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Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles
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Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2024) | Viewed by 39532

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Florin Mariasiu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Automotive Engineering and Transports Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Bdul.Muncii 103-105, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: Li-ion battery; electric vehicles; means of transportation; renewable and green energy; automotive; transport; pollutants

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The use and operation of electric vehicles has become a natural and necessary thing in the contemporary world. Originally developed as a solution to eliminate pollution in large urban areas, electric vehicles currently have a high penetration dynamic and an increased demand in the car market, with stringent requirements from consumers related to their performance. Increasing the performance and energy efficiency of these electric vehicles is a continuous process that is applied to all components of the vehicle (mechanical, electrical, and mechatronic), and their research is performed through modern simulation processes.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to identify current problems and future challenges and to present solutions for electric vehicle design and development, and therefore, original and innovative contributions (articles, communications, and reviews) are invited from different perspectives related to the field of electric vehicles. The invitation to disseminate the research results within this Special Issue is addressed to all those interested: students, PhD students, academic scientists, researchers, communities, and professional associations, to obtain better understanding of the applications of modern design and investigation methods in the field of electric vehicles.

Topics of interest are related to performance analysis and/or simulation of (but are not limited to:

  • Electrified powertrain systems, components, and control;
  • Chassis;
  • Aerodynamics;
  • Power electronics and electric motor drives;
  • Energy storage systems;
  • Fuel cell application in transportation;
  • EV battery safety challenges;
  • Battery management system (BMS);
  • Battery electronics and control;
  • EV dynamic performance;
  • EV range prediction;
  • HVAC systems for EV.

Hoping for a useful, necessary, and beneficial collaboration in the field of electric vehicle research, I look forward to considering your submissions.

Prof. Dr. Florin Mariasiu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Electric vehicles
  • Energy storage systems
  • Electrified powertrain
  • Performance analysis

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 8756 KiB  
Article
Development of a Genetic Algorithm-Based Control Strategy for Fuel Consumption Optimization in a Mild Hybrid Electrified Vehicle’s Electrified Propulsion System
by Roberto H. Q. Filho, Rodrigo P. M. Ruiz, Eisenhawer de M. Fernandes, Rosalvo B. Filho and Felipe C. Pimenta
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2015; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092015 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1547
Abstract
Increasingly stringent pollutant emission regulations and a customer demand for a high-fuel economy drive the modern automotive industry to hurriedly solve the problem of decarbonization and powertrain efficiency, leading R&D towards alternative powertrain solutions and fuels. Electrification, today, plays the biggest role in [...] Read more.
Increasingly stringent pollutant emission regulations and a customer demand for a high-fuel economy drive the modern automotive industry to hurriedly solve the problem of decarbonization and powertrain efficiency, leading R&D towards alternative powertrain solutions and fuels. Electrification, today, plays the biggest role in the topic, with Mild Hybrid Electrified Vehicles (MHEVs) being the most cost-effective architectures, displaying dominance in smaller markets such as Brazil. One of the biggest challenges for HEVs’ development is the complexity of the hybrid control system, knowing when to actuate the electric machine, and the optimum power delivery, plus the gearshift schedule becomes a hard optimization problem that plays a key role in powertrain efficiency and cost savings for the customer. This paper proposes the implementation of a genetic algorithm (GA) as a machine learning-based control strategy to determine the torque split and the gear engaged for each driving condition of an MHEV operation, aiming to optimize fuel consumption. A quasi-static model of the vehicle was developed in Matlab/Simulink version 2022b, the virtual vehicle was then tested following the FTP75 and HWFET driving cycles. Simulation results indicate that the control decisions taken by the GA are qualitatively coherent for all operation conditions, and even quantitatively coherent in some cases, and that the software has the potential to be used as a control strategy outside the simulation environment, in future steps of development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles)
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21 pages, 14868 KiB  
Article
Development of Shift Map for Electric Commercial Vehicle and Comparison Verification of Pneumatic 4-Speed AMT and 4-Speed Transmission with Synchronizer in Simulation
by Joohyung Kim, Yoonkwon Lee, Hyomin Jin, Seunguk Park and Sung-Ho Hwang
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051038 - 22 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1107
Abstract
As the automotive industry transitions from internal combustion engine vehicles to the era of electric cars, extensive research is being conducted in the field of electric vehicles. While a significant portion of this research focuses on the electrification of passenger cars, commercial vehicles [...] Read more.
As the automotive industry transitions from internal combustion engine vehicles to the era of electric cars, extensive research is being conducted in the field of electric vehicles. While a significant portion of this research focuses on the electrification of passenger cars, commercial vehicles have experienced relatively modest changes towards electric propulsion. Particularly, challenges related to power and efficiency have prompted a concentrated effort in addressing these issues. However, improvements in the efficiency of motors and inverters are reaching their limits, necessitating the development of multi-speed transmissions for electric commercial vehicles to enhance overall system efficiency. In this paper, the development of a 4-speed transmission with a synchronizer designed for electric commercial vehicles is presented as part of a project. A transmission shift map was developed, and verification of increased power and efficiency was conducted through a comparison with the existing product (a pneumatic 4-speed internal combustion engine transmission) installed in the target commercial vehicle. The study utilized vehicle dynamics, component modeling, and simulation environments to assess the improvements in performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles)
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18 pages, 8960 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of Crashworthiness on Electric Vehicle’s Battery Case with Auxetic Structure
by Liviu I. Scurtu, Ioan Szabo and Marius Gheres
Energies 2023, 16(15), 5849; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155849 - 7 Aug 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2517
Abstract
Due to the reduction in pollutant emissions, the number of electric vehicles has experienced rapid growth in worldwide traffic. Vehicles equipped with batteries represent a greater danger of explosion and fire in the case of traffic accidents, which is why new protective systems [...] Read more.
Due to the reduction in pollutant emissions, the number of electric vehicles has experienced rapid growth in worldwide traffic. Vehicles equipped with batteries represent a greater danger of explosion and fire in the case of traffic accidents, which is why new protective systems and devices have been designed to improve impact safety. Through their design and construction, auxetic structures can ensure the efficient dissipation of impact energy, reducing the risk of battery damage and maintaining the safety of vehicle occupants. In this paper, we analyze the crashworthiness performance of a battery case equipped with an energy absorber with a particular shape based on a re-entrant auxetic model. Simulations were performed at a velocity of 10 m/s and applied to the battery case with a rigid impact pole, a configuration justified by most accidents occurring at a low velocity. The results highlight that by using auxetic structures in the construction of the battery case, the impact can be mitigated by the improved energy absorber placed around the battery case, which leads to a decrease in the number of damaged cells by up to 35.2%. In addition, the mass of the improved energy absorbers is lower than that of the base structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles)
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24 pages, 8770 KiB  
Article
Internal Combustion Engine Starting and Torque Boosting Control System Design with Vibration Active Damping Features for a P0 Mild Hybrid Vehicle Configuration
by Danijel Pavković, Mihael Cipek, Filip Plavac, Juraj Karlušić and Matija Krznar
Energies 2022, 15(4), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041311 - 12 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3940
Abstract
In order to meet the increasingly stricter emissions’ regulations, road vehicles require additional technologies aimed at the reduction of emissions from the internal combustion engine (ICE). A favorable solution from the standpoint of costs and simplicity of integration is a 48-V electrical architecture [...] Read more.
In order to meet the increasingly stricter emissions’ regulations, road vehicles require additional technologies aimed at the reduction of emissions from the internal combustion engine (ICE). A favorable solution from the standpoint of costs and simplicity of integration is a 48-V electrical architecture utilizing a low-voltage/high-power induction machine, which operates as the so-called engine belt starter generator (BSG) coupled via a timing belt with the ICE crankshaft within a P0 mild hybrid power train and used for starting up and boosting of the ICE power output, as well as for recuperating kinetic energy during vehicle deceleration. The aim of this work was to design a vibration damping system for the belt transmission within the so-called front end accessory drive (FEAD), which couples the BSG with the ICE crankshaft and to test the control system by means of simulations for realistic operating regimes of the P0 mild hybrid power train in order to show the functionality of the proposed approach in terms of mild hybrid vehicle performance improvement. Simulation results have pointed out effective attenuation of belt compliance-related vibrations using the proposed active damping control, with vibration magnitude reduced between three and five times compared to the default case during engine start-up phase. They have indicated the realistic belt slippage effects during engine start-up phase and have illustrated the effectiveness of the FEAD torque boosting capability with 30% gain in acceleration during vehicle launch. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles)
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26 pages, 6643 KiB  
Article
Modeling, Controller Design and Simulation Groundwork on Multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Hybrid Power Unit
by Matija Krznar, Danijel Pavković, Mihael Cipek and Juraj Benić
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7125; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217125 - 1 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2515
Abstract
This paper presents the results of modeling, control system design and simulation verification of a hybrid-electric drive topology suitable for power flow control within unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The hybrid power system is based on the internal combustion engine (ICE) driving a brushless [...] Read more.
This paper presents the results of modeling, control system design and simulation verification of a hybrid-electric drive topology suitable for power flow control within unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The hybrid power system is based on the internal combustion engine (ICE) driving a brushless DC (BLDC) generator supplying the common DC bus used for power distribution within the aircraft. The overall control system features proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback control of the ICE rotational speed using a Luenberger estimator for engine-generator set rotational speed estimation. The BLDC generator active rectifier voltage and current are controlled by proportional-integral (PI) feedback controllers, augmented by estimator-based feed-forward load compensators. The overall control system design has been based on damping optimum criterion, which yields straightforward analytical expressions for controller and estimator parameters. The robustness to key process parameters variations is investigated by means of root-locus methodology, and the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid power unit control system is verified by means of comprehensive computer simulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles)
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Review

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18 pages, 3552 KiB  
Review
Performance-Based Analysis in Evaluation of Safety in Car Parks under Electric Vehicle Fire Conditions
by Dorota Brzezinska and Paul Bryant
Energies 2022, 15(2), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020649 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 9766
Abstract
Even though electric vehicles (EV) were invented over a century ago, their popularity has grown significantly within the last 10 years due to the development of Li-ion battery technology. This evolution created an increase in the fire risk and hazards associated with this [...] Read more.
Even though electric vehicles (EV) were invented over a century ago, their popularity has grown significantly within the last 10 years due to the development of Li-ion battery technology. This evolution created an increase in the fire risk and hazards associated with this type of high-energy battery. This review focuses on lessons learned from electric vehicle fires and fire risk mitigation measures for passenger road vehicles partially or fully powered by Li-ion batteries. The paper presents EV fire risks, as well as historical car fires, published large-scale fire tests, and some proposed fire protection strategies in the aspect of electromobility safety for the future. Technical solutions for EV fire hazard mitigation are discussed, and methods of performance-based analysis and simulations for fire safety in car park evaluation are demonstrated. The Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) was used for the CFD simulations for the prediction of smoke dispersion and temperature distribution during an EV fire. The presented case study demonstrates how fire simulations could predict conditions for the safe evacuation of people and Fire Brigade intervention conditions in the case of an EV fire in a car park. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles)
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32 pages, 8506 KiB  
Review
Battery Thermal Management Systems: Current Status and Design Approach of Cooling Technologies
by Thomas Imre Cyrille Buidin and Florin Mariasiu
Energies 2021, 14(16), 4879; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14164879 - 10 Aug 2021
Cited by 84 | Viewed by 16334
Abstract
In the current context of transition from the powertrains of cars equipped with internal combustion engines to powertrains based on electricity, there is a need to intensify studies and research related to the command-and-control systems of electric vehicles. One of the important systems [...] Read more.
In the current context of transition from the powertrains of cars equipped with internal combustion engines to powertrains based on electricity, there is a need to intensify studies and research related to the command-and-control systems of electric vehicles. One of the important systems in the construction of an electric vehicle is the thermal management system of the battery with the role of optimizing the operation of the battery in terms of performance and life. The article aims to critically analyze the studies and research conducted so far related to the type, design and operating principles of battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) used in the construction of various shaped Li-ion batteries, with focus on cooling technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of the individual components, as well as of the proposed BTM solutions, are extensively investigated, with regard also to the adaptability of these systems to the different Li-ion battery shapes. The information thus synthesized provides the necessary and important information and proposes future directions in research to those interested in this topic to be used to increase the efficiency of the thermal management systems of the battery (and with it the global efficiency of the electric vehicle). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance Analysis and Simulation of Electric Vehicles)
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