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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 13203

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Albana Ilo

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Institute for Energy Systems and Electrical, Drives Technische Universität Wien, Gußhausstraße 25/370-1A, 1040 Wien, Austria
Interests: holistic approaches; integration of distributed energy resources; smart grids and their impact on transmission and distribution grids; real time applications
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The electricity industry is the most critical infrastructure of our society; the digitization process further reinforces this fact. The power systems of the future, so-called smart grids, must therefore not only meet increasing demands and complexity under the conditions of climate change, but also high requirements on data privacy and cyber security resulting from the digitalization process. Climatic conditions worldwide force the comprehensive integration of renewable and distributed energy resources into the power system and the effective use of different energy carriers including the consumption sectors and of the existing infrastructure by cross-vector and end-use sector coupling. Energy communities involve a large number of people who would otherwise not play a leading role in the energy transition. All of this leads to energy systems integration that should be planned and operated as a whole.

The peculiarity of this Special Issue is its aim to promote the holistic approach to smart grids, and thus to drive the transition process. It invites articles that address recent advancements, technical challenges, and solutions related to:

- Integration of distributed electricity production and storage regardless of size and technology;

- Energy communities;

- Cross-vector and end-use sector coupling;

- Integration of energy and non-energy sectors;

- Wholesale and local market design;

- Volt/var and Hz/Watt control;

- Relevant applications and optimization solutions designed for various voltage levels.

We also encourage review papers.

I look forward to your valuable research contributions.

Prof. Dr. Albana Ilo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Holistic approach
Smart grids
Energy communities
Sector coupling
Market design
Volt/var control
Hz/Watt control
System of systems
Energy system integration
Smart grid operation
Smart grid planning

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

50 pages, 16468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Operation of an Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Demand-Side Management in a Rural Context

by Polamarasetty P Kumar, Ramakrishna S. S. Nuvvula, Md. Alamgir Hossain, SK. A. Shezan, Vishnu Suresh, Michal Jasinski, Radomir Gono and Zbigniew Leonowicz

Energies 2022, 15(14), 5176; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145176 - 17 Jul 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2904

Abstract

A significant portion of the Indian population lives in villages, some of which are located in grid-disconnected remote areas. The supply of electricity to these villages is not feasible or cost-effective, but an autonomous integrated hybrid renewable energy system (IHRES) could be a viable alternative. Hence, this study proposed using available renewable energy resources in the study area to provide electricity and freshwater access for five un-electrified grid-disconnected villages in the Odisha state of India. This study concentrated on three different kinds of battery technologies such as lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-iron (Ni-Fe), and lead-acid (LA) along with a diesel generator to maintain an uninterrupted power supply. Six different configurations with two dispatch strategies such as load following (LF) and cycle charging (CC) were modelled using nine metaheuristic algorithms to achieve an optimally configured IHRES in the MATLAB© environment. Initially, these six configurations with LF and CC strategies were evaluated with the load demands of a low-efficiency appliance usage-based scenario, i.e., without demand-side management (DSM). Later, the optimal configuration obtained from the low-efficiency appliance usage-based scenario was further evaluated with LF and CC strategies using the load demands of medium and high-efficiency appliance usage-based scenarios, i.e., with DSM. The results showed that the Ni-Fe battery-based IHRES with LF strategy using the high-efficiency appliance usage-based scenario had a lower life cycle cost of USD 522,945 as compared to other battery-based IHRESs with LF and CC strategies, as well as other efficiency-based scenarios. As compared to the other algorithms used in the study, the suggested Salp Swarm Algorithm demonstrated its fast convergence and robustness effectiveness in determining the global best optimum values. Finally, the sensitivity analysis was performed for the proposed configuration using variable input parameters such as biomass collection rate, interest rate, and diesel prices. The interest rate fluctuations were found to have a substantial impact on the system’s performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future of Smart Grid and Renewable Energy)

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16 pages, 1028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SiSEG-Auto Semantic Annotation Service to Integrate Smart Energy Data

by Maliheh Haghgoo, Amirhossein Nazary Aghche Mazary and Antonello Monti

Energies 2022, 15(4), 1428; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041428 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1796

Abstract

In a modern smart energy system, the amount of available data from various sources is growing significantly. Other sectors such as medical or social sectors exhibit the same phenomenon. Due to the amount, complexity and heterogeneity of data, a complex algorithm is required for the integration and analysis of heterogeneous data sources. The Web of Things and semantic-based approaches address the fragmentation of standards, platforms, services and technologies in smart energy and non-energy sectors, and enable heterogeneous data integration and interoperability. This paper presents SiSEG, a semantic annotation service that is developed to automate the process of annotating data and address the problem of heterogeneous data integration in a reusable and extensible way by using the fuzzy method. Moreover, the accuracy of SiGEG has been evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future of Smart Grid and Renewable Energy)

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19 pages, 49420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Short-Term Load Forecasting Incorporating Behind-the-Meter (BTM) Photovoltaic (PV) Generation and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs)

by Ji-Won Cha and Sung-Kwan Joo

Energies 2021, 14(21), 7067; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217067 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2702

Abstract

Increased behind-the-meter (BTM) solar generation causes additional errors in short-term load forecasting. To ensure power grid reliability, it is necessary to consider the influence of the behind-the-meter distributed resources. This study proposes a method to estimate the size of behind-the-meter assets by region to enhance load forecasting accuracy. This paper proposes a semi-supervised approach to BTM capacity estimation, including PV and battery energy storage systems (BESSs), to improve net load forecast using a probabilistic approach. A co-optimization is proposed to simultaneously optimize the hidden BTM capacity estimation and the expected improvement to the net load forecast. Finally, this paper presents a net load forecasting method that incorporates the results of BTM capacity estimation. To describe the efficiency of the proposed method, a study was conducted using actual utility data. The numerical results show that the proposed method improves the load forecasting accuracy by revealing the gross load pattern and reducing the influence of the BTM patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future of Smart Grid and Renewable Energy)

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31 pages, 15334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Individual Volt/var Control Strategies in LINK-Based Smart Grids with a High Photovoltaic Share

by Daniel-Leon Schultis and Albana Ilo

Energies 2021, 14(18), 5641; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185641 - 8 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1839

Abstract

The increasing share of distributed energy resources aggravates voltage limit compliance within the electric power system. Nowadays, various inverter-based Volt/var control strategies, such as cosφ(P) and Q(U), for low voltage feeder connected L(U) local control and on-load tap changers in distribution substations are investigated to mitigate the voltage limit violations caused by the extensive integration of rooftop photovoltaics. This study extends the L(U) control strategy to X(U) to also cover the case of a significant load increase, e.g., related to e-mobility. Control ensembles, including the reactive power autarky of customer plants, are also considered. All Volt/var control strategies are compared by conducting load flow calculations in a test distribution grid. For the first time, they are embedded into the LINK-based Volt/var chain scheme to provide a holistic view of their behavior and to facilitate systematic analysis. Their effect is assessed by calculating the voltage limit distortion and reactive power flows at different Link-Grid boundaries, the corresponding active power losses, and the distribution transformer loadings. The results show that the control ensemble X(U) local control combined with reactive power self-sufficient customer plants performs better than the cosφ(P) and Q(U) local control strategies and the on-load tap changers in distribution substations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future of Smart Grid and Renewable Energy)

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27 pages, 11005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increasing the Utilization of Existing Infrastructures by Using the Newly Introduced Boundary Voltage Limits

by Daniel-Leon Schultis and Albana Ilo

Energies 2021, 14(16), 5106; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14165106 - 19 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2137

Abstract

The increasing share of distributed generation aggravates voltage limit compliance at customers’ delivery points. Currently, grid operators validate compliance with the voltage limits specified in Grid Codes by conducting load flow simulations at the medium voltage level, considering the connected low voltage grids as ‘loads’ to reduce the modeling effort. This approach does not support the accurate validation of limit compliance, as the voltage drops at the low voltage level are unknown. Nevertheless, to guarantee acceptable voltages even under worst-case conditions, safety margins are involved that impair the utilization of the electricity infrastructure. This study conducts load flows simulations in a test distribution grid, revealing the variable character of the voltage limits at different system boundaries. The conventional load model is extended by new parameters—the boundary voltage limits—to enable the consideration of variable voltage limits in load flow analysis of LINK-based smart grids. The standardized structure of the LINK-architecture allows for the systematic and accurate validation of voltage limit compliance by reducing the required modeling data to the technically necessary minimum. Use cases are specified that allows smart grids to increase the utilization of the electricity infrastructure by day-ahead scheduling and short-term adaptation of boundary voltage limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future of Smart Grid and Renewable Energy)

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