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16 pages, 1767 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Control of Three-Phase Two-Level Inverters: A Stochastic LPV Model Approach

by Wensheng Luo, Ruifang Zhang, Jianwen Zhang, Ligang Wu, Sergio Vazquez and Leopoldo G. Franquelo

Energies 2024, 17(23), 6142; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236142 - 5 Dec 2024

Viewed by 473

Abstract

This paper proposes a stochastic linear parameter-varying (LPV) model approach to design a state feedback controller for three-phase, two-level inverters. To deal with the parameter changes, stochastic noise, and delays faced by the inverter, it is modeled as a stochastic LPV system with [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a stochastic linear parameter-varying (LPV) model approach to design a state feedback controller for three-phase, two-level inverters. To deal with the parameter changes, stochastic noise, and delays faced by the inverter, it is modeled as a stochastic LPV system with time delay. Stability analysis and control synthesis are conducted for the LPV system. With parameter-dependent Lyapunov functionals, a condition of sufficient stability for asymptotical mean-square stability is obtained. In addition, the slack matrix technique is employed to improve the feasibility and reduce the conservatism of the conditions. The obtained theoretical results are applied to the three-phase, two-level inverter, whose currents are treated as state variables and are controlled to reach the equilibrium point. The simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed theories and demonstrate the advantages of using the slack matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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16 pages, 7326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Lyapunov Theory-Based SEIG–STATCOM Voltage Regulation Control Strategy

by Zeyu Zhang, Pingping Gong and Ziguang Lu

Energies 2024, 17(19), 4992; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194992 - 7 Oct 2024

Viewed by 960

Abstract

To improve the voltage regulation of asynchronous generators during load switching, a Lyapunov-based control strategy has been proposed to stabilize the generator’s voltage by connecting a static synchronous compensator. By constructing a Lyapunov function from the mathematical model, the error tracking problem is [...] Read more.

To improve the voltage regulation of asynchronous generators during load switching, a Lyapunov-based control strategy has been proposed to stabilize the generator’s voltage by connecting a static synchronous compensator. By constructing a Lyapunov function from the mathematical model, the error tracking problem is transformed into a global asymptotic stability problem of the Lyapunov function at the equilibrium point. The outer loop linearizes the direct current (DC) voltage control process, while the inner loop replaces integral terms with differential terms. The proposed Lyapunov method achieves linearized voltage control with a quadratic outer loop structure and the inner loop differential structure exhibits a shorter transient process, outperforming traditional methods. Simulation and experimental tests were then used, where the latter was a down-scale laboratory prototype experiment. Compared to traditional (voltage-oriented control) VOC, the outer loop (Lyapunov-function-based control) LBC reduces the DC voltage transient processes by approximately 9.4 milliseconds, while the inner loop LBC reduces both alternating current (AC) and DC voltage transient processes by approximately 2.6 ms and 8.7 ms, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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29 pages, 1910 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparison of Several Energy-Efficient Control Laws Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation for Electric Vehicles

by Jean-Matthieu Bourgeot, Romain Leclerre and Emmanuel Delaleau

Energies 2024, 17(19), 4945; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194945 - 2 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1365

Abstract

Energy transition and decarbonization present significant challenges to transportation. Electric machines, such as motors and generators, are increasingly replacing internal combustion engines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of electric machines used in vehicles, which are [...] Read more.

Energy transition and decarbonization present significant challenges to transportation. Electric machines, such as motors and generators, are increasingly replacing internal combustion engines to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study focuses on enhancing the energy efficiency of electric machines used in vehicles, which are predominantly powered by batteries with limited energy capacity. By investigating various control strategies, the aim is to minimize energy losses and improve overall vehicle performance. This research examines two types of electric motors: Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) and Induction Motor (IM). Real-time loss measurements were conducted during simulated driving cycles, including acceleration, constant speed, and braking phases, to mimic typical driving behavior. The simulation utilized characteristics from commercial vehicles, specifically the Renault Zoé and Bombardier eCommander, to assess the controls under different configurations. This study employed the Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) formalism to standardize the analysis across different motors and controls. The results demonstrate significant loss reductions. The controls investigated in this study effectively reduce energy losses in electric motors, supporting their applicability in the automotive industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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18 pages, 5884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Order Generalized Integrator Based Modular Multilevel Converter Loop Current Suppression Strategy under Unbalanced Conditions in Distribution Networks

by Qiang Wang, Xipeng Zeng and Xiangliu Song

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4270; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174270 - 26 Aug 2024

Viewed by 705

Abstract

Under the condition of grid voltage imbalance, the circulation of the bridge arm inside the modular multilevel converter (MMC) increases significantly, which leads to the aggravation of the distortion of the bridge arm current, and, thus, increases the system loss and reduces the [...] Read more.

Under the condition of grid voltage imbalance, the circulation of the bridge arm inside the modular multilevel converter (MMC) increases significantly, which leads to the aggravation of the distortion of the bridge arm current, and, thus, increases the system loss and reduces the power quality. To address this problem, this paper analyzes the mechanism of circulating current generation and proposes a circulating current suppression strategy based on a reduced-order generalized integrator (ROGI), which firstly uses the ROGI system to separate the second-harmonic positive- and negative-sequence components in the circulating current from the DC, and then converts the rotating coordinates of the circulating current’s second octave component into the DC to be fed into the proportional–integral quasi-resonance (PIR) controller for suppression. A simulation model of a 23-level MMC inverter is built in MATLAB/Simulink, and the control strategy proposed in this paper is compared with the classical proportional–integral (PI) control in simulation experiments. The simulation results show that the amplitude of the circulating current fluctuation of the classical PI control is reduced from 90 A to 22 A, and the harmonic distortion rate of the bridge arm current is reduced from 32.56% to 5.57%; the amplitude of the circulating current fluctuation of the control strategy proposed in this paper is reduced from 90 A to 5.7 A, and the harmonic distortion rate of the bridge arm current is reduced from 20.2% to 1.13%, which verifies the effectiveness of the pro-posed control strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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14 pages, 1884 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Comparative Study for DC-DC Converter Output Bank’s Reliability Evaluation Using Prediction Standards MIL-HDBK-217F vs. Telcordia SR-332

by Dan Butnicu

Energies 2024, 17(16), 3957; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17163957 - 9 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1193

Abstract

In the last decade, a higher level of reliability has become a compulsory demand when it comes to modern DC-DC converters. This work addresses the main reliability metrics: in many studies, the failure rate λ and MTBF of an output capacitor bank used [...] Read more.

In the last decade, a higher level of reliability has become a compulsory demand when it comes to modern DC-DC converters. This work addresses the main reliability metrics: in many studies, the failure rate λ and MTBF of an output capacitor bank used within a high-current low-voltage buck converter have shown that the output capacitor bank is the most critical component within the converter. Many authors dealt with this issue by performing reliability predictions. The majority of studies use only one specific standard prediction to solve the problem. Herein, the calculation was performed using both the older standard, MIL-HDBK-217, and the latest one, Telcordia SR-332, providing a benchmark comparison between the two, which is a helpful tool for output capacitor selection in early-stage design. The military standard was well accepted for decades in reliability prediction, even in industrial electronics, and is still used today in a critical manner because there have been no more updates after the latest version, MIL-HDBK-217F—Notice 2, was released in 1995. Since then, newer prediction standards have appeared in the electronics reliability market. Over time, this standard was mostly used, but it does not accurately model the reliability because of a lack of taking account of the mission profile. The above-mentioned newer standard—i.e., Telcordia SR-332—also tries to compensate for the lack of the newest component technology in the older standard (which is the first standard released on the market), supplying useful design data for design engineers who use the so-called “design with reliability in mind” concept. This provides the designer of DC-DC converters with a comparison between the reliability values when the two mentioned standards are used. This paper establishes the environmental condition for the passive components by means of a point of load (PoL) buck converter that is used for both calculation methods. The influence of temperature and several specific concepts, like reference conditions, operating conditions, ripple, and internal self-heating, were taken into account in order to display the results. The temperature for the capacitor’s capsule needed in π_T stress factor calculation was derived using PSPICE simulation. High-fidelity and dedicated SPICE models provided by the manufacturer were used for MOSFETs, polymer electrolytic, and MLCC capacitors that comprise the converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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15 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Fault Detection Methods for Electric Power Steering System Using Hardware in the Loop Simulation

by Wojciech Pietrowski, Magdalena Puskarczyk and Jan Szymenderski

Energies 2024, 17(14), 3486; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17143486 - 16 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1172

Abstract

The development of the automotive industry is associated with the rapid advancement of onboard systems. In addition, intensive development in the electronics and control systems industry has resulted in a change in the approach to the issue of assistance systems in vehicles. Classic [...] Read more.

The development of the automotive industry is associated with the rapid advancement of onboard systems. In addition, intensive development in the electronics and control systems industry has resulted in a change in the approach to the issue of assistance systems in vehicles. Classic hydraulic systems have been almost completely replaced by modern electric power steering (EPS) systems, especially in citizen vehicles. This paper focuses on fault detection algorithms for EPS, along with the available tools to aid development and verification. The article discusses in detail the current state of knowledge in this area. The principle of operation of the EPS system and the influence of the structure of the mechanical system on its operation, in particular the characteristics of the ground–tire contact, are presented. Various error identification methods are presented, including those based mainly on a combination of tests of real objects as well as those combined with modern hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) equipment and virtual vehicle environment software, enabling the development of new diagnostic methods, enhancing the security, reliability, and energy control in the vehicle. A review of the literature indicates that although many algorithms which enable fault detection at an early stage are described, their potential for use in a vehicle is highly limited. The reason lies in simplifications, including models and the operating EPS temperature range. The most frequently used simplification of the model is its linearization, which significantly reduces the calculation time; however, this significantly reduces the accuracy of the model, especially in cases with a large range of system operation. The need for methods to detect incipient faults is important for the safety and reliability of the entire car, not only during regular use but also especially during life-saving evasive maneuvers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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22 pages, 21548 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Dead-Time Inverter Voltage Drop in Low-End Sensorless FOC Motor Drives

by Dionisis Voglitsis, Massimo Paglia and Nick Papanikolaou

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2477; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112477 - 22 May 2024

Viewed by 1233

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of voltage drop of a three-phase voltage source inverter on driving brushless motors. This study also proposes an enhanced field-oriented control scheme that accounts for inverter voltage drop, enabling efficient driving at very [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of voltage drop of a three-phase voltage source inverter on driving brushless motors. This study also proposes an enhanced field-oriented control scheme that accounts for inverter voltage drop, enabling efficient driving at very low motor speeds. Experimental results are provided to verify the theoretical study and the proposed control scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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19 pages, 2520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sensorless Model Predictive Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Using an Unscented Kalman Filter

by Dariusz Janiszewski

Energies 2024, 17(10), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102387 - 16 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1522

Abstract

This paper deals with the application of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to the sensorless control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The proposed estimation strategy, based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), uses only the measurement [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the application of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to the sensorless control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The proposed estimation strategy, based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), uses only the measurement of the motor current for the online estimation of speed, rotor position and load torque. Information about the system state is fed into the MPC algorithm. The results verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed sensorless control technique. To demonstrate its real-world applicability, implementation in low-speed direct drive astronomy telescope mount systems is investigated. The outcomes of the implementation are thoroughly examined, leading to insightful conclusions drawn from the observed results. Through rigorous theoretical analysis and extensive simulation studies, this paper establishes a solid foundation for the proposed sensorless control technique. The results obtained from simulation studies and real-world applications underscore the efficacy and versatility of the proposed approach, offering valuable insights for the advancement of sensorless control strategies in motor applications. The main aim of this work is to demonstrate and validate the practical feasibility of combining two complex techniques, establishing that such an integration is not only possible but also effective in achieving the desired objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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19 pages, 10817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Common-Mode Voltage Reduction Method Based on Variable Sampling Frequency Finite Control Set-Model Predictive Control for PMSM Drive Systems

by Yoon-Seong Lee, Kyoung-Min Choo, Chang-Hee Lee, Chang-Gyun An, Junsin Yi and Chung-Yuen Won

Energies 2024, 17(6), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061443 - 17 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1246

Abstract

In this article, a finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) with variable sampling time is proposed. A zero-voltage vector appears in the dead time between specific voltage vectors, resulting in an unintentionally large common-mode voltage. Herein, a large common-mode voltage was suppressed, and [...] Read more.

In this article, a finite control set-model predictive control (FCS-MPC) with variable sampling time is proposed. A zero-voltage vector appears in the dead time between specific voltage vectors, resulting in an unintentionally large common-mode voltage. Herein, a large common-mode voltage was suppressed, and the load current was controlled using a voltage vector combination that did not cause a zero-voltage vector in dead time. Additionally, to improve the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the load current, the intersection of the predicted current and the command current by all the volage vectors (VVs) in the combination is confirmed. The VV where the intersection occurs is selected as the optimal VV. This optimal VV is applied to the point where the predicted current and the reference current intersect. The applicable range of the sampling time should be selected by considering the calculation time and number of switching. Through the proposed FCS-MPC strategy, not only can the common-mode voltage be limited to within ±Vdc/6, but an improved THD can also be obtained compared to the existing method using fixed sampling. The proposed method was verified through PSIM simulation and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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18 pages, 10066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Review on Comparison and Performance of Five-Phase Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation Overmodulation Strategies

by Tiankui Sun, Yingying Sun, Beijia Ma, Feifei Bu, Ya Qin, Qi Liu and Sorin Ioan Deaconu

Energies 2024, 17(6), 1356; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061356 - 12 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1908

Abstract

High-performance overmodulation strategies for voltage source inverters (VSIs) can further broaden the operation range of machines. Among them, Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) is worth researching as it performs well in digital implementation. This paper presents a detailed comparison of various SVPWM [...] Read more.

High-performance overmodulation strategies for voltage source inverters (VSIs) can further broaden the operation range of machines. Among them, Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) is worth researching as it performs well in digital implementation. This paper presents a detailed comparison of various SVPWM overmodulation strategies and analysis of their performance. It firstly briefly elaborates fundamental laws of two subspaces of five-phase VSIs. Then, it focuses on several overmodulation strategies. Their corresponding basic principles and main characteristics are researched, and conclusions are given. In addition, differences and relationships between them are proved and summarized. Lastly, comparative simulations and experiments were carried out and verify that in the overmodulation region, the output voltage distortion degree increases with the increase in modulation ratio, and strategies with more control degrees of freedom (CDFs) are capable of better controlling the third harmonic subspace, which means that higher-quality output voltage waveforms would be obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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25 pages, 5044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Induction Motor Improved Vector Control Using Predictive and Model-Free Algorithms Together with Homotopy-Based Feedback Linearization

by Madalin Costin and Corneliu Lazar

Energies 2024, 17(4), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040875 - 14 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1289

Abstract

Vector control of an induction machine (IM) is typically performed by using cascade control structures with conventional linear proportional–integral (PI) controllers, the inner loop being designed for current control and the outer loop for rotor flux and speed control. In this paper, starting [...] Read more.

Vector control of an induction machine (IM) is typically performed by using cascade control structures with conventional linear proportional–integral (PI) controllers, the inner loop being designed for current control and the outer loop for rotor flux and speed control. In this paper, starting with the dq model of the IM, advanced control algorithms are proposed for the two control loops of the cascade structure. For the current inner loop, after the decoupling of the two dq currents, predictive control algorithms are employed to independently control the currents, considering the constraints imposed by the electrical signal physics limitations. Since the outer loop has a nonlinear affine multivariable plant model, a homotopy-based variant of feedback linearization is used to obtain a nonsingular decoupling matrix of the feedback transformation even when the rotor flux is zero at the start-up of the motor. During the continuous variation in the homotopy parameter, the plant model is variable and, for this reason, model-free algorithms are used to control the flux and speed of the IM due to their capabilities to manage complex dynamics from data without requiring knowledge of the plant model. The performances of the proposed cascade control strategy with advanced algorithms in the two loops were tested by simulation and compared with those obtained with conventional PI controllers, resulting in better dynamic behavior for predictive and model-free control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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17 pages, 12564 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Predictive Current Control of PMSG Wind Turbines with Sensor Noise Suppression

by Junda Li, Oluleke Babayomi, Zhenbin Zhang and Zhen Li

Energies 2023, 16(17), 6255; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176255 - 28 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1415

Abstract

Model predictive control (MPC) is an efficient and multi-functional control scheme for synchronous permanent magnet generators (PMSGs). However, the effective management of traditional MPC depends on precise system models. Multiple uncertainties of permanent magnet flux, motor inductance, filter inductance and parameter measurement noise [...] Read more.

Model predictive control (MPC) is an efficient and multi-functional control scheme for synchronous permanent magnet generators (PMSGs). However, the effective management of traditional MPC depends on precise system models. Multiple uncertainties of permanent magnet flux, motor inductance, filter inductance and parameter measurement noise will limit MPC’s performance. The conventional linear extended state observer (ESO) can perform robust predictive control of the ultralocal model of the PMSG system to cope with parameter mismatches. However, the ESO is limited in balancing disturbance rejection with measurement noise attenuation. Since the amplification of high-frequency noise pollution can lead to both poor control performance and system instability, this challenge is of significant importance. To solve the problem, a new hybrid parallel cascaded ESO (PCESO) model-free predictive control framework is proposed using the three-level neutral-point-clamped (NPC) power electronic converter, on both the machine side and grid side. Analytical discussions of the time and frequency domain characteristics of the PCESO demonstrate its superior characteristics over the ESO. The proposed method can effectively balance parameter mismatch, disturbance rejection and high-frequency noise suppression. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method, under uncertainties of parameter mismatches, measurement noise and permanent magnet flux, is verified through real-time hardware-in-the-loop tests on a back-to-back grid-tied PMSG interfaced with an NPC power converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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17 pages, 2389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Passivity, Model Predictive, and Passivity-Based Model Predictive Controllers in Uninterruptible Power Supply Applications

by Shafquat Hussain, Abualkasim Bakeer, Ihab S. Mohamed, Mario Marchesoni and Luis Vaccaro

Energies 2023, 16(15), 5594; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16155594 - 25 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1216

Abstract

Voltage source converters are widely used in distributed generation (DG) and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. This paper aims to find the controller that performs best when model changes occur in the system, showing insensitivity to parameter variations. A comparison of the finite [...] Read more.

Voltage source converters are widely used in distributed generation (DG) and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. This paper aims to find the controller that performs best when model changes occur in the system, showing insensitivity to parameter variations. A comparison of the finite control set model predictive controller (FCS-MPC), interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based controller (IDA-PBC), and passivity-based model predictive control (PB-MPC) reveals that the PB-MPC provides high resistance to these unexpected LC filter changes in the converter. The second aim of the paper is to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage of the three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI). A high total harmonic distortion (THD) value exists in the voltage waveform of the three-phase voltage source inverter (VSI), feeding a non-linear load. A MATLAB simulation was performed using three control techniques for a three-phase VSI feeding: linear load, unbalanced load, and non-linear load. The PB-MPC performs better than the FCS-MPC and IDA-PBC in terms of having a low THD value in the output voltage of the converter under all types of applied loads, improving the THD by up to 30%, and having low variation in THD with mismatched filter parameters, as shown in the bar charts in the results section. Overall, the PB-MPC controller improves the robustness under parameter mismatch and reduces the computational burden. PB-MPC reduces the THD value because it integrates power shaping and the injection of damping resistances into the VSI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control in Power Electronics, Drives and Generators)

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