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Recent Advances in Hydro-Mechanical Turbines: Powering the Future
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Recent Advances in Hydro-Mechanical Turbines: Powering the Future

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 November 2024 | Viewed by 3992

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Yexiang Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Interests: the flow mechanism and multiphase flow of hydraulic machinery; Pelton turbine; flow mechanism; flow interference; ocean energy fluid machinery
Prof. Dr. Ruofu Xiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: internal flow theory of hydraulic machinery; hydraulic optimization design of hydraulic machinery; fluid–solid coupling and hydraulic excitation of key components of hydraulic machinery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The power sector is responsible for 40% of global carbon emissions, making it the single largest contributor to global warming. The low-carbon transformation process of the power industry is crucial to the realization of human society producing net zero carbon emissions in the future. Renewable energy in the form of wind and solar power will probably become the main sources of power in the future. In order to ensure the consumption of new energy with strong volatility, the importance of hydropower as the basic power supply in future power systems will increase, while the most promising energy storage facility-pumped storage projects will also effectively smooth out the fluctuations in renewable energy, ensuring the stability of the power grid. At present, huge Francis turbines with a 1000 MW unit capacity have been put into production in China's Baihetan hydropower station, a huge amount of pumped storage projects have been launched, projects demonstrating ternary pumped storage power stations are in preparation, and the exploitation of many ultra-high water head hydropower resources in the Himalayas still awaits. At present, the hydraulic machinery industry is booming. From land to sea, we are also discovering ocean energy as a kind of renewable energy with considerable potential. The research field of hydraulic machinery for efficient harvesting of ocean energy has gained subsequent attention.

In summary, the development of hydraulic machinery is critical to the energy revolution and the transformation of the power industry. As a basic power with strong regulation performance, the role of hydropower will also change from supplying clean power.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances related to the theory, design, modeling, application, control, and condition monitoring of all types of Hydro-Mechanical Turbines.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Recent advances in hydro turbines such as Francis turbines/Pelton turbines/Kaplan turbines/Bulb Turbines;
  • Recent advances in reversible pump turbines and ternary pumped storage machines;
  •  Electric motor/generator technology for hydro turbine units;
  • Online and offline status monitoring technology for hydraulic machinery;
  • Optimization design method for hydraulic machinery;
  • Recent advances in modeling methods;
  • Multi-field coupling technology for hydraulic machinery equipment;
  • Recent advances in hydraulic machinery for ocean energy.

Dr. Yexiang Xiao
Prof. Dr. Ruofu Xiao
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • giant Francis turbine
  • giant Pelton turbine
  • reversible pump turbine storage machines
  • ternary pumped storage machines
  • ocean energy

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 6488 KiB  
Article
Including Lifetime Hydraulic Turbine Cost into Short-Term Hybrid Scheduling of Hydro and Solar
by Jiehong Kong, Igor Iliev and Hans Ivar Skjelbred
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5246; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215246 - 22 Oct 2024
Viewed by 471
Abstract
In traditional short-term hydropower scheduling problems, which usually determine the optimal power generation schedules within one week, the off-design zone of a hydraulic turbine is modeled as a forbidden zone due to the significantly increased risk of turbine damage when operating within this [...] Read more.
In traditional short-term hydropower scheduling problems, which usually determine the optimal power generation schedules within one week, the off-design zone of a hydraulic turbine is modeled as a forbidden zone due to the significantly increased risk of turbine damage when operating within this zone. However, it is still plausible to occasionally operate within this zone for short durations under real-world circumstances. With the integration of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) into the power system, hydropower, as a dispatchable energy resource, operates complementarily with VRE to smooth overall power generation and enhance system performance. The rapid and frequent adjustments in output power make it inevitable for the hydraulic turbine to operate in the off-design zone. This paper introduces the operating zones associated with various production costs derived from fatigue analysis of the hydraulic turbine and calculated based on the turbine replacement cost. These costs are incorporated into a short-term hybrid scheduling tool based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Including production costs in the optimization problem shifts the turbine’s working point from a high-cost zone to a low-cost zone. The resulting production schedule for a Hydro-Solar hybrid power system considers not only short-term economic factors such as day-ahead market prices and water value but also lifetime hydraulic turbine cost, leading to a more comprehensive calculation of the production plan. This research provides valuable insights into the sustainable operation of hydropower plants, balancing short-term profits with lifetime hydraulic turbine costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydro-Mechanical Turbines: Powering the Future)
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53 pages, 15592 KiB  
Article
Fluid-Structure Numerical Study of an In-Pipe Axial Turbine with Circular Blades
by Oscar D. Monsalve-Cifuentes, Sebastián Vélez-García, Daniel Sanín-Villa and Josept David Revuelta-Acosta
Energies 2024, 17(14), 3539; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143539 - 18 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1106
Abstract
Hydraulic turbines have become indispensable for harnessing renewable energy sources, particularly in-pipe hydraulic turbine technology, which leverages excess energy within pipeline systems like drinking water distribution pipes to produce electrical power. Among these turbines, the propeller-type axial turbine with circular blades stands out [...] Read more.
Hydraulic turbines have become indispensable for harnessing renewable energy sources, particularly in-pipe hydraulic turbine technology, which leverages excess energy within pipeline systems like drinking water distribution pipes to produce electrical power. Among these turbines, the propeller-type axial turbine with circular blades stands out for its efficiency. However, there is a notable lack of literature on fluid dynamics and structural behavior under various operational conditions. This study introduces a comprehensive methodology to numerically investigate the hydraulic and structural responses of turbines designed for in-pipe installation. The methodology encompasses the design of circular blades, followed by parametric studies on fluid dynamics and structural analysis. The circular blade’s performance was evaluated across different materials, incorporating static, modal, and harmonic response analyses. Results showed that the circular blade achieved a peak hydraulic efficiency of 75.5% at a flow rate of 10 l/s, generating 1.86 m of head pressure drop and 138 W of mechanical power. Structurally, it demonstrated a safety factor exceeding 1 across the entire hydraulic range without encountering resonance or fatigue issues. This research and its methodology significantly contribute to advancing the understanding of designing and assessing the fluid dynamic behavior and structural integrity of circular blades in axial propeller-type turbines for in-pipe installations, serving as a valuable resource for future studies in similar domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydro-Mechanical Turbines: Powering the Future)
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12 pages, 4730 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Flow Behavior and Pressure Fluctuation of a Pump Turbine with Splitter Blades in Part-Load Pump Mode
by Wei Xiao, Shaocheng Ren, Liu Chen, Bin Yan, Yilin Zhu and Yexiang Xiao
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2402; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102402 - 16 May 2024
Viewed by 644
Abstract
The internal flow of a pump turbine is unstable in part-load pump mode for small guide-vane openings, and the strong vibration caused by pressure pulsation is related to the safe and stable operation of the unit. A pump turbine with a six-splitter-blade runner [...] Read more.
The internal flow of a pump turbine is unstable in part-load pump mode for small guide-vane openings, and the strong vibration caused by pressure pulsation is related to the safe and stable operation of the unit. A pump turbine with a six-splitter-blade runner was chosen for unsteady simulation analyses. A standard k-epsilon turbulence model was adopted to study the unsteady flow and pressure pulsation in part-load pump mode. The predicted results show that the flow in the draft tube and the runner with splitter blades was relatively stable and the flow of the blade-to-blade channel was symmetrical. When the inlet and outlet velocity distribution of the vanes was not uniform, a vortex began to form in the stay-vane domain. The reason for this vortex formation is explained, and it is pointed out that the existence of the vortex and backflow leads to uneven velocity distribution. The unsteady calculation results showed that the pressure-pulsation peak-to-peak amplitudes in the vaneless area and guide vanes were much higher than those of other monitor points because of rotor–stator interference between the rotating runner and the vanes. In addition, the pulsation characteristics of the monitor points at different circumferential positions in the vaneless region were quite different. In the vaneless area, the velocity gradient along the circumferential direction was very large, and there was a phenomenon of backflow. Also, the pressure pulsation was 0.2 times that of the runner rotational frequency, and the blade-passing frequency was a third-order frequency. At the outlet of the guide vane, the pressure pulsation was mainly of a low frequency with a complex vortex flow. Finally, the pressure pulsation began to decrease rapidly in the stay-vane region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydro-Mechanical Turbines: Powering the Future)
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16 pages, 8853 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Sediment Erosion in Pelton Nozzles and Needles Affected by Particle Size
by Jie Liu, Yilin Zhu, Quanwei Liang, Yexiang Xiao, Zhengshu Liu, Haijun Li, Jian Ye, Nianhao Yang, Haifeng Deng and Qingpin Du
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1635; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071635 - 28 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1061
Abstract
The sediment erosion of Pelton turbine components is a major challenge in the operation and development of high-head water resources, especially in mountainous areas with high sediment yield. In this paper, a study using numerical simulation was conducted with different sediment particle sizes [...] Read more.
The sediment erosion of Pelton turbine components is a major challenge in the operation and development of high-head water resources, especially in mountainous areas with high sediment yield. In this paper, a study using numerical simulation was conducted with different sediment particle sizes in the fine sand range. And the erosion mechanism of the Pelton turbine injector was analyzed. The Eulerian Lagrange method was adopted to simulate the gas–liquid–solid flow. The Mansouri’s model was applied to estimate the injector erosion. The predicted erosion results were in accord with field erosion photographs. In particular, the asymmetrical erosion distribution on the needle surface was physically reproduced. With the sediment particle size increasing from 0.05 mm, the needle erosion rate decreased, while the nozzle casing erosion rate increased dramatically. In order to clarify this tendency, the characteristics of the three-phase flow were analyzed. Interestingly, the results show that with the rise in particle size, the separation of particles and water streamlines became more serious in the contraction section of the nozzle mouth. Consequently, it caused the enhancement of erosion of the nozzle surfaces and weakened the erosion of the needle surfaces. Significant engineering insights may be provided for weakening Pelton injector erosion with needle guides in the current study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydro-Mechanical Turbines: Powering the Future)
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