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Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process and Mechanism
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Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process and Mechanism

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H: Geo-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (3 November 2023) | Viewed by 9274

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Peng Cheng

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Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Interests: accumulation process and mechanism of hydrocarbons in deep-water areas of marine; tracing paleo-fluid migration in geological environment; marine environmental geochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Qingyong Luo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of GeoSciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, China
Interests: petroleum geochemistry; shale gas and shale oil
Dr. Huairen Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Interests: oil and gas geochemistry; unconventional oil and gas geochemistry; organic geochemistry; isotope geochemistry
Dr. Bin Cheng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
Interests: biomarkers; reservoir geochemistry; hydrocarbon accumulation process
Dr. Haifeng Gai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Interests: petroleum geochemistry; hydrocarbon generation kinetics; hydrocarbon accumulation process

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Hydrocarbon accumulation processes and mechanisms are the theoretical bases for hydrocarbon exploration and development and the key scientific methods used to reveal the distribution and resource potential of hydrocarbons. In recent years, an increase in the size of hydrocarbon explorations means that they have become increasingly difficult, and these exploration targets progressively extend to deep reservoirs with burial depths larger than 4500 m, deep-sea reservoirs with a water depth larger than 300 m, and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, including shale oil and gas reservoirs, tight oil and gas reservoirs, coalbed methane reservoirs, etc. In these exploration fields, the generation, migration, enrichment, distribution, and preservation of hydrocarbons; the accumulation and transformation of hydrocarbon reservoirs; and the main geological factors and their influences on hydrocarbon accumulation are complicated and are not yet fully understood, which significantly hinders the next explorations and developments of hydrocarbons. Therefore, systematic and insightful studies are urgently needed to address these new problems and challenges. This Special Issue mainly intends to address the following scientific issues: the sources and origins of hydrocarbons, charging periods and processes of reservoirs, occurrence and enrichment of hydrocarbons, and the evolution and transformation of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This research topic mainly includes three research directions:

(1) Hydrocarbon accumulation processes and mechanisms of deep reservoirs and deep-sea reservoirs;

(2) Hydrocarbon accumulation processes and mechanisms of the reservoirs in multi-source petroleum systems;

(3) Hydrocarbon accumulation processes and mechanisms of unconventional reservoirs, including shale oil and gas reservoirs, tight oil and gas reservoirs, coalbed methane reservoirs, etc.

Dr. Peng Cheng
Prof. Dr. Qingyong Luo
Dr. Huairen Cao
Dr. Bin Cheng
Dr. Haifeng Gai
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • charging process of reservoir
  • hydrocarbon accumulation
  • deep reservoirs
  • multi-source petroleum systems
  • unconventional reservoirs

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 2599 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of the Geochemical and Stable Carbon Isotopic Characteristics of Extracts Obtained from Source Rocks Using Different Solvents
by Lantian Xing, Yan Liu and Zhongping Li
Energies 2022, 15(23), 9198; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239198 - 4 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1110
Abstract
The choice of the solvent to use in the Soxhlet extraction process dramatically affects the extraction yield. In this work, ten hydrocarbon source rocks were extracted using different solvents, and the chemical compositions of their products were analyzed to assess the extraction efficiency [...] Read more.
The choice of the solvent to use in the Soxhlet extraction process dramatically affects the extraction yield. In this work, ten hydrocarbon source rocks were extracted using different solvents, and the chemical compositions of their products were analyzed to assess the extraction efficiency and the differences between fractions. The results indicated that using a mixed dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) reagent instead of the traditional chloroform (TCM) reagent can improve extraction efficiency for all rock types except for coal. The improvement in extraction efficiency was attributed to the contributions of non-hydrocarbon compounds (NOSs). A comparative study of the biomarkers of the fractions extracted using different reagents showed no significant differences in geochemical parameters, such as ∑C22−/∑C23+, Pr/Ph, Pr/nC17, Ph/nC18, OEP1, OEP2, CPI, and hopane distribution. Additionally, the carbon isotopic compositions of the fractions varied by less than 1‰, indicating that the TCM and DCM: MeOH regents did not significantly affect the results of the oil–source correlation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process and Mechanism)
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16 pages, 4232 KiB  
Article
Influences of Clay Mineral and Organic Matter on Nanoscale Pore Structures of the Cretaceous Lacustrine Shales in the Songliao Basin, Northeast China
by Weizhu Zeng and Zhiguang Song
Energies 2022, 15(19), 7075; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197075 - 26 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1202
Abstract
The Cretaceous lacustrine shales of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn) from the Songliao Basin are recognized as a potential shale oil reservoir in China. Pore structure of shale within the oil window could be significantly influenced by several factors, including mineral and [...] Read more.
The Cretaceous lacustrine shales of the Qingshankou Formation (K2qn) from the Songliao Basin are recognized as a potential shale oil reservoir in China. Pore structure of shale within the oil window could be significantly influenced by several factors, including mineral and organic matter (OM) compositions. For a better understanding of the factors controlling the pore structure of these shales, 15 core shales from the K2qn were subjected to low-pressure N2 adsorption measurement for both the initial and solvent extracted samples, and the relationships between shale compositions and pore structure parameters were discussed. The results show that the average specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume (PV) increase from 10.14 m2/g to 29.74 m2/g and from 0.0276 cm3/g to 0.0554 cm3/g respectively after extraction, which suggests that the nanopores in these shales could be significantly occupied by the soluble OM, especially for the pores smaller than 10 nm in size. For the extracted samples, the good positive correlations between the SSA and the illite/smectite (I/S) content indicate that a significant amount of small pores are associated with this mineral, while the overall positive correlations between the PVs with the I/S and OM contents suggest that I/S mineral and organic matter (kerogen) have contributed most to pores lager than 10 nm. It is assessed that OM pores contribute approximately 16% to total PV of these shales. Our results will improve the understanding of pore characterization of the clay- and OM-rich lacustrine shales and provide some implications for shale oil accumulation in the Songliao Basin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process and Mechanism)
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29 pages, 23056 KiB  
Article
Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the Third Eocene Member of Shahejie Formation in the Bonan Sag of Bohai Bay Basin (China): Implications for Facies Heterogeneities in Sandstone Reservoirs
by Nadir Fawad, Taixun Liu, Daidu Fan and Qazi Adnan Ahmad
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6168; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176168 - 25 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4323
Abstract
The middle sub-member (Es3z) within the third member (Es3) of the Eocene Shahejie formation is the main source of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the lacustrine deltas of Bonan depression. Exploration and research work in different blocks is carried out separately. [...] Read more.
The middle sub-member (Es3z) within the third member (Es3) of the Eocene Shahejie formation is the main source of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the lacustrine deltas of Bonan depression. Exploration and research work in different blocks is carried out separately. Types of sedimentary facies, and their vertical and lateral evolution in Es3z are not studied in detail. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a detailed analysis of facies and lithological characteristics through integrative studies of cores, well logs and seismic data. Identification of sedimentary structures and lithology of the reservoir zone from cores are calibrated with high-quality well logs and seismic data. Depositional facies in Es3z reservoirs are identified through analysis of sedimentary structures, grain size, log’s trends and seismic sections. Es3z was deposited in the fan delta front setting where five facies associations are found, among them distributary channels consisting of MCS, CSg, PCSs, MS, RCL, WCS, PBSs, RCS and GBS lithofacies, natural levee containing DFs, and furthermore, sheet sand are associated to CBS and SSM lithofacies. GM, GGM and DGM lithofacies are related to inter-distributary deposits, whereas mouth bars consist of PLS, CS and CFS. Depositional history, flow direction of the sediments, and facies distribution are investigated through detailed facies mapping and cross-section profiling to show that the sediments were sourced from southeast to northwest. We found thicker succession of sedimentary profiles towards north and north-west directions. Belt distributary channel deposits, covering a wide range of areas, act as potential reservoirs along with mouth bar deposits, while mudstones in interdistributary channels act as a good source and seal rocks. The methodology adopted has great potential to explore the reservoirs of fan delta front in lacustrine deltas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process and Mechanism)
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Review

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22 pages, 3793 KiB  
Review
Technical Scheme and Application Prospects of Oil Shale In Situ Conversion: A Review of Current Status
by Shangli Liu, Haifeng Gai and Peng Cheng
Energies 2023, 16(11), 4386; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16114386 - 29 May 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1792
Abstract
Petroleum was the most-consumed energy source in the world during the past century. With the continuous global consumption of conventional oil, shale oil is known as a new growth point in oil production capacity. However, medium–low mature shale oil needs to be exploited [...] Read more.
Petroleum was the most-consumed energy source in the world during the past century. With the continuous global consumption of conventional oil, shale oil is known as a new growth point in oil production capacity. However, medium–low mature shale oil needs to be exploited after in situ conversion due to the higher viscosity of oil and the lower permeability of shale. This paper summarizes previous studies on the process of kerogen cracking to generate oil and gas, and the development of micropore structures and fractures in organic-rich shale formations during in situ conversion. The results show that the temperature of kerogen cracking to generate oil and gas is generally 300–450 °C during the oil shale in situ conversion process (ICP). In addition, a large number of microscale pores and fractures are formed in oil shale formation, which forms a connecting channel and improves the permeability of the oil shale formation. In addition, the principles and the latest technical scheme of ICP, namely, conduction heating, convection heating, reaction-heat heating, and radiation heating, are introduced in detail. Meanwhile, this paper discusses the influence of the heating mode, formation conditions, the distribution pattern of wells, and catalysts on the energy consumption of ICP technology in the process of oil shale in situ conversion. Lastly, a fine description of the hydrocarbon generation process of the target formation, the development of new and efficient catalysts, and the support of carbon capture and storage in depleted organic-rich shale formations after in situ conversion are important for improving the future engineering efficiency of ICP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrocarbon Accumulation Process and Mechanism)
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