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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "C: Energy Economics and Policy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2021) | Viewed by 14811

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Dr. Carlos Silva

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Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: energy systems modelling and optimization; energy efficiency in buildings; intelligent energy management systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Demand response (DR) is a key feature in the transition to sustainable energy systems, as it enables the adjustment of the demand to varying renewable energy supply conditions through the empowerment of the users to participate more actively in grid management. The concept began to be implemented in the middle of the 20th century for large electricity consumers, but it gained a significant thrust with the development and deployment of smart grids. While the introduction of more distributed renewable resources increased the complexity of grid management, the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in the grid, such as smart meters, allows for the use of much more complex management algorithms and the dissemination of DR to other sectors, in particular the residential sector.

Over the last decade, a large number of DR projects have been deployed around the world, using different approaches and therefore different impacts. It is now important to systematize what has been happening in this field, and map the different regulations and technologies that are being implemented in order to promote the spread of DR.

The scope of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive overview of the impacts of DR in energy systems, trying to cover different topics such as:

Legal frameworks, regulation, policies
Technologies
Algorithms
Case studies
Non-electricity applications, such as district heating networks

Prof. Dr. Carlos Augusto Santos Silva
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Applications
Technologies
Policy

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodology for the Classification and Characterisation of Industrial Demand-Side Integration Measures

by Jessica Walther, Bastian Dietrich, Benedikt Grosch, Martin Lindner, Daniel Fuhrländer-Völker, Nina Strobel and Matthias Weigold

Energies 2022, 15(3), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15030923 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2219

Abstract

In the context of the ongoing climate change and increasingly strict climate goals of the European Green Deal, industry faces a growing challenge to decrease its high demand for electrical energy and its greenhouse gas emissions. Demand-Side Integration measures have a great potential to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of the industrial sector. However, there is still no definition and consistent characterising terms for Industrial Demand-Side Integration. The lack of clarity in concepts and definitions may impose hurdles in the transfer of results and methodologies from research activities and thus, in the implementation of measures in the industry. Furthermore, the economic value of implementing these measures is often unclear but of high relevance to industrial consumers. This paper proposes a comprehensive Industrial Demand-Side Integration definition and a methodology to classify and characterise its measures. The methodology is aimed at helping industrial consumers decide which measures can be implemented in their specific setting and how these measures can be monetised. The methodology is validated by applying it to eight relevant use cases in the ETA Research Factory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Demand Response in Energy System)

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27 pages, 6938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Scale Economic Dispatch of Electricity-Heat Integrated System Based on Users’ Thermal Comfort

by Xin-Rui Liu, Si-Luo Sun, Qiu-Ye Sun and Wei-Yang Zhong

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5505; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205505 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2381

Abstract

The electricity-heat integrated system can realize the cascade utilization of energy and the coordination and complementarity between multiple energy sources. In this paper, considering the thermal comfort of users, taking into account the difference in dynamic characteristics of electric and heating networks and the response of users’ demands, a dispatch model is constructed. In this model, taking into account the difference in the time scale of electric and thermal dispatching, optimization of the system can be improved by properly extending the thermal balance cycle of the combined heat and power (CHP) unit. Based on the time-of-use electricity prices and heat prices to obtain the optimal energy purchase cost, a user demand response strategy is adopted. Therefore, a minimum economic cost on the energy supply side and a minimum energy purchase cost on the demand side are considered as a bilevel optimization strategy for the operation of the system. Finally, using an IEEE 30 nodes power network and a 31 nodes heating network to form an electricity-heat integrated system, the simulation results show that the optimal thermal balance cycle can maximize the economic benefits on the premise of meeting the users’ thermal comfort and the demand response can effectively realize the wind curtailment and improve the system economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Demand Response in Energy System)

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14 pages, 5490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Load Inertia Contribution from Different Power Consumer Groups

by Henning Thiesen and Clemens Jauch

Energies 2020, 13(7), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071588 - 1 Apr 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4031

Abstract

Power system inertia is a vital part of power system stability. The inertia response within the first seconds after a power imbalance reduces the velocity of which the grid frequency changes. At present, large shares of power system inertia are provided by synchronously rotating masses of conventional power plants. A minor part of power system inertia is supplied by power consumers. The energy system transformation results in an overall decreasing amount of power system inertia. Hence, inertia has to be provided synthetically in future power systems. In depth knowledge about the amount of inertia provided by power consumers is very important for a future application of units supplying synthetic inertia. It strongly promotes the technical efficiency and cost effective application. A blackout in the city of Flensburg allows for a detailed research on the inertia contribution from power consumers. Therefore, power consumer categories are introduced and the inertia contribution is calculated for each category. Overall, the inertia constant for different power consumers is in the range of

0.09

4.24

s if inertia constant calculations are based on the power demand. If inertia constant calculations are based on the apparent generator power, the load inertia constant is in the range of

0.01

0.19

s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Demand Response in Energy System)

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14 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Cooperative Indirect Energy Trading with Energy Storage Systems for Mitigation of Demand Response Participation Uncertainty

by Jeseok Ryu and Jinho Kim

Energies 2020, 13(4), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13040883 - 17 Feb 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2177

Abstract

This work focuses on the demand response (DR) participation using the energy storage system (ESS). A probabilistic Gaussian mixture model based on market operating results Monte, Carlo Simulation (MCS), is required to respond to an urgent DR signal. However, there is considerable uncertainty in DR forecasting, which occasionally fails to predict DR events. Because this failure is attributable to the intermittency of the DR signals, a non-cooperative game model that is useful for decision-making on DR participation is proposed. The game is conducted with each player holding a surplus of energy but incomplete information. Consequently, each player can share unused electricity during DR events, engaging in indirect energy trading (IET) under a non-cooperative game framework. The results of the game, the Nash equilibrium (N.E.), are verified using a case study with relevant analytical data from the campus of Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in Korea. The results of the case study show that IET is useful in mitigating the uncertainty of the DR program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Demand Response in Energy System)

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19 pages, 9277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization to Limit the Effects of Underloaded Generator Sets in Stand-Alone Hybrid Ship Grids

by Sergey German-Galkin, Dariusz Tarnapowicz, Zbigniew Matuszak and Marek Jaskiewicz

Energies 2020, 13(3), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13030708 - 6 Feb 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3151

Abstract

For the safety of the supply, diesel generator (DG) sets are used in various stand-alone power systems using variable-speed generators. The stand-alone hybrid grid system presented in this article, with a wind generator and a diesel generator, but also the system of a ship’s network, serves as an example. To ensure the safety of the ship’s exploitation, the parallel operation of two stand-alone power supplies is required. In parallel operation with the required symmetrical active power load (regardless of the load size), the internal combustion engine of the DG set is often underloaded. This leads to deterioration of its technical properties and, consequently, to a negative impact on the environment. This article presents an analysis of the stand-alone hybrid power system of a ship’s grid consisting of a DG with a speed and voltage regulator and a shaft generator of variable speed—a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). The possibility of controlling the active and reactive power distribution between the DG and shaft generator (SG) was also studied. Control over the mechatronic SG–DG system limits the harmful influence of the DG on the environment and, most of all, improves the technical qualities of the engine of the DG system, which is often underloaded. Analytic studies of the system were performed, and simulation results of the mechatronic model are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Demand Response in Energy System)

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