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Harmonics and Quality of Power
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Harmonics and Quality of Power

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (3 November 2020) | Viewed by 26944

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Monica Alonso

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Interests: power quality; renewable energy sources; smart grids; electric vehicles; planning and operation of power systems
Prof. Dr. Hortensia Amaris

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Interests: power quality; renewable energy sources; smart grids; electric vehicles; operation and control of power systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last decade, power networks have undergone significant changes, such as the widespread deployment of smart meters, the connection of electric vehicles to low-voltage networks, and the increasing penetration of power-converter-based renewable energy sources in both transmission and distribution networks.

However, the connection of electric vehicles or power-converter-based distributed generators to the grid can cause power quality problems including harmonics, voltage fluctuations and flicker, voltage dips, and voltage unbalance. The improvement of power quality is currently one of the most important challenges in power systems, and solving it will require changes from the network planning stage up to the real-time operation of the network.

The connection of power converters to electricity networks continues to increase both in distribution networks (e.g., smart grids) and in transmission networks (e.g., HVDC installations). Connecting power converters results in a high emission of harmonic components into power networks. In some cases, these harmonic emissions extend beyond the supraharmonic frequency range of 2–150 kHz, causing malfunction in other devices connected to the grid.

All of this underlines the importance of developing new techniques for the measurement and analysis of harmonics and power quality to adapt to the changes in power networks.

We are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject of “Harmonics and Quality of Power” and related topics in the context of power quality. The contributions must be original and not previously published elsewhere. Reviews as well as survey papers addressing the new trends in the topics of the Special Issue are also welcome, and will be considered for publication. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to the following:

  • Power quality in smart grids: EV impact and interaction between customer devices and PLC meters.
  • Harmonics’ analysis, prediction, and propagation in power networks with high penetration of power electronics converters.
  • Harmonics interaction among PV inverters.
  • Power quality in HVDC systems.
  • Interharmonics and supra-harmonics in networks with distributed generation.
  • Mitigation of harmonics and power quality disturbances.
  • New PQ measurement techniques: Big data and real time automatic analysis.

Dr. Monica Alonso
Prof. Dr. Hortensia Amaris
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • power quality
  • harmonics
  • smart grids
  • electronic power converters
  • electric vehicles
  • HVDC

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 1229 KiB  
Article
Distributed Power Quality Conditioning System for Three-Phase Four-Wire Low Voltage Networks
by Valery Dovgun, Sergei Temerbaev, Maxim Chernyshov, Viktor Novikov, Natalia Boyarskaya and Elena Gracheva
Energies 2020, 13(18), 4915; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184915 - 19 Sep 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2192
Abstract
This paper presents distributed power quality conditioning system to compensate current and voltage distortions in three-phase four-wire networks caused by unbalanced non-linear single-phase loads. The proposed conditioning system consists of several hybrid filter units installed in various nodes for compensation of excessive neutral [...] Read more.
This paper presents distributed power quality conditioning system to compensate current and voltage distortions in three-phase four-wire networks caused by unbalanced non-linear single-phase loads. The proposed conditioning system consists of several hybrid filter units installed in various nodes for compensation of excessive neutral currents and voltage distortions in a selected area of the distribution network. The system is open and it can be easily modified by installation of new filter units. A novel hybrid filter design procedure based on filter frequency characteristics optimization in the parameters of passive and active parts is presented. A digital system of control signal computation for active filters based on the use of modern methods of spectral analysis is considered. The proposed digital control system enables selective compensation of fundamental and harmonic components. The mathematical model of the proposed power quality conditioning system is developed in the MatLab software. The simulated results show that the presented conditioning system reduces the level of neutral conductor currents and the voltage unbalance as well ensures harmonic compensation in three-phase four-wire networks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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20 pages, 8578 KiB  
Article
Impact of Nonlinear Lighting Loads on the Neutral Conductor Current of Low Voltage Residential Grids
by Jairo Hernández, Andrés A. Romero, Jan Meyer and Ana María Blanco
Energies 2020, 13(18), 4851; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184851 - 16 Sep 2020
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3186
Abstract
In the last decade, mainly due to political incentives towards energy efficiency, the share of lamps with power electronic interfaces, like Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps, has significantly increased in the residential sector. Their massive use might have [...] Read more.
In the last decade, mainly due to political incentives towards energy efficiency, the share of lamps with power electronic interfaces, like Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps, has significantly increased in the residential sector. Their massive use might have a substantial impact on harmonic currents and, consequently, on the current flowing in the neutral conductor. This paper analyzes the impact of modern energy-efficient lighting technologies on the neutral conductor current by using a synthetic Low Voltage residential grid. Different load scenarios reflecting the transition from incandescent lamps, via CFL, to LED lamps are compared concerning the neutral conductor current at different points in the network. The inherent randomness related to the use of lighting devices by each residential customer is considered employing a Monte Carlo simulation. Obtained results show that the use of CFL has a greater impact on the neutral conductor current of Low Voltage (LV) residential grids and that, with increasing use of LED lamps, a decreasing impact can be expected in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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24 pages, 13179 KiB  
Article
Thermal Analysis of Dry-Type Air-Core Coils for the Optimization of Passive Filtering Systems
by Josué Rodríguez D., G. Alonso Orcajo, José M. Cano, Joaquín G. Norniella and Asier Vicente
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4540; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174540 - 2 Sep 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3594
Abstract
The analysis of harmonic currents in distribution networks of industrial facilities and the associated filtering stages is essential to optimize the production of these installations. Dry-type air-core reactors are one of the main elements of harmonic filter banks. A thermal analysis of these [...] Read more.
The analysis of harmonic currents in distribution networks of industrial facilities and the associated filtering stages is essential to optimize the production of these installations. Dry-type air-core reactors are one of the main elements of harmonic filter banks. A thermal analysis of these reactors in conventional steel plants and an evaluation of the criteria used to adjust the corresponding thermal protections are proposed in this paper. Accordingly, harmonic currents through the different filter branches are assessed. The proposed methodology builds a thermal magnetic model using the finite element method (FEM) whereby electromagnetic fields, currents and losses are emulated, to allow for recreating the actual coil temperature. The study aims at increasing the reliability of filtering systems by lowering the number of unscheduled shutdowns due to conservative adjustments of thermal protections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 1370 KiB  
Article
A Proposed Harmonic Monitoring System for Large Power Users Considering Harmonic Limits
by Rosalia Sinvula, Khaled Mohamed Abo-Al-Ez and Mohamed Tariq Kahn
Energies 2020, 13(17), 4507; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13174507 - 1 Sep 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3299
Abstract
Most power utilities within Southern Africa are faced with the challenges of harmonic distortion due to the high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and the use of electronic devices. There is an excessive total harmonic distortion (THD) measured at the point of [...] Read more.
Most power utilities within Southern Africa are faced with the challenges of harmonic distortion due to the high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES) and the use of electronic devices. There is an excessive total harmonic distortion (THD) measured at the point of common coupling (PCC). In this paper, a proposed harmonic monitoring system for large power users (LPUs) is developed. This proposed system considers harmonic limits of the individual and THD of the customers allowed injecting into the network, which should be part of the contractual electricity supply agreement (ESA). Hence, it will enable the monitoring of harmonic distortion to be smooth by determining whether the customer has passed or failed compliance for individual harmonic order and the THD of the voltage. The measurements of harmonic distortion are done using the Unipower power quality (PQ) analyzers that are connected at different points within the industrial network. Measurements of harmonic distortion of an industrial site are compared to the simulation results performed by DIgSILENT software to validate the proposed harmonic monitoring system. Based on the validation results, it is recommended that the ESA between the power utilities and the customers should consist of the harmonic limits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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16 pages, 3415 KiB  
Article
Measurement-Based Distribution Grid Harmonic Impedance Models and Their Uncertainties
by Ravi Shankar Singh, Vladimir Ćuk and Sjef Cobben
Energies 2020, 13(16), 4259; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164259 - 17 Aug 2020
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2935
Abstract
Aggregated Norton’s equivalent models, with parallel impedance and current injection at different harmonic frequencies are used to model the distribution grid in harmonic studies. These models are derived based on measurements and/or prior knowledge about the grid. The measurement-based distribution (sub-)grid impedance estimation [...] Read more.
Aggregated Norton’s equivalent models, with parallel impedance and current injection at different harmonic frequencies are used to model the distribution grid in harmonic studies. These models are derived based on measurements and/or prior knowledge about the grid. The measurement-based distribution (sub-)grid impedance estimation method uses harmonic phasors of 3-phase current and voltage measurements to capture the response of the distribution (sub-)grid before and after an event in the utility side of the grid. However, due to increasing non-linear components in the grid, knowledge about uncertainty in parameters of such equivalent models which intrinsically describe a linear grid becomes important. The aim of this paper is to present two novel methods to calculate the uncertainty of the measurement-based Norton’s equivalent harmonic model of the distribution (sub-)grids as seen from the utility side at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The impedance and the uncertainty calculations are demonstrated on a simulated network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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17 pages, 3695 KiB  
Article
Assessing and Mitigating Impacts of Electric Vehicle Harmonic Currents on Distribution Systems
by Dima Alame, Maher Azzouz and Narayan Kar
Energies 2020, 13(12), 3257; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123257 - 23 Jun 2020
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3725
Abstract
Harmonic currents of electric vehicle (EV) chargers could jeopardize the power quality of distribution systems and add to the transformer’s losses, thus degrading its lifetime. This paper assesses and mitigates the impacts of different EV chargers on distribution transformers and the voltage quality [...] Read more.
Harmonic currents of electric vehicle (EV) chargers could jeopardize the power quality of distribution systems and add to the transformer’s losses, thus degrading its lifetime. This paper assesses and mitigates the impacts of different EV chargers on distribution transformers and the voltage quality of distribution systems. The effect of state-of-charge (SOC) of the EV battery is considered through applying weighted arithmetic mean to accurately assess the impacts of EV harmonic currents on aging and losses of the EV interfacing transformer. The voltage quality of the IEEE 33-bus distribution system, supplying several EV parking lots, is also assessed at different charging levels using a fast-decoupled harmonic power flow. A new optimal harmonic power flow algorithm—that incorporates photovoltaic-based distribution generation units (DGs)—is developed to enhance the voltage quality of distribution systems, and elongate the lifetime of the substation transformer. The effectiveness of the proposed mitigation method is confirmed using the IEEE 33-bus distribution system, hosting several EV charging stations and photovoltaic-based DGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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19 pages, 4652 KiB  
Article
Selection of C-Type Filters for Reactive Power Compensation and Filtration of Higher Harmonics Injected into the Transmission System by Arc Furnaces
by Andrzej Grzegorz Lange and Grzegorz Redlarski
Energies 2020, 13(9), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13092330 - 7 May 2020
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3912
Abstract
This article presents a method for selecting the elements of a C-type filter working with a conventional LC-type filter for compensating reactive power and filtering out higher harmonics generated by arc furnaces and ladle furnaces. The study was conducted in a steel mill [...] Read more.
This article presents a method for selecting the elements of a C-type filter working with a conventional LC-type filter for compensating reactive power and filtering out higher harmonics generated by arc furnaces and ladle furnaces. The study was conducted in a steel mill supplied by a 110 kV transmission system, where higher harmonic currents and nonlinear loads were measured. A series of computer simulations were performed under various operating conditions, and an algorithm for selecting the parameters of a third-order C-type filter (for suppressing the second harmonic) and two second-order LC-type filters (for suppressing the third harmonic) was proposed. The filtering system was tested in an arc furnace with the highest rated power, and harmonics in the current spectrum were evaluated. The results of the measurements were used to analyze the effectiveness of the compensation system comprising two passive C-type and LC-type filters at different system configurations. C-type filters significantly influenced current harmonics. The influence of the changes in the number of arc furnace transformers on the true Root Mean Square (RMS) of the currents injected into the 110 kV transmission system and on the voltages of the 110 kV busbars was discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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22 pages, 5935 KiB  
Article
The Performance of the BTB-VSC for Active Power Balancing, Reactive Power Compensation and Current Harmonic Filtering in the Interconnected Systems
by Janeth Alcalá, Víctor Cárdenas, Alejandro Aganza, Jorge Gudiño-Lau and Saida Charre
Energies 2020, 13(4), 831; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040831 - 14 Feb 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2919
Abstract
Nowadays, the use of power converters to control active and reactive power in AC–AC grid-connected systems has increased. With respect to indirect AC–AC converters, the tendency is to enable the back-to-back (BTB) voltage source converter (VSC) as an active power filter (APF) to [...] Read more.
Nowadays, the use of power converters to control active and reactive power in AC–AC grid-connected systems has increased. With respect to indirect AC–AC converters, the tendency is to enable the back-to-back (BTB) voltage source converter (VSC) as an active power filter (APF) to compensate current harmonics. Most of the reported works use the BTB-VSC as an auxiliary topology that, combined with other topologies, is capable of active power regulation, reactive power compensation and current harmonic filtering. With the analysis presented in this work, the framework of the dynamics associated with the control loops is established and it is demonstrated that BTB-VSC can perform the three tasks for which, in the reviewed literature, at least two different topologies are reported. The proposed analysis works to support the performance criteria of the BTB-VSC when it executes the three control actions simultaneously and the total current harmonic distortion is reduced from 27.21% to 6.16% with the selected control strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Harmonics and Quality of Power)
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