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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 25216

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Prof. Dr. Paweł Ligęza

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Laboratory of Flow Metrology, Strata Mechanics Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
Interests: metrology; electronics; energetics; mechanics; mechatronics; robotics; computer sciences; modelling and control; mining sciences; measurement systems; flow metrology
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Dear Colleagues,

We live on a planet immersed in an ocean of air. The existence of the atmosphere is essential to our life. We breathe, experience acoustic sensations, and are cooled by gusts of wind. We sail and move using the wings of aircraft. We also experience many negative, destructive phenomena such as hurricanes, typhoons, tornadoes, and cyclones. Air, atmosphere, and wind are elements of nature, which remains in constant motion, manifesting itself in turbulence, chaos, but also—and most importantly to us—in the transport of huge amounts of energy. Conscious obtaining of this energy to meet the needs of our civilization is a continuous interdisciplinary challenge. This process requires solving many key problems, not only technical and technological, but also in many other, even very distant, scientific fields.

Therefore, having the honor of being the Guest Editor of this Special Issue, I invite my colleagues, researchers, and experts in all scientific disciplines who research issues related to the broadly understood wind energy to share the results of their research in the Special Issue of the Energies journal on “Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines”. The subject of the publications should correspond to the title of the Special Issue, and you will find thematic tips in the keywords. However, I encourage you to prepare a paper both in terms of the indicated topics, as well as in the other fields of wind energy, which you consider important and worth presenting to a wider scientific community. As researchers, we have a special influence on the development and improvement of energy obtaining and processing methods, while bearing in mind our responsibility for the condition and fate of our planet. Feel free to publish your research in this Special Issue!

Prof. Dr. Paweł Ligęza
Guest Editor

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Keywords

advanced technologies in wind energy
modeling and validation of wind turbines
metrology and instrumentation in wind energy
concentrated and distributed wind energy
network management algorithms
optimal location of wind farms
transport and assembly of wind turbine components
risk management in wind energy
threats to people, animals, and the environment
electromagnetic interferences in wind energy
small and local wind turbines
social, economic, legal, and political problems

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 13797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Macroscopic Turbulent Gust on the Aerodynamic Performance of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

by Lakshmi Srinivasan, Nishanth Ram, Sudharshan Bharatwaj Rengarajan, Unnikrishnan Divakaran, Akram Mohammad and Ratna Kishore Velamati

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052250 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2008

Abstract

Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) have proven to be suitable for changing wind conditions, particularly in urban settings. In this paper, a 2D URANS (Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes) numerical analysis is employed for an H-Darrieus VAWT. A turbulent domain is created through systemically randomising the inlet velocity to create macro-turbulence in front of the VAWT. The parameters for spatial and temporal randomisation of velocity and its effects on the turbine performance are studied for a mean free stream velocity, U_∞ = 10 m/s, and a tip speed ratio (TSR) of 4.1. The mean Coefficient of power (C_p) for randomised fluctuation of 2 m/s and half-cycle randomisation update frequency is 0.411 and for uniform inlet velocity is 0.400. The C_p vs. Tip Speed ratio plot suggests that the optimal tip speed ratio for operation is around 4.1 for this particular wind turbine of diameter 1 m, chord 0.06 m, and NACA 0018 airfoils. The effect of randomisation for tip speed ratio λ = 2.5, 3.3, 4.1, and 5.3 on the performance of the turbine is studied. Turbine wake recovers at a faster rate for macro-turbulent conditions and is symmetric when compared to wake generated by uniform velocity inlet. The maximum velocity deficit for a distance behind the turbine, x/d = 8 at TSR (λ) = 4.1 is 46% for randomised inlet and 64% for uniform inlet. The effect of randomisation for λ = 2.5 to 5.3 on the performance of the turbine is analysed. A time-varying gust based on International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Extreme Operating Gust is used to study the effect of fluctuating wind conditions in a turbulent environment. Since real-time conditions often exceed gust factors mentioned by IEC, winds with large gust factors such as 1.50, 1.64, and 1.80 are analysed. With an increase in gust amplitude, U_gust = 6 m/s to U_gust = 12 m/s on a free stream velocity of U∞ = 10 m/s, the mean C_p decreases from 0.41 to 0.35 since the wind turbine operates under tip speed ratios outside optimal range due to large fluctuations in incoming velocity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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20 pages, 18159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior of a New Generation Wind Turbine Blade Technology

by Cihan Çiftci, Ayşe Erdoğan and Mustafa Serdar Genç

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1961; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041961 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2232

Abstract

Wind turbine blades are one of the largest parts of wind power systems. It is a handicap that these large parts of numerous wind turbines will become scrap in the near future. To prevent this handicap, newly produced blades should be recyclable. In this study, a turbine blade, known as the new generation of turbine blade, was manufactured with reinforced carbon beams and recycled, low-density polyethylene materials. The manufacturing addressed in this study reveals two novelties: (1) it produces a heterogeneous turbine blade; and (2) it produces a recyclable blade. In addition, this study also covers mechanical tests using a digital image correlation (DIC) system and modeling investigations of the new generation blade. For the mechanical tests, displacement and strain data of both new generation and conventional commercial blades were measured by the DIC method. Instead of dealing with the modeling difficulty of the new generation blade’s heterogeneity we modeled the blade structural system as a whole using the moment–curvature method as part of the finite element method. Then, the behavior of both the new generation and commercial blades at varying wind speeds and different angles of attack were compared. Consequently, the data reveal that the new generation blades performed sufficiently well compared with commercial blades regarding their stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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16 pages, 6193 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Wind Microturbine with Adjustable Blade Pitch Angle

by Stanisław Chudzik

Energies 2023, 16(2), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16020945 - 14 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3337

Abstract

The article presents the results of research on the operation of a wind microturbine model with an adjustable blade pitch angle. The physical basics of wind turbine operation and the methods of its optimal control are discussed. The results of the measurements carried out for the selected blade geometry with the possibility of adjusting the pitch angle are presented. The tests were carried out for a resistive load with a linear characteristic and for a load with a non-linear characteristic of a Li-Po battery. The results of the operation of a simple MPPT control algorithm are presented. The practical methods of controlling larger wind turbines are not optimal for small and very small turbines. The conducted research focused on determining the possibility of using blades with an adjustable angle setting, depending on the rotational speed in wind microturbines. The use of a simple mechanism for changing the pitch angle of the blades depending on the rotational speed of the turbine can increase the efficiency of the microturbine in a wider range of wind speeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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25 pages, 19348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Optimal-Based Vibration Control of a Wind Turbine Tower Using a Small-Scale Electric Drive with MR Damper Support

by Paweł Martynowicz

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9530; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249530 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

The paper presents an experimental implementation of an optimal-based vibration control for a scaled wind turbine tower-nacelle structure. A laboratory model of the approximate power scale of 340 W, equipped with a nonlinear tuned vibration absorber (TVA), is analysed. For control purposes, a combined operation of a small-scale electric servo drive and a magnetorheological (MR) damper is used in the TVA system. Nonlinearities of both the electric drive and the MR damper are intrinsic parts of the adopted nonlinear control concept. The aim of the research is the simple-hardware real-time implementation and the experimental investigation of the simultaneous actuator and damper control, including the analysis of the influence of optimal control law parameters and quality function weights on the vibration attenuation efficiency and actuator energy demand. As a reference, an optimal-based, modified ground-hook control with the single goal of the primary structure deflection minimisation is used along with the passive system with zero MR damper current and idling electric actuator, proving the advantages of the proposed method. The regarded solutions guarantee 57% maximum structure deflection reduction concerning the passive TVA configuration, using an MR damper of 32 N maximum force and an electric drive of 12.5 N nominal force and 0.76 W nominal power. An interesting alternative is the optimal control concept tuned with regard to the actuator power minimisation—it provides 30% maximum structure deflection attenuation (concerning the passive TVA configuration) while using a passive damper of 3.3 N maximum force and an actuator of 0.17 W nominal power only. It makes evident the advantage of the properly tuned optimal control algorithm over the modified ground-hook law—it requires 51% less actuator energy than the latter parametrised to exhibit the same vibration attenuation properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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11 pages, 3778 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

A Hot-Wire Anemometer with Automatically Adjusted Dynamic Properties for Wind Energy Spectrum Analysis

by Paweł Ligęza and Paweł Jamróz

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4618; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134618 - 24 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1751

Abstract

Hot-wire anemometric measurements are often related to the determination of flow parameters in a high frequency range. Such knowledge is particularly important when analyzing the flow phenomena in the vicinity of wind turbines. The reliability of obtained results is determined by the knowledge of the properties of the system used for measurements. It concerns both the static and dynamic characteristics of individual measurement channels. In studies of hot-wire anemometric systems, a problem related to the unstable transmission bands of such systems and their high dependence on measurement conditions and the system configuration itself has been commonly indicated. This paper presents the results of an investigation of a new type of hot-wire anemometer, allowing for automatic adjustment of its dynamic characteristics under real working conditions. The presented system is dedicated to the analysis of the wind energy spectrum in experimental laboratory tests on reduced-scale models and to specialized in situ measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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9 pages, 698 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Error Correction Method in Tachometric Anemometers for Measurements of Wind Energy

by Paweł Ligęza

Energies 2022, 15(11), 4132; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114132 - 4 Jun 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1675

Abstract

Measurements of air flow velocity are essential at every stage of the design, construction and operation of wind turbines. One of the basic measurement tools in this area is the tachometric anemometer, which is based on the simple physical phenomenon of the air kinetic energy exchange with a rotating measuring element. Tachometric anemometers have favorable operational features and good static metrological parameters. However, in the case of fast-changing flows, the measurement is burdened with a significant dynamic error, and the measured average value of the velocity is overestimated. This article presents the concept and results of pilot studies of a dynamic error correction method of tachometric anemometers. The correction consists of the precise measurement of the rotor’s rotational velocity and determination of the measured air velocity, taking into account the dynamics of the instrument. The developed method can be used in tachometric anemometers intended for laboratory, technical and industrial measurements in time-varying flows. One of the important application areas is the measurement of wind energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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19 pages, 3007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Testing of Wind Power Plant Devices with the Use of an Intelligent Diagnostic System

by Stanislaw Duer, Jacek Paś, Marek Stawowy, Aneta Hapka, Radosław Duer, Arkadiusz Ostrowski and Marek Woźniak

Energies 2022, 15(10), 3583; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103583 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1883

Abstract

This paper introduces the issue of reliability simulation studies of wind farm equipment in the process of an operation. By the improvement, retrofitting and insertion of new (optimal) solutions to change the quality and terms of the use of wind farm equipment, an evaluation of their impact on reliability under real conditions can be carried out over a long period of time. Over a brief period, testing the reliability of a technical facility is only possible in a simulation. The aspect of evaluating the reliability of wind farm equipment after the application of intelligent systems, including the Wind Power Plant Expert System (WPPES), can be tested in the manner of a simulation. It was accepted in this article that the operation of the wind farm equipment is detailed based on Markov processes. The results of such research activities are the development of reliable and appropriate strategies and an exploitation policy of PE facilities. The above-mentioned issues in such a comprehensive approach have not been fully presented in the literature. The process of exploitation of complex technical objects such as PE devices is a complex random technical and technological process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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20 pages, 880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Development of Offshore Wind Turbine Technology: An Assessment of Reliability Rates and Fault Detection Methods in a Changing Market

by Alan Turnbull, Conor McKinnon, James Carrol and Alasdair McDonald

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3180; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093180 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2607

Abstract

Offshore wind turbine drive train technology is evolving as developers increase size, aim to maximise availability and adapt to changing electricity grid requirements. This work first of all explores offshore technology market trends observed in Europe, providing a comprehensive overview of installed and planned capacity, showing a clear shift from smaller high-speed geared machines to larger direct-drive machines. To examine the implications of this shift in technology on reliability, stop rates for direct-drive and gear-driven turbines are compared between 39 farms across Europe and South America. This showed several key similarities between configurations, with the electrical system contributing to largest amount of turbine downtime in either case. When considering overall downtime across all components, the direct-drive machine had the highest value, which could be mainly attributed to comparatively higher downtime associated with the electrical, generator and control systems. For this study, downtime related to the gearbox and generator of the gear-driven turbine was calculated at approximately half of that of the direct-drive generator downtime. Finally, from a perspective of both reliability and fault diagnostics at component level, it is important to understand the key similarities and differences that would allow lessons learned on older technology to be adapted and transferred to newer models. This work presents a framework for assessing diagnostic models published in the literature, more specifically whether a particular failure mode and required input data will transfer well between geared and direct-drive machines. Results from 35 models found in the literature shows that the most transferable diagnostic models relate to the hydraulic, pitch and yaw systems, while the least transferable models relate to the gearbox. Faults associated with the generator, shafts and bearings are failure mode specific, but generally require some level of modification to adapt features to available data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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14 pages, 7063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultimate Limit State Scour Risk Assessment of a Pentapod Suction Bucket Support Structure for Offshore Wind Turbine

by Young-Jin Kim, Duc-Vu Ngo, Jang-Ho Lee and Dong-Hyawn Kim

Energies 2022, 15(6), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15062056 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2450

Abstract

Scour risk assessment considering reaction force at foundation was proposed and applied to newly developed pentapod suction bucket support structures for a 5.5 MW offshore wind turbine under ultimate limit state environmental load. Scour hazard was obtained according to scour depth by using an empirical formula, which is the function of marine environmental conditions such as significant wave height, significant period, and current velocity. Fragility of the pentapod support structure was evaluated using the bearing capacity limit state criterion under ultimate limit state load case. Scour risk was assessed by combining the scour hazard and the fragility. Finally, scour risk of the developed pentapod suction bucket support structure under ultimate limit state has been assessed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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15 pages, 3990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Extreme Learning Machine-Based Main Bearing Temperature Monitoring Considering Ambient Conditions’ Effects

by Zhengnan Hou, Xiaoxiao Lv and Shengxian Zhuang

Energies 2021, 14(22), 7529; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227529 - 11 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1569

Abstract

Wind Turbines (WTs) are exposed to harsh conditions and can experience extreme weather, such as blizzards and cold waves, which can directly affect temperature monitoring. This paper analyzes the effects of ambient conditions on WT monitoring. To reduce these effects, a novel WT monitoring method is also proposed in this paper. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method has two advantages: (1) the changes in ambient conditions are added to the input of the WT model; (2) an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) optimized by Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to construct the WT model. Using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), compared with the method that does not consider the changes in ambient conditions, the proposed method can reduce the number of false alarms and provide an earlier alarm when a failure does occur. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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Review

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10 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessReview

Basic, Advanced, and Sophisticated Approaches to the Current and Forecast Challenges of Wind Energy

by Paweł Ligęza

Energies 2021, 14(23), 8147; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14238147 - 5 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1843

Abstract

The article is a synthetic review of contemporary wind energy issues. It was created on the basis of a survey of literature from the last two years, with mainly review articles. This work is intended to be a source of information for a wide group of scientists and students from various fields. The aim is to interest them in a wide range of topics related to wind energy and wind turbines. This may allow for the selection of an area and the undertaking of research in this interesting and future-oriented field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy and Wind Turbines)

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