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Electronics
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5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances
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5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Microwave and Wireless Communications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 February 2025 | Viewed by 23816

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dejan Drajic

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: 5G and beyond; machine to machine (M2M) communications; internet of things (IoT); fourth industrial revolution (4IR); wireless sensors networks (WSN)
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zoran Cica

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Kralja Aleksandra 73, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: 5G core network; hybrid 5G-satellite communications; big data; internet of things (IoT); network protocols and standards
Dr. Philipp Svoboda

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Telecommunications (ITC 389), Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria
Interests: power electronics; battery management systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

5G mobile telecommunications systems provide the infrastructure for emerging/modern applications that will enable the introduction of new services in the domain of IoT, smart cities, agriculture, industry 4.0 and V2V communications. However, 5G and future generations (6G) of mobile telephony face different types of, often contradictory, requirements. There are still plenty of challenges and room to improve existing 5G links in terms of link quality and spectral efficiency. On the other hand, encouraged by the recent advances in satellite communications, especially related to satellites in low orbit, the research community is considering the strategy of building a universal communication network (6G), which will integrate low-orbit satellite communication links into the 5G ecosystem, thus achieving hybrid communication where the end terminal will be able to to communicate with both mobile and satellite networks. Innovations in modern telecommunications are driving new research opportunities such as applying artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), Big data in 5G.

In this "Special Issue", the special focus is on improving the performance of the 5G system (improvement of link capacity, reduction of interference, fading, more efficient handover...), concrete applications of 5G telecommunication systems in modern industry, hybrid communications (integration) with other complementary telecommunication systems and application of modern AI/ML/Big data methods for processing the collected data and improving the performance of both the 5G network and services.

Topics of interests include but not limited to:

  • 5G based IoT applications in Smart cities, agriculture and Industry 4.0
  • 5G link analysis, spectral efficiency, link adaptation
  • Link/Cell/Network level simulations
  • Hybrid communications
  • Satellite communication links integration into the 5G ecosystem
  • Vertical and horizontal handovers improvements
  • MIMO communications, channel modeling, simulations
  • V2V communications
  • AI and ML technologies in 5G
  • Big data technologies in 5G
  • Digital Twins in 5G and beyond
  • Network slicing in 5G and beyond

Dr. Dejan Drajic
Dr. Zoran Cica
Dr. Philipp Svoboda
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • 5G
  • IoT
  • hybrid communications
  • handover
  • MIMO
  • V2V
  • AI
  • ML
  • big data
  • satellite

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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24 pages, 10814 KiB  
Article
Neural Network SNR Prediction for Improved Spectral Efficiency in Land Mobile Satellite Networks
by Ivan Vajs, Srđan Brkić, Predrag Ivaniš and Dejan Drajic
Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3659; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183659 - 14 Sep 2024
Viewed by 739
Abstract
The use of satellites to cover remote areas is a promising approach for increasing communication availability and reliability. The satellite resources, however, can be quite costly, and developing ways to optimize their usage is of great interest. Optimizing spectral efficiency while keeping the [...] Read more.
The use of satellites to cover remote areas is a promising approach for increasing communication availability and reliability. The satellite resources, however, can be quite costly, and developing ways to optimize their usage is of great interest. Optimizing spectral efficiency while keeping the transmission error rate above a certain threshold represents one of the crucial aspects of resource optimization. This paper provides a novel strategy for adaptive coding and modulation (ACM) employment in land mobile satellite networks. The proposed solution incorporates machine learning techniques to predict channel state information and subsequently increase the overall spectral efficiency of the network. The Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite Second Generation (DVB-S2X) satellite protocol is considered as the use case, and by using the developed channel simulator, this paper performs an evaluation of the proposed machine learning solutions for channels with various characteristics, with a total of 90 different observed channels. The results show that a convolutional neural network with a modified loss function consistently achieves an improvement (over 100% in some scenarios) of spectral efficiency compared to the state-of-the-art ACM implementation while keeping the transmission error rate under 0.01 for single channel evaluation. When observing two channels, an improvement of more than 300% compared to the outdated information spectral efficiency was obtained in multiple scenarios, showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach and allowing optimization of the handover strategy in satellite networks that allow user-centric handover executions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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15 pages, 2381 KiB  
Article
A Compact MIMO Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Millimeter-Wave Communication
by Erendira Merlos-Garza, Zia U. Khan and Salam K. Khamas
Electronics 2024, 13(16), 3280; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13163280 - 19 Aug 2024
Viewed by 818
Abstract
A Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (RDRA) design for mmWave-frequency-band MIMO metrics is proposed, with a compact, low-complexity, high-gain structure that is easy to fabricate and offers reduced inter–port isolation. The RDRA operates in the mmWave spectrum, featuring a compact size of 1.307 [...] Read more.
A Rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna (RDRA) design for mmWave-frequency-band MIMO metrics is proposed, with a compact, low-complexity, high-gain structure that is easy to fabricate and offers reduced inter–port isolation. The RDRA operates in the mmWave spectrum, featuring a compact size of 1.307λ0 × 1.307λ0, an impedance bandwidth of 6%, and a resonant frequency of 28 GHz, with a peak gain of 7 dBi. A four element MIMO system iteration was developed while maintaining the performance of the single element antenna. Additionally, a simple, low-complexity slot-etching technique was applied to achieve an average inter-port element isolation of 14 dB. The design also achieved a novel four-beam petal-splitting radiation pattern. The MIMO metrics, with an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of <0.5 and a diversity gain (DG) < 10, were successfully met. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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16 pages, 4889 KiB  
Article
Optimized DM-RS Configuration for Improved 5G New Radio Network Capacity and Performance
by Igor Tomić, Dejan Drajić, Predrag Ivaniš, Uroš Savković, Djordje Tešić and Aleksandar Lorić
Electronics 2024, 13(11), 2028; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112028 - 23 May 2024
Viewed by 1229
Abstract
Network load in mobile networks is continuously growing, putting pressure on mobile operators to deliver target network performance and user experience. This paper focuses on network capacity improvement through increased spectral efficiency, which can be achieved with overhead reduction by optimizing the demodulation [...] Read more.
Network load in mobile networks is continuously growing, putting pressure on mobile operators to deliver target network performance and user experience. This paper focuses on network capacity improvement through increased spectral efficiency, which can be achieved with overhead reduction by optimizing the demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) configuration, which is one of the channels/reference signals with the largest contribution to overhead. In a high-speed scenario, the Doppler effect noticeably influences the temporal nature of the channel such that a channel interpolation process is required within a slot. However, increasing the number of symbols used for DM-RS has a negative impact on capacity. The Doppler effect was analyzed for various 5G NR configurations of operating frequency and subcarrier spacing (SCS), and various use cases were considered using user equipment (UE) speed as the main parameter. For suitable use cases, the DM-RS configuration was optimized in networks with live traffic. The impact of the configuration change on 5G/NR spectral efficiency, user experience and link adaptation performance was assessed through a deep-dive analysis of active measurements, available performance Management (PM) counters and key performance indicators. An optimized DM-RS configuration is proposed, and it is demonstrated to achieve gains of 5–15%, depending on the metric used, use case analyzed, network load, traffic mix and other relevant network characteristics such as topology and clutter type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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17 pages, 4213 KiB  
Article
Optically Transparent Honeycomb Mesh Antenna Integrated into OLED Light Source
by Mustapha El Halaoui, Pascal Dupuis, Olivier Pigaglio, Adel Asselman, Georges Zissis and Laurent Canale
Electronics 2024, 13(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13020289 - 8 Jan 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1558
Abstract
The co-integration of antennas with lighting sources appears as an effective way to distribute broadband networks closer to users, lowering interference and transmitted power, as well as to reduce energy consumption in future lighting systems. We here present an original contribution to the [...] Read more.
The co-integration of antennas with lighting sources appears as an effective way to distribute broadband networks closer to users, lowering interference and transmitted power, as well as to reduce energy consumption in future lighting systems. We here present an original contribution to the implementation of transparent and invisible antennas with OLED light sources. To validate the proposed approach, the honeycomb mesh technique was used, and an optical transparency of 75.4% was reached. The transparent mesh antenna was compared with the non-transparent full-metal antenna in terms of radio-electrical parameters. Our prototype was designed using copper films deposited on a glass substrate. The simulation results of the S-parameters and the radiation patterns were validated against measurements performed in an anechoic chamber. The directivity and gain obtained were 6.67 dBi and 4.86 dBi at 5.16GHz, respectively. To study the effect of antenna integration with OLEDs, optical and photometric characterizations with and without the antenna were measured, and the colorimetric parameters were then treated using the IES TM-30-18 standard. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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23 pages, 798 KiB  
Article
VNF Migration in Digital Twin Network for NFV Environment
by Ying Hu, Guanbo Min, Jianyong Li, Zhigang Li, Zengyu Cai and Jie Zhang
Electronics 2023, 12(20), 4324; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12204324 - 18 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1747
Abstract
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) allows for the dynamic provisioning of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs), adapting services to the complex and dynamic network environment to enhance network performance. However, VNF migration and energy consumption pose significant challenges due to the dynamic nature of the [...] Read more.
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) allows for the dynamic provisioning of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs), adapting services to the complex and dynamic network environment to enhance network performance. However, VNF migration and energy consumption pose significant challenges due to the dynamic nature of the physical network. In order to maximize the acceptance rate of Service Function Chain Requests (SFCR), and reduce VNF migration and energy consumption as much as possible, we summarize several related factors such as the node hosting state, link hosting state, energy consumption, migrated nodes, and whether the mapping is successful. We define the Markov decision process by considering the factors mentioned above. Next, we design the VNF migration algorithm utilizing actor–critic models, graph convolution networks, and LSTM networks. In order to reduce the risk of trial and error during training and prediction in deep reinforcement learning scenarios, we designed a network architecture based on a digital twin (DT). In simulation experiments, compared with the FF algorithm that greedily selects the first available node, our AC_GCN algorithm significantly improves the acceptance rate of SFC requests by 2.9 times more than the FF algorithm in small topology experiments, and 27 times more than the FF algorithm in large topology experiments. Compared with the deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, which does not consider all the above factors together, for the small topology experiment, our AC_GCN algorithm outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of request acceptance rate by 13%, underperforms compared to the DRL algorithm in terms of energy consumption by 3.8%, and underperforms compared to the DRL algorithm in terms of the number of migrated nodes for 22%; for the large topology experiment, our AC_GCN algorithm outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of the request acceptance rate by 7.7%, outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of energy consumption by 0.4%, and outperforms the DRL algorithm in terms of the number of migrated nodes by 1.6%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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18 pages, 587 KiB  
Article
A Beamforming-Based Enhanced Handover Scheme with Adaptive Threshold for 5G Heterogeneous Networks
by Ziyang Zhang, Zheng Jiang, Bei Yang and Xiaoming She
Electronics 2023, 12(19), 4131; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194131 - 3 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1616
Abstract
In order to tackle the explosive growth of data traffic and the number of terminals, 5G heterogeneous network (HetNet) has become an important evolution direction of 5G networking architecture. Densely deployed micro base stations (gNBs) in 5G HetNets will dramatically increase the handover [...] Read more.
In order to tackle the explosive growth of data traffic and the number of terminals, 5G heterogeneous network (HetNet) has become an important evolution direction of 5G networking architecture. Densely deployed micro base stations (gNBs) in 5G HetNets will dramatically increase the handover frequency of user equipment (UE), resulting in more handover failures, and seriously reducing the user experience of mobile UE. Aiming at tackling this problem, this paper proposes a beam enhancement handover scheme with an adaptive threshold. Firstly, different beamforming gains are configured for the mobile UE in the overlapping area of two gNBs to improve the signal strength received by the UE at the edge of gNB coverage. Secondly, for mobile UE with different speeds, adaptive handover decision parameters are configured, and reference signal receiving strength (RSRP) as well as reference signal receiving quality (RSRQ) are used for joint handover decisions to achieve reliable handover. The simulation results verify that the proposed scheme can effectively improve the signal strength of the edge area, and the adaptive joint handover decision algorithm based on UE speed can also effectively improve the handover success probability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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15 pages, 5149 KiB  
Article
Energy-Aware Mode Selection for D2D Resource Allocation in 5G Networks
by Hung-Chin Tsai, Shang-Juh Kao, Ya-Ling Huang and Fu-Min Chang
Electronics 2023, 12(19), 4054; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194054 - 27 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1172
Abstract
This paper proposes an energy-aware mode-selection mechanism for device-to-device (D2D) resource allocation in the coexisting 5G network environment of D2D users and traditional cellular users by taking into consideration the mechanisms of mode selection, transmit power, and spectrum resource allocation simultaneously. In the [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an energy-aware mode-selection mechanism for device-to-device (D2D) resource allocation in the coexisting 5G network environment of D2D users and traditional cellular users by taking into consideration the mechanisms of mode selection, transmit power, and spectrum resource allocation simultaneously. In the proposed approach, all spectrum resources are fully shared by traditional cellular users and D2D users. We first determine the communication mode of all users after considering the transmission opportunity of traditional cellular users and analyzing the interference degree of different D2D communication modes. Next, we divide all users into three tiers according to the distances between users and the base station to solve the interference problem generated by excessing transmit power in uplink transmission. Afterward, based on the different communication modes, corresponding spectrum resource allocation mechanisms using the Hungarian algorithm are developed. We simulate a single cell environment using Python language and perform several simulations for different pairs of traditional cellular users and D2D users. The simulation results reveal that the proposed approach outperforms the proposed approach by Hou et al. in system throughput. With power control, the energy efficiency of the proposed approach could be enhanced by 20%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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20 pages, 889 KiB  
Article
Distributed and Lightweight Software Assurance in Cellular Broadcasting Handshake and Connection Establishment
by Sourav Purification, Jinoh Kim, Jonghyun Kim, Ikkyun Kim and Sang-Yoon Chang
Electronics 2023, 12(18), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183782 - 7 Sep 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1050
Abstract
With developments in OpenRAN and software-defined radio (SDR), the mobile networking implementations for radio and security control are becoming increasingly software-based. We design and build a lightweight and distributed software assurance scheme, which ensures that a wireless user holds the correct software (version/code) [...] Read more.
With developments in OpenRAN and software-defined radio (SDR), the mobile networking implementations for radio and security control are becoming increasingly software-based. We design and build a lightweight and distributed software assurance scheme, which ensures that a wireless user holds the correct software (version/code) for their wireless networking implementations. Our scheme is distributed (to support the distributed and ad hoc networking that does not utilize the networking-backend infrastructure), lightweight (to support the resource-constrained device operations), modular (to support compatibility with the existing mobile networking protocols), and supports broadcasting (as mobile and wireless networking has broadcasting applications). Our scheme is distinct from the remote code attestation in trusted computing, which requires hardwarebased security and real-time challenge-and-response communications with a centralized trusted server, thus making its deployment prohibitive in the distributed and broadcasting-based mobile networking environments. We design our scheme to be prover-specific and incorporate the Merkle tree for the verification efficiency to make it appropriate for a wireless-broadcasting medium with multiple receivers. In addition to the theoretical design and analysis, we implement our scheme to assure srsRAN (a popular open-source software for cellular technology, including 4G and 5G) and provide a concrete implementation and application instance to highlight our scheme’s modularity, backward compatibility to the existing 4G/5G standardized protocol, and broadcasting support. Our scheme implementation incorporates delivering the proof in the srsRAN-implemented 4G/5G cellular handshake and connection establishment in radio resource control (RRC). We conduct experiments using SDR and various processors to demonstrate the lightweight design and its appropriateness for wireless networking applications. Our results show that the number of hash computations for the proof verification grows logarithmically with the number of software code files being assured and that the verification takes three orders of magnitude less time than the proof generation, while the proof generation overhead itself is negligible compared to the software update period. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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15 pages, 8096 KiB  
Article
A Study of Mutual Coupling Suppression between Two Closely Spaced Planar Monopole Antenna Elements for 5G New Radio Massive MIMO System Applications
by Rao Shahid Aziz, Slawomir Koziel, Leifur Leifsson and Stanislaw Szczepanski
Electronics 2023, 12(12), 2630; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122630 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2047
Abstract
5G NR (new radio) introduces the concept of massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology, in which a larger number of antenna arrays are installed on the transceiver. Due to the increased number of antenna elements allocated close to each other (approximately at a distance [...] Read more.
5G NR (new radio) introduces the concept of massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) technology, in which a larger number of antenna arrays are installed on the transceiver. Due to the increased number of antenna elements allocated close to each other (approximately at a distance of half a wavelength), mutual coupling becomes a serious problem leading to performance degradation of the MIMO communication system. In this communication, two different configurations of closely spaced antenna array elements are studied. In order to reduce the mutual coupling, a combination of a metamaterial-based frequency-selective surface (FSS), a metallic strip, and a slot element in the ground plane is examined. It is found that the proposed technique significantly suppresses mutual coupling from −12 dB to −25 dB. Both designs are fabricated and experimentally validated. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measurements. The proposed mutual coupling reduction technique may be suitable for massive MIMO systems in fifth-generation (5G) new radio applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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20 pages, 4322 KiB  
Article
Handover Decision-Making Algorithm for 5G Heterogeneous Networks
by Mark Irwin Goh, Abbas Ibrahim Mbulwa, Hoe Tung Yew, Aroland Kiring, Seng Kheau Chung, Ali Farzamnia, Ali Chekima and Manas Kumar Haldar
Electronics 2023, 12(11), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112384 - 24 May 2023
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4104
Abstract
The evolution of 5G small cell networks has led to the advancement of vertical handover decision-making algorithms. A mobile terminal (MT) tends to move from one place to another and, as the 5G network coverage is small, user network access will change frequently [...] Read more.
The evolution of 5G small cell networks has led to the advancement of vertical handover decision-making algorithms. A mobile terminal (MT) tends to move from one place to another and, as the 5G network coverage is small, user network access will change frequently and lead to a high probability of unnecessary handover, which is a waste of network resources and causes degradation of service quality. This paper aims to reduce the number of unnecessary handovers in 5G heterogeneous networks by proposing a handover decision-making algorithm that integrates the dwelling time prediction technique and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The proposed algorithm reduces the number of unnecessary handovers by estimating the connection time to a small cell network using the dwell time prediction technique. The TOPSIS evaluates the network quality and chooses the best network based on user preference. The result shows that the proposed handover algorithm reduces the number of unnecessary handovers to small cell networks in high-speed scenarios. It also saves the network connection cost by up to 27.51% compared with the TOPSIS-based handover algorithm. As for throughput achievement, the proposed algorithm yields an improvement of 5.12%. The proposed algorithm significantly reduces the number of unnecessary handovers in the high-speed scenario while fulfilling user preferences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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20 pages, 3082 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Congestion Control Mechanisms for Cooperative Awareness in IoV Environments
by Lakhdar Kamel Ouladdjedid, Carlos Tavares Calafate, Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache and Younes Guellouma
Electronics 2023, 12(3), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030512 - 18 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1661
Abstract
Traditional vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) have evolved toward the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) during the past ten years with the introduction of 5G communication technology and the growing number of vehicles linked to the Internet. The coexistence of IEEE 802.11p and 5G [...] Read more.
Traditional vehicle ad hoc networks (VANETs) have evolved toward the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) during the past ten years with the introduction of 5G communication technology and the growing number of vehicles linked to the Internet. The coexistence of IEEE 802.11p and 5G becomes critical to build a heterogeneous IoV system that benefits from both technologies, being that the IEEE 802.11p standard remains the best option for direct communications and safety-critical applications. The IEEE 1609 standard family and the ETSI ITS-G5 standard family both use the IEEE 802.11p standard as a MAC mechanism. To avoid dangerous situations, vehicles require the periodic exchange of awareness messages. With the increase in vehicle density, the MAC layer will suffer from radio channel congestion problems, which in turn will have a negative impact on the safety application requirements. Therefore, the decentralized congestion control (DCC) mechanism has been specified by ETSI to mitigate channel congestion; this was achieved by adapting transmission parameters such as transmit power and data rate. However, several studies have demonstrated that DCC has drawbacks and suffers from poor performance when the channel load is very high. This paper investigates a new promising DCC technique called transmission timing control (TTC), to reduce the channel load for periodic cooperative awareness. It consists of spreading the transmissions over time to avoid contention on the transmission channel. The objective of the paper is to propose an analytical study to calculate the probability of successful transmission using TTC. Obtained results showed a convergence between the applied experiments and our mathematical model, achieving an error margin of only 5%, which confirms the validity of the equation proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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15 pages, 3518 KiB  
Article
Parasitic-Aware Simulation-Based Optimization Design Tool for Current Steering VGAs
by Nehad Mansour, Mohamed Elnozahi and Hani Ragaai
Electronics 2023, 12(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12010132 - 28 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1606
Abstract
Designing millimeter-wave variable gain amplifiers (VGAs) is very challenging owing to the parasitic effects of the interconnects of both active and passive devices. An automated parasitic-aware optimization RF design tool is proposed in this paper to address this challenge. The proposed tool considers [...] Read more.
Designing millimeter-wave variable gain amplifiers (VGAs) is very challenging owing to the parasitic effects of the interconnects of both active and passive devices. An automated parasitic-aware optimization RF design tool is proposed in this paper to address this challenge. The proposed tool considers the parasitic effects prior to layout. It employs a knowledge-aware optimization technique. The augmentation between parasitic-aware and knowledge-aware techniques speeds up the design process and leads to a design as close to the final design after finalizing the layout. The proposed tool gives limitless and guaranteed converged solutions in a wide range of RF frequencies. A four-bits current steering VGA design is used as a validation of the tool. The tool is tested on three different frequencies using the 65 nm-technology node. The three tested frequencies (7, 10, and 13 GHz) show a root mean square gain error at approximately 0.1 dB and a phase variation at approximately 3.5° within a 16-dB gain control range. To our knowledge, it is the first reported automated design tool for a current steering VGA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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14 pages, 3118 KiB  
Article
Wireless Communication Channel Scenarios: Machine-Learning-Based Identification and Performance Enhancement
by Amira Zaki, Ahmed Métwalli, Moustafa H. Aly and Waleed K. Badawi
Electronics 2022, 11(19), 3253; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11193253 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2282
Abstract
Wireless communication channel scenario classification is crucial for new modern wireless technologies. Reducing the time consumed by the data preprocessing phase for such identification is also essential, especially for multiple-scenario transitions in 6G. Machine learning (ML) has been used for scenario identification tasks. [...] Read more.
Wireless communication channel scenario classification is crucial for new modern wireless technologies. Reducing the time consumed by the data preprocessing phase for such identification is also essential, especially for multiple-scenario transitions in 6G. Machine learning (ML) has been used for scenario identification tasks. In this paper, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) is used instead of ElasticNet in order to reduce the computational time of data preprocessing for ML. Moreover, the computational time and performance of different ML models are evaluated based on a regularization technique. The obtained results reveal that the LASSO operator achieves the same feature selection performance as ElasticNet; however, the LASSO operator consumes less computational time. The achieved run time of LASSO is 0.33 s, while the ElasticNet corresponding value is 0.67 s. The identification for each specific class for K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and k-Means and Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves and Area Under the Curve (AUC) scores. The KNN algorithm has the highest class-average AUC score at 0.998, compared to SVM, k-Means, and GMM with values of 0.994, 0.983, and 0.989, respectively. The GMM is the fastest algorithm among others, having the lowest classification time at 0.087 s, compared to SVM, k-Means, and GMM with values of 0.155, 0.26, and 0.087, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 5G Mobile Telecommunication Systems and Recent Advances)
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