity of this species to environmental factors that may affect variability in food quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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15 pages, 2416 KiB  
Article
Colonization in Artificial Seaweed Substrates: Two Locations, One Year
by Diego Carreira-Flores, Regina Neto, Hugo R. S. Ferreira, Edna Cabecinha, Guillermo Díaz-Agras, Marcos Rubal and Pedro T. Gomes
Diversity 2023, 15(6), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15060733 - 2 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1654
Abstract
Artificial substrates have been implemented to overcome the problems associated with quantitative sampling of marine epifaunal assemblages. These substrates provide artificial habitats that mimic natural habitat features, thereby standardizing the sampling effort and enabling direct comparisons among different sites and studies. This paper [...] Read more.
Artificial substrates have been implemented to overcome the problems associated with quantitative sampling of marine epifaunal assemblages. These substrates provide artificial habitats that mimic natural habitat features, thereby standardizing the sampling effort and enabling direct comparisons among different sites and studies. This paper explores the potential of the “Artificial Seaweed Monitoring System” (ASMS) sampling methodology to evaluate the natural variability of assemblages along a coastline of more than 200 km, by describing the succession of the ASMS’ associated macrofauna at two Rías of the Galician Coast (NW Iberian Peninsula) after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after deployment. The results show that macrofauna assemblages harbored by ASMS differ between locations for every type of data. The results also support the hypothesis that succession in benthic communities is not a linear process, but rather a mixture of different successional stages. The use of the ASMS is proved to be a successful standard monitoring methodology, as it is sensitive to scale-dependent patterns and captures the temporal variability of macrobenthic assemblages. Hence, the ASMS can serve as a replicable approach contributing to the “Good Environmental Status” assessment through non-destructive monitoring programs based on benthic marine macrofauna monitoring, capturing the variability in representative assemblages as long as sampling deployment periods are standard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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11 pages, 5815 KiB  
Communication
A New Record of Pinctada fucata (Bivalvia: Pterioida: Pteriidae) in Mischief Reef: A Potential Invasive Species in the Nansha Islands, China
by Binbin Shan, Zhenghua Deng, Shengwei Ma, Dianrong Sun, Yan Liu, Changping Yang, Qiaer Wu and Gang Yu
Diversity 2023, 15(4), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040578 - 20 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2026
Abstract
Mischief Reef is located in the eastern Nansha Islands of the South China Sea. With increasingly intense anthropogenic disturbance, Pinctada fucata, a previously unrecorded species in the reef, has occurred in the region. In this study, we identified and described the occurrence [...] Read more.
Mischief Reef is located in the eastern Nansha Islands of the South China Sea. With increasingly intense anthropogenic disturbance, Pinctada fucata, a previously unrecorded species in the reef, has occurred in the region. In this study, we identified and described the occurrence of P. fucata in Mischief Reef based on morphology and molecular markers. Furthermore, we performed a population genetics analysis of seven P. fucata populations of the South China Sea. All P. fucata populations showed significant high-level genetic diversity, but the differentiation among P. fucata populations was small. There was an FST value close to zero (−0.0083) between the Lingshui and Mischief Reef populations. Our results hint that Lingshui may be one of the potential sources of P. fucata to Mischief. In addition, we discussed the possible cause of the mass occurrence of P. fucata. The present study serves as a warning that anthropogenic disturbances have disrupted the local ecosystem in Mischief Reef. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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21 pages, 2681 KiB  
Article
Effects of Organic Enrichment on Bioturbation Attributes: How Does the Macrofauna Community Respond in Two Different Sedimentary Impacted Areas?
by Seyed Ehsan Vesal, Federica Nasi, Rocco Auriemma and Paola Del Negro
Diversity 2023, 15(3), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15030449 - 17 Mar 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1938
Abstract
We assessed the influence of different organic matter (OM) inputs associated with terrigenous/freshwater allochthonous and sewage derive on bioturbation and irrigation potential community indices (BPc and IPc) of the soft-bottom macrofauna community. The macrofauna was sampled from two different sedimentary [...] Read more.
We assessed the influence of different organic matter (OM) inputs associated with terrigenous/freshwater allochthonous and sewage derive on bioturbation and irrigation potential community indices (BPc and IPc) of the soft-bottom macrofauna community. The macrofauna was sampled from two different sedimentary impacted areas, in front of the Po River Delta (northern Adriatic Sea) and sewage discharge diffusion zone (Gulf of Trieste). The highest values of BPc and IPc were observed at the northward sampling stations of the prodelta and the stations 25 m distance in front of the main sewage outfall. Species richness showed high values in the prodelta likely due to the OM positive effect from the delta, and it increased with increasing distance from the pipeline due to the effect of OM from the sewage discharge. The bioturbation indices differed due to the presence of surface deposit feeders and the injection depth (from 2 to 5 cm) with limited movement at the station located northwards in the prodelta and 25 m distance in the diffusion zone. We infer that the difference in bioturbation indices was likely due to the effects of grain-size composition and the degree of organic enrichment in both study areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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14 pages, 8323 KiB  
Article
Soft-Bottom Infaunal Macrobenthos of the Avilés Canyon System (Cantabrian Sea)
by Antía Lourido, Santiago Parra and Francisco Sánchez
Diversity 2023, 15(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15010053 - 2 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
The Aviles Canyon System (Northern Atlantic coast of Spain) is one of the ten marine regions studied in the Spanish seas by the LIFE+ INDEMARES project, which aims to identify special areas of conservation within the Natura 2000 Network. This study aims to [...] Read more.
The Aviles Canyon System (Northern Atlantic coast of Spain) is one of the ten marine regions studied in the Spanish seas by the LIFE+ INDEMARES project, which aims to identify special areas of conservation within the Natura 2000 Network. This study aims to characterize the composition and distribution of the macrobenthic fauna in order to provide baseline data to obtain a basic knowledge of the environment. Three oceanographic surveys were carried out to investigate species and habitats of this deep-sea ecosystem. The stations were sampled using a box corer, in order to evaluate the distribution and biodiversity of the macroinfauna, and to analyse the granulometric composition and the organic matter content. Sediments were mainly sandy in nature, the finest sediments with the highest organic matter content were found in the deepest areas, while coarser sediments were located in shallow stations. Polychaetes were the best represented group in total number of species and individuals, followed by crustaceans and molluscs. Five major macrobenthic assemblages were determined through multivariate analyses. Bathymetry and sedimentary composition were the main factors structuring the benthic community separating shallow and coarser stations from deeper and finer ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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Other

Jump to: Editorial, Research

10 pages, 3752 KiB  
Brief Report
New Data on Exotic Muricid Species (Neogastropoda: Muricidae) from Spain Based on Integrative Taxonomy
by Rafael Bañón, Juan Fariña and Alejandro de Carlos
Diversity 2023, 15(12), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15121185 - 29 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1629
Abstract
The occurrence of Ocinebrellus inornatus and Rapana venosa, two exotic marine gastropods of the family Muricidae originating from the northwest Pacific, is reported in Spanish waters, specifically in the Galician waters (NW Spain) in 2023. Live specimens of O. inornatus were found [...] Read more.
The occurrence of Ocinebrellus inornatus and Rapana venosa, two exotic marine gastropods of the family Muricidae originating from the northwest Pacific, is reported in Spanish waters, specifically in the Galician waters (NW Spain) in 2023. Live specimens of O. inornatus were found on Illa de Arousa, in the Ría de Arousa, southern Galicia, where they are already established. Two new specimens of R. venosa are recorded in Galicia, one of them for the first time out of the Ría de Arousa, representing a range expansion for the species. The DNA barcoding analysis confirms the previous morphological identifications. It is suspected that both species may have been introduced through importation of clam spat and middle-sized oysters from countries such as France, the United Kingdom or Italy for subsequent culture, as has been the case with other exotic species that can currently be found in Galician waters. The continuous arrival of marine exotic species strongly supports the need to establish a monitoring program in Galician waters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Biogeography of Marine Benthos)
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