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Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II
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Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F6: High Voltage".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2024) | Viewed by 7079

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zhijin Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: electrical external insulation for complex environment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Hualong Zheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing university, Chongqing 400044, China
Interests: environmental adaptability testing; electromechanical characteristics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Techniques for the transmission of electrical energy have been developed since the first stumbling steps in the late 19th century, leading into today’s sprawling international grid providing electricity in virtually any nook and cranny of the world. Increasing demand has necessitated increase of transmission voltages. Therefore, high voltage equipment has become an increasingly important part of the power system. Testing, monitoring and diagnostic on high voltage equipment (Insulator, transformer, cable, GIS, etc.) are the base of condition maintenance and essential for an economic usage of high voltage equipment.

This Special Issue is aimed at exploring and demonstrating the novel ideas and valuable outcomes addressing the various aspects of testing, monitoring, and diagnostic of high voltage equipment, such as

  • On-line monitoring technology
  • Partial discharge measurement
  • New methods for testing, monitoring, and diagnostic
  • Pollution and icing characteristics of insulation equipment
  • Insulation deterioration characteristics and diagnosis (Power cable, silicone rubber composite insulator, etc.)
  • Electrical breakdown characteristics
  • Numerical modeling and simulation

While the above-mentioned list may not cover all the issues related to testing, monitoring, and diagnostics of high voltage equipment, this Special Issue welcomes the submission of manuscripts on other similar topics of interest as well as those that contribute to enhance the knowledge, testing methods, condition monitoring abilities, diagnostic methods, and thus the reliability of the power grids.

Prof. Dr. Zhijin Zhang
Dr. Hualong Zheng
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • high-voltage tests
  • measurement techniques
  • novel measurement devices
  • high voltage operation
  • electrical insulation
  • condition monitoring
  • insulation Breakdown
  • partial discharge
  • aging performance

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 4145 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Breaking Characteristics of C4F7N/CO2 Mixture Gas in Circuit Breaker
by Xiaolong Li, Lei Liu, Wen Wang and Zhenxin Geng
Energies 2024, 17(11), 2638; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112638 - 29 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 740
Abstract
In recent years, the C4F7N mixed gas has attracted considerable attention for its outstanding insulation and arc-extinguishing capabilities, positioning it as a potential substitute for sulfur hexafluoride, SF6. However, there remains a limited understanding of the arc-extinguishing [...] Read more.
In recent years, the C4F7N mixed gas has attracted considerable attention for its outstanding insulation and arc-extinguishing capabilities, positioning it as a potential substitute for sulfur hexafluoride, SF6. However, there remains a limited understanding of the arc-extinguishing and insulation performance of C4F7N/CO2 mixed gas. In addition, there is limited research on high-current breaking in circuit breakers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the arc characteristics and breaking behavior of 10%C4F7N/90%CO2 and 15%C4F7N/85%CO2 mixed gases using a magnetohydrodynamic model based on the 252kV air pressure circuit breaker. The dynamic characteristics of this mixed gas are compared with pure SF6 under short-circuit current breaking conditions, while analyzing different parameters of the C4F7N configuration. The results indicate that the mixed gas exhibits lower levels in terms of arc temperature, axial diffusion distance and pressure difference at the moment of arc initiation compared to pure SF6. Furthermore, increasing the inflating pressure can effectively enhance the breaking performance of the circuit breaker with 0.6 MPa, making it more suitable. Additionally, increasing the proportion of C4F7N in the mixed gases will cause the arc temperature to rise slightly at the initial arc and current crossing zero, but decrease at the peak current. The core pressure also rises significantly, with a greater pressure difference established in the compressor at moment of arc initiation. This study provides a reference for the design of an environmentally friendly circuit breaker and the selection of the mixed gas ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II)
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15 pages, 6324 KiB  
Article
Methodology for Circuit Breaker Contact Diagnosis through Dynamic Resistance Measurements and Fuzzy-Logic-Based Analysis
by Ronimack T. Souza, George R. S. Lira, Edson G. Costa, Adriano C. Oliveira and Antonio F. Leite Neto
Energies 2024, 17(8), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17081869 - 14 Apr 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1265
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology capable of measuring, processing, and extracting contact resistance parameters that enable the identification of the contact degradation level inside arc extinction chambers in medium- and high-voltage circuit breakers (CB). To determine the contact degradation level, an algorithm was [...] Read more.
This paper presents a methodology capable of measuring, processing, and extracting contact resistance parameters that enable the identification of the contact degradation level inside arc extinction chambers in medium- and high-voltage circuit breakers (CB). To determine the contact degradation level, an algorithm was developed to extract the characteristic parameters from the results of dynamic resistance measurement (DRM). To analyze the dataset parameters, this work employs the combination of different statistical tools, such as boxplots and fuzzy logic, enabling the evaluation to be conducted without the subjectivity inherent in human decision. Therefore, a more objective and reliable diagnosis could be achieved. The DRM tests were performed on two types of minimum-oil CB (MOCB), 800 A/15 kV/12.5 kA (CB-A) and 2000 A/72.5 kV/31.5 kA (CB-B and CB-C). For CB-A and CB-B, three contacts were utilized for each CB, with significant contact degradation. For CB-C, a single contact was employed without significant degradation. The DRM curves of the CB-C contact were used as the reference for evaluation of the CB-B contacts. For this purpose, a new DRM system was developed. The proposed methodology can be defined as a complement for other diagnostic techniques, serving as a non-subjective asset management tool, supporting decisions regarding equipment interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II)
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18 pages, 4694 KiB  
Article
A Fault Identification Method for Metal Oxide Arresters Combining Suppression of Environmental Temperature and Humidity Interference with a Stacked Autoencoder
by Shengwen Shu, Xiaoyao Zhang, Guobin Wang, Jinglan Zeng and Ying Ruan
Energies 2023, 16(24), 8033; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16248033 - 12 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1039
Abstract
Most existing methods aiming to solve the fault identification problem of metal oxide arresters (MOAs) are limited by strong subjectivity in judgment, the significant impact of environmental temperature and humidity on the online monitoring of the resistance current, and poor generalization ability. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Most existing methods aiming to solve the fault identification problem of metal oxide arresters (MOAs) are limited by strong subjectivity in judgment, the significant impact of environmental temperature and humidity on the online monitoring of the resistance current, and poor generalization ability. Therefore, in this article, we propose an MOA fault identification method that combines suppressing environmental temperature and humidity interference with a stacked autoencoder (SAE). Firstly, a functional relationship model between resistance current and environmental temperature and humidity is established. Then, a temperature and humidity interference suppression method based on weighted nonlinear surface modeling is proposed to normalize the resistance current to the same reference temperature and humidity conditions. Finally, an MOA fault identification method combining the suppression of environmental temperature and humidity interference with an SAE is proposed. Furthermore, a comprehensive comparison is conducted on the recall, accuracy, F1-score, and average accuracy of support vector machine, random forest, logistic regression, and SAE classification algorithms in three different scenarios to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results indicate that environmental temperature and humidity interference suppression for resistive current prior to MOA fault classification significantly reduce the number of false alarms. Compared with other methods, the MOA fault identification method, which combines environmental temperature and humidity interference suppression with an SAE, has the highest average accuracy of 99.7%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II)
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14 pages, 4125 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Natural Pollution Accumulation Characteristics of Insulators for Railroads in High-Altitude Environment
by Zhijin Zhang, Siyi Chen, Xingliang Jiang, Jianlin Hu and Qin Hu
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5738; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155738 - 1 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 976
Abstract
Railway system insulators are affected by pollution, altitude, and other environmental situations during operation, which causes reduced electrical performance or even flashover accidents. These factors threaten the safety of railway operations in high-altitude areas. However, the natural contamination characteristics of a railroad in [...] Read more.
Railway system insulators are affected by pollution, altitude, and other environmental situations during operation, which causes reduced electrical performance or even flashover accidents. These factors threaten the safety of railway operations in high-altitude areas. However, the natural contamination characteristics of a railroad in a plateau area is still unclear. In this study, a natural pollution accumulation test for railway insulators in a high-altitude area was carried out, and the distribution rules of nonsoluble deposit density (NSDD), equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD), NSDD/ESDD ratio, and nonuniformity (T/B) of the pollution distribution of the tested insulators were calculated. Meanwhile, the chemical compositions of the pollution from different test sites were analyzed. The differences of pollution accumulation between railway insulators and suspended insulators of a power system and the influencing factors were compared and analyzed by combining with a numerical simulation. The results show that the pollution level of railroad insulators is mainly distributed in level b and above. A pollution sample is mainly composed of sodium chloride, while the NSDD/ESDD ratio of pollution is mostly distributed from 0 to 5, with T/B value ranges from 1/0.62 to 1/1.76. The amount of insulator contamination is influenced by the location inside and outside the tunnel. Additionally, the pollution amount is influenced by the structure and type of insulators. Finally, this paper studies the creepage distance and structural height required by railway insulators in a plateau area according to the natural pollution accumulation characteristics of railway insulators, which can provide a reference for a railway electrical external insulation configuration in a high-altitude area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II)
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16 pages, 4099 KiB  
Article
Study on the Dynamic Characteristics of Tensional Force for Ice Accumulated Overhead Lines Considering Instantaneous Wind Speed
by Meng Li, Jianlin Hu, Yang Yang, Mingguan Zhao, Xiaofeng Wang and Xingliang Jiang
Energies 2023, 16(13), 4913; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16134913 - 24 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1086
Abstract
Icing is one of the key factors affecting the security and reliability of power system operation. Ice accumulation on the overhead line (OHL) conductors is often accompanied by strong winds, whose magnitude and direction are varied constantly, which imposes challenges to the on-line [...] Read more.
Icing is one of the key factors affecting the security and reliability of power system operation. Ice accumulation on the overhead line (OHL) conductors is often accompanied by strong winds, whose magnitude and direction are varied constantly, which imposes challenges to the on-line monitoring of OHL’s ice load. This paper analyzed the dynamic characteristics of the tensional force for ice accumulated OHLs through both the on-site experiment and the finite element method (FEM). The correlation between the instantaneous wind speed, the thickness of the accumulated ice and the dynamic tensional force, the aerodynamic resistance coefficient of the conductor, is investigated. It is found that the axial dynamic tension at the end of the iced conductor is approximately proportional to the square of the instantaneous wind speed. The higher the wind speed, the larger the difference between the static tension and the maximum dynamic tension calculated using the 10-min average wind speed. Under the conditions of the example in this article (crescent-shaped icing), when the average wind speed is 20 m/s, the ratio of the difference to static tension is 11.19%. These conclusions are verified with the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation, the same correlation is identified in comparison with the experiments. Due to the fact that the magnitudes of tensional force and vibration are determined by the instantaneous wind speed, significant error exists within traditional calculation methods where average wind speed is used instead. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II)
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17 pages, 2641 KiB  
Article
On the Remote Calibration of Instrumentation Transformers: Influence of Temperature
by Bart Verhelst, Sané Rens, Johan Rens, Jos Knockaert and Jan Desmet
Energies 2023, 16(12), 4744; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16124744 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1218
Abstract
The remote calibration of instrumentation transformers is theoretically possible using synchronous measurements across a transmission line with a known impedance and a local set of calibrated voltage and current transformers. In this paper, an extension of the research results presented in our paper [...] Read more.
The remote calibration of instrumentation transformers is theoretically possible using synchronous measurements across a transmission line with a known impedance and a local set of calibrated voltage and current transformers. In this paper, an extension of the research results presented in our paper “On the Remote Calibration of Voltage Transformers: Validation of Opportunity” published in AMPS 2018 was undertaken by reporting on how temperature could increase the measurement uncertainty contributed by voltage and current transformers. This was needed to better understand if remote calibration could be realized under real-world conditions where temperatures at different geographical locations could be significantly different. This paper describes the influence of magnetic voltage, current transformers, and capacitive voltage transformers. Based on the research in this paper, one could conclude that the influence of magnetic voltage transformers (MVTs) is low, but, especially with current measurement transformers and capacitive voltage transformers, errors should be considered when performing remote calibrations on measurement transformers over long distances with different environmental conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Testing, Monitoring and Diagnostic of High Voltage Equipment, Volume II)
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