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Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications

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A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section "Power Electronics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2024) | Viewed by 15267

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Dr. Yong Li

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, West Section, High-Tech Zone, Chengdu 611756, China
Interests: wireless power transfer; energy harvesting for sensors; power electronics; electric vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Yanling Li

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, West Section, High-Tech Zone Chengdu, Sichuan 611756, China
Interests: wireless power transfer and and its applications; modeling and control; electromagnetic shielding
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Dr. Linlin Tan

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Guest Editor

School of Electrical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Interests: wireless power transfer; electric vehicle charging and discharging; new power electronics
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Dr. Xing Zhao

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Guest Editor

School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
Interests: wireless power transfer; power electronics; motor drives
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology provides a way of safe, reliable and flexible power supply for electrical equipments, which can effectively promote the rapid development of unmanned intelligent applications. Gaining the attention of more and more researchers, this technology has shown broad application prospects in different fields from milliwatts to megawatts and from near-field to far-field, such as sensors, medical implants, consumer electronics, household appliances, electric vehicles, aerospace, ocean exploration, and railway applications. With the advancement of power semiconductor devices, magnetic materials, topologies, coupling interfaces, and control strategies, WPT technology has made continuous breakthroughs in transmission power, efficiency, distance, and system anti-interference and integration. This Special Issue, entitled “Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications”, focuses on the recent theoretical and applied research achievements of WPT technology, including, but not limited to: system sub-modules such as power converters, compensation networks, coupling interfaces and controllers, as well as auxiliary functions such as power/signal parallel transmission, foreign object detection, electromagnetic shielding and position monitoring. In addition, articles that discuss the application of WPT technology would also be of particular interest.

We invite original manuscripts presenting recent advances in this area, including but not limited to the following topics:

Wireless power transfer for land transportation (E-bikes, electric vehicles, rail transit, etc.);
Wireless power transfer for underwater vehicles;
Wireless power transfer for aircraft (unmanned aerial vehicles, aerospace, etc.);
Wireless power transfer for household appliances;
Wireless power transfer for consumer electronics;
Wireless power transfer for biomedical implant devices;
Wireless power transfer for the Internet of Things (IoTs) and sensors;
Advanced converter, compensation, coupler, and controller for wireless power transfer;
Capacitive power transfer;
Ultrasonic power transfer;
Energy harvesting;
Power and signal parallel transmission for wireless power transfer;
Foreign object detection for wireless power transfer;
Electromagnetic shielding;
Position monitoring for wireless power transfer.

Dr. Yong Li
Dr. Yanling Li
Dr. Linlin Tan
Dr. Xing Zhao
Guest Editors

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Keywords

wireless power transfer
inductive power transfer
contactless power transfer
wireless charging
capacitive power transfer
energy harvesting
power electronics
magnetic field coupling
electric field coupling

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Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 8427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resonance Capacitance Selection Method for Minimizing Leakage Magnetic Fields and Achieving Zero Phase Angles in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

by Yujun Shin, Jaewon Rhee and Seongho Woo

Electronics 2024, 13(21), 4188; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13214188 - 25 Oct 2024

Viewed by 523

Abstract

This study proposes a novel approach for selecting the resonance capacitance of wireless power transfer systems, aiming to achieve a zero phase angle (ZPA) while simultaneously minimizing the leakage magnetic field. The performance of the method is validated across two key topologies: series–series (S–S or SS) and the double-sided inductor–capacitor–capacitor (LCC, LCC–LCC) topologies. By minimizing the vector phasor sum of the coil currents, the proposed approach effectively mitigates magnetic field leakage. The method is further validated through mathematical derivations, simulations, and experimental tests. The results reveal that using the proposed method to select resonance capacitances reduces the leakage magnetic field by up to 35.2% in the SS topology and by 42.0% in the double-sided LCC topology. Furthermore, the method improves the ZPA by more than 20° in both cases. These outcomes affirm the effectiveness of the proposed resonance tuning approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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24 pages, 73490 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

A Design Review for Biomedical Wireless Power Transfer Systems with a Three-Coil Inductive Link through a Case Study for NICU Applications

by Amin Hazrati Marangalou, Miguel Gonzalez, Nathaniel Reppucci and Ulkuhan Guler

Electronics 2024, 13(19), 3947; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193947 - 7 Oct 2024

Viewed by 935

Abstract

This paper outlines a design approach for biomedical wireless power transfer systems with a focus on three-coil inductive links for neonatal intensive care unit applications. The relevant literature has been explored to support the design approach, equations, simulation results, and the process of experimental analysis. The paper begins with a brief overview of various power amplifier classes, followed by an in-depth examination of the most common power amplifiers used in biomedical wireless power transfer systems. Among the traditional linear and switching amplifier classes, class-D and class-E switching amplifiers are highlighted for their enhanced efficiency and straightforward implementation in biomedical contexts. The impact of load variation on these systems is also discussed. This paper then explores the basic concepts and essential equations governing inductive links, comparing two-coil and multi-coil configurations. In the following, the paper discusses foundational coil parameters and provides theoretical and experimental analysis of both two-coil and multi-coil inductive links through step-by-step measurement techniques using lab equipment and addressing the relevant challenges. Finally, a case study for neonatal intensive care unit applications is presented, showcasing a wireless power transfer system operating at 13.56 MHz for powering a wearable device on a patient lying on a mattress. An inductive link with a transmitter coil embedded in a mattress is designed to supply power to a load at distances ranging from 4 cm to 12 cm, simulating the mattress-to-chest distance of an infant. the experimental results of a three-coil inductive link equipped with a Class-E power amplifier are reported, demonstrating power transfer efficiency ranging from 75% to 25% and power delivery to a 500

Ω

-load varying from 340 mW to 25 mW over various distances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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27 pages, 11492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Single-Transmitter Multi-Receiver Wireless Power Transfer System with High Coil Misalignment Tolerance and Variable Power Allocation Ratios

by Yanting Luo, Zhuoyue Dai and Yongmin Yang

Electronics 2024, 13(19), 3838; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13193838 - 28 Sep 2024

Viewed by 503

Abstract

This article proposes a single-transmitter multi-receiver wireless power transfer (STMR-WPT) system, which uses a cross-overlapped bipolar coil as the transmitter and multiple square unipolar coils as the receivers. By using this structure, the magnetic field of the system can be adjusted to accommodate different coil misalignment conditions. In addition, the proposed system uses C-CLCs networks to achieve separate load power allocation. Thus, relay coils, complex multi-frequency transmission channels and multiple independent power supplies can be avoided. A mapping impedance-based circuit model was established to analyze the characteristics of the system, and then a single-frequency power allocation method was presented. Through this method, the STMR-WPT system can achieve load power allocation at any specified ratios under different mutual inductance and load impedance conditions. Finally, an experimental STMR-WPT system was built. The side lengths of the transmitter and receiver coils are 400 mm and 160 mm, respectively. The measurement results indicated that when the lateral or longitudinal coil misalignment varies within the range of 0~200 mm, the coupling coefficient decreases by a maximum of 6% compared to the initial value, and when the angular coil misalignment varies within the range of 0~90 degrees, the coupling coefficient decreases by a maximum of 22% compared to the initial value. In four different power allocation scenarios, the experimental STMR-WPT system successfully achieved the expected power allocation goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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14 pages, 5556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Range Wireless Power Transfer for Moving Wireless IoT Devices

by Ivo Colmiais, Hugo Dinis and Paulo M. Mendes

Electronics 2024, 13(13), 2550; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13132550 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1752

Abstract

Wireless technologies are revolutionizing communications, with recent deployments, such as 5G, playing a key role in the future of the Internet of Things (IoT). Such progress is leading to an increasingly higher number of wirelessly connected devices. These require increased battery use and maintenance, consequently straining current powering solutions. Since most wireless systems rely on radiofrequency (RF) waves for communications and feature low-power technologies, it is increasingly feasible to develop and implement wireless power transfer solutions supported by RF. In this paper, a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) solution targeting small mobile devices is presented. This solution uses beamforming to mitigate the path loss associated with the RF power propagation. It relies on an RF backscattering tracking algorithm to power moving devices. The feasibility to power wearable devices is demonstrated by tracking a walking individual (approximately 5 km/h) at a distance of 0.5 m while transferring a minimum of 6 dBm to a wearable device using 2 GHz RF signals. Simulations were used to determine the viability of such a solution to deliver useful power levels to a 1.2 × 1.4 m² working area without exceeding specific absorption rate (SAR) limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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16 pages, 5783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wireless Power Transfer System Model Reduction with Split Frequency Matching

by Ke Wang, Qingyu Wu, Jing Peng and Hongchang Li

Electronics 2024, 13(11), 2160; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13112160 - 1 Jun 2024

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Reduced-order dynamic models of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems are desired to simplify the analysis and design of power control, phase synchronization, and maximum efficiency tracking. The reduced-order dynamic phasor model is a good choice because of its straightforward physical meaning and concise mathematical formula. However, the model relies on the assumption of loose coupling and loses accuracy when the coupling becomes stronger. In this paper, a model reduction method with split frequency matching is proposed to improve model accuracy under relatively strong coupling conditions, which is suitable for most short-distance WPT applications, such as wireless electrical vehicle charging. Split frequency matching is achieved through a pair of conjugate equivalent mutual inductances, which are derived from the asymmetry characteristics of the full-order dynamic phasor model in the positive and negative frequency domains. The proposed model retains the advantages of the existing model while significantly improving the accuracy under strong coupling conditions. Its characteristics are verified by comparing the experimental results and model predictions under both large step changes and small-signal perturbations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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14 pages, 4888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ClosedLoop Control of Pulse-Density-Modulated Wireless Power Transfer with Fast MEPT

by Ke Wang, Haiyue Jiang, Jing Peng and Hongchang Li

Electronics 2024, 13(9), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13091619 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 758

Abstract

Efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) requires closedloop control to perform maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT) against the dynamic changes of operating conditions. In this paper, we took the latest deltasigma pulse-density-modulated (PDM) WPT system as the plant and presented a systematic control design procedure. The WPT system was modeled by the reducedorder dynamic phasor method and further decoupled under the tuned condition. It was identified that the coupled resonators behave like a secondorder system, and its natural frequency is much lower than the resonant frequency. This was considered in the closedloop design to derive a suitable loop gain and ensure stability. The nonlinearity caused by the dualside PDM control is limited to a small inner loop so that the entire loop is linear and simple. Experimental results showed that the closedloop voltage regulation and MEPT took only about 10 ms after load stepping. The system DC output voltage was always tightly regulated, and the steadystate efficiency was very close to the theoretical maximum value under different coupling conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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17 pages, 5302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Regulation of Electromagnetic Force in Wireless Power Transfer Systems

by Yandong Hu, Wenbo Dong, Xiang Li, Hanxun Zhang and Liangzhi Men

Electronics 2024, 13(8), 1568; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081568 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 918

Abstract

To reduce the interference from the electromagnetic force caused by coupling coils due to distance changes in a wireless power transfer (WPT) system, this paper conducts a theoretical analysis of the factors influencing the electromagnetic force experienced by the receiving coil. Maxwell electromagnetic simulation is used for modeling and analysis, revealing the trends in the electromagnetic force exerted on the receiving coil. Based on this analysis, a method is proposed that actively adjusts the working frequency of WPT to alter the current phases of the transmitting and receiving coils, thereby regulating the magnitude of the force on the receiving coil. Finally, mechanical tests, including torque experiments, were conducted to validate the proposed method. The electromagnetic force on the coil in the microgravity isolation platform of a space station was reduced from

961 μ N

113 μ N

, a level which plays an important role in improving the microgravity index of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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21 pages, 5975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Wireless Power Transfer Method for Intelligent Sensing Device of Non-Directly Buried Distribution Cables

by Xinxin He, Zhifeng Zhang, Hao Zhou, Mingming Xu, Rongze Niu and Liwei Jing

Electronics 2024, 13(8), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081411 - 9 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1029

Abstract

This paper presents a study on the impact of circuit parameters on the transmission of electrical energy in wireless power transfer systems designed for intelligent sensing devices within the urban electric power Internet of Things (IoT). Relying on the essential principles of resonant mutual inductance models, the paper conducts an analytical investigation into the phenomena of power-frequency splitting characteristics, efficiency-frequency splitting characteristics, and efficacy synchronization characteristics within wireless energy transmission technologies. The investigation includes a detailed analysis of a wireless power transfer system model operating at 100 kHz, delineating how varying circuit parameters influence the system’s efficiency. Via the utilization of graphical software and computational programming for simulation modeling, this research delved into the dynamics between key parameters such as equivalent load and coupling coefficient and their influence on distinct splitting phenomena. This rigorous approach substantiated the validity of the proposed power-frequency and efficiency-frequency splitting characteristics outlined in the study. Based on the analytical results, it is shown that selecting an appropriate equivalent load or utilizing impedance matching networks to adjust the equivalent load to a suitable size is crucial in consideration of the system’s output power, voltage withstand level, and transmission efficiency. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the design of wireless power supply systems for non-directly buried cable front-end sensing devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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20 pages, 4546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Frequency Stability Analysis and Charging Area Expanding Optimal Design for Matrix Coupling Mechanism in Wireless Power Transfer System

by Jincheng Jiang and Zhenya Meng

Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071312 - 31 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 832

Abstract

The matrix coupling mechanism brings flexibility and reliability to energy supply in the form of multiple transmitting coils and is now favored in most wireless energy transmission applications, such as wireless charging boards for mobile phones, inspection robots, and so on. However, the process of considering the layout of the matrix coupling mechanism and the output performance based on the target in space is very complex, while also taking into account the need to avoid impedance changes caused by cross-interference between each unit, which can lead to frequency inconsistency. This paper proposes a design method based on space charging area expansion for matrix coupling mechanisms, and on this basis, it focuses on analyzing the impedance mismatch phenomenon caused by cross mutual inductance and inconsistent mutual inductance between coil units, in order to obtain the optimal topology to avoid frequency drift as much as possible. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is validated through simulation and experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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12 pages, 4180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Design of Relay Coil Inductance to Improve Transmission Efficiency of Four-Coil Magnetic Resonance Wireless Power Transmission Systems

by Min-Wook Hwang, Young-Min Kwon and Kwang-Cheol Ko

Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071261 - 28 Mar 2024

Viewed by 961

Abstract

Magnetic resonance wireless power transmission consists of a source coil and relay coil (transmission coil (Tx-coil), receiving coil (Rx-coil)). The relay coil is designed with windings and a series capacitor, which are resonant with the input voltage frequency. Magnetic resonant wireless power transmission by a relay coil enables the transmission of power from a few centimeters to several meters. Recently, research has been conducted on the shape and material of each coil to increase the transmission distance. However, limitations remain with respect to increasing the transmission distance. Specifically, the optimization of the electrical characteristics of the relay coil is necessary to increase the transmission distance and improve efficiency. In this study, we configured the inductance of the relay coil to be approximately 95 μH, 270 μH, and 630 μH. Accordingly, we designed the series capacitors to have the same resonant frequency and analyzed the transmission characteristics of each relay coil. We confirmed that as the inductance increased, the transmission efficiency increased by up to 10%. The relay coil was designed to have an inductance of approximately three to six times that of the source coil (load coil). Thus, the optimal design of the relay coil is believed to be the most efficient and economical coil design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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13 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Parameter Optimization of Wireless Power Transfer Based on Machine Learning

by Heng Zhang, Manwen Liao, Liangxi He and Chi-Kwan Lee

Electronics 2024, 13(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010103 - 26 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1615

Abstract

Wireless power transfer (WPT) has become a crucial feature in numerous electronic devices, electric appliances, and electric vehicles. However, traditional design methods for WPT suffer from numerous drawbacks, such as time-consuming computations and high error counts due to inaccurate model parameters. As artificial intelligence (AI) continues to gain traction across industries, its ability to provide quick decisions and solutions makes it highly attractive for system optimizations. In this paper, a method for optimizing WPT parameters based on machine learning is proposed. The convolutional neural network is adapted for training and predicting the performance of a pair of coupled coils under a set of input parameters. The performance parameters include the spatial magnetic field distribution map, quality factor, inductance value, and mutual inductance value, which are critical in determining the efficiency and selecting optimal coil parameters such as the number of turns and wire diameter. Moreover, the spatial magnetic field distribution map is also helpful for identifying design compliance with the electromagnetic field safety standards. The training results reveal that the proposed method takes an average of 3.2 ms with a normalized image prediction error of 0.0034 to calculate the results to calculate one set of parameters, compared to an average of 23.74 s via COMSOL. This represents significant computational time savings while still maintaining acceptable computational accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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16 pages, 4126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Coupler of Capacitive Power Transfer for Enhancing Underwater Power Transfer Characteristics

by Xueqiang Zhang and Jing Lian

Electronics 2024, 13(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13010074 - 22 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1135

Abstract

Compared to inductive power transfer (IPT) technology, capacitive power transfer (CPT) technology offers unique advantages such as being cost-effective, lightweight, and free from eddy-current losses, making it more suitable for underwater power transfer. Unlike air, water can conduct electricity and the electric conductivity of different kinds of waters varies with different ion concentrations, which would greatly affect the equivalent model of the underwater couplers. To address this issue, multiple types of underwater coupler working in different kinds of water are compared and analyzed. The influence of the electrical conductivity of water on the capacitive coupler is comprehensively analyzed, and the novel capacitive coupler and its equivalent model are proposed to improve power transfer efficiency. To verify the theoretical analysis, the double-sided LC-compensated CPT circuit is built and tap water is used in the experiment. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis. In addition, the experimental results also validate the superiority of the proposed capacitive coupler compared to existing research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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17 pages, 4021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wireless Power Transfer System with Current-Doubler Rectifier on the Secondary Side—Analysis, Modeling, and Verification

by Vladimir Kindl, Martin Zavrel, Miroslav Tyrpekl, Michal Frivaldsky and Jakub Skorvaga

Electronics 2023, 12(23), 4818; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12234818 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1333

Abstract

In this paper, the proposal for the performance optimization of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system is given. The solution is based on the alternative configuration of the secondary-side rectifier. It is represented by a diode rectifier with a current doubler. Compared to the bridge rectifier, two diodes are replaced by the inductors. Initially, a system analysis was performed to investigate the electrical behavior and find the most optimal conditions referred to as terms of efficiency performance at nominal power. Due to this requirement, the rectifier inductors must be designed accordingly to meet this condition. The experimental verification was realized as well, while the proposed solution was compared to other common alternatives of the secondary-side rectification. The load sensitivity analysis in terms of efficiency performance was realized as well to observe the system behavior for a wide operation range. From the results, it is seen that the proposed alternative of the secondary-side rectification of the WPT system gives promising results in terms of high operating efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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16 pages, 6559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mutual Inductance and Load Identification of LCC-S IPT System Considering Equivalent Inductance of Rectifier Load

by Haomin Shen, Xiaona Wang, Pan Sun, Lei Wang and Yan Liang

Electronics 2023, 12(18), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12183841 - 11 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1054

Abstract

The variation of mutual inductance and load parameters will affect the transmission power and efficiency of the inductive power transfer (IPT) system. The identification of mutual inductance and load parameters is an essential part of establishing a stable and reliable IPT system. This paper presents a joint identification method of load and mutual inductance for the LCC-S IPT system, which does not require the establishment of primary and secondary communication and related control. Firstly, the resistance-inductance characteristics of the equivalent load of the rectifier are analyzed by simulation, and then the rectifier and system load are equivalent to the circuit model of resistance and inductance in series. Secondly, the characteristics of the reflected impedance are analyzed, and the functional relationship between the transmitter impedance and the rectifier impedance is established by using the ratio of the real part to the imaginary part of the reflected impedance, which realizes the decoupling of the load and the mutual inductance. Thirdly, the functional relationship between the equivalent impedance of the rectifier and the load resistance of the system is obtained by data fitting. Then, the equations of the above two functional relationships are combined. By measuring the voltage of the parallel compensation capacitor at the transmitting side, the current of the transmitting coil and the phase difference between the two, the battery load can be solved first, and then the mutual inductance can be calculated, so that the high-precision identification of the load and mutual inductance can be realized. Finally, an experimental platform of the LCC-S IPT system is built for experimental verification. The experimental results show that the maximum identification errors of mutual inductance and load are 5.20% and 5.53%, respectively, which proves that the proposed identification method can achieve high precision identification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Power Transfer Technology and Its Applications)

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