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Advanced Cooling Methods, Thermal Protection for Modern Engines, Turbines and Hydrogen Cooled Turbogenerators

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J2: Thermodynamics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (11 September 2023) | Viewed by 8876

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Strength of the Materials and Structures in Hydrogen-Containing Environments, Karpenko Physico-Mechanical Institute, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 79-601 Lviv, Ukraine
2. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
Interests: modern structural materials for engines; turbines and turbogenerators; hydrogen-containing fuel and cooling systems; hydrogen environment influence on durability; fracture character of steels and alloys
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor invites submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on "Advanced Cooling Methods, Thermal Protection for Modern Engines, Turbines and Hydrogen Cooled Turbogenerators."

The hydrogen-containing fuels and cooling technological environments in the engine, turbine, and turbogenerators compartment play a vital role in the degradation processes of applying structural materials. The elements responsible for durability and long-term services of the engine combustion chamber, hot track of turbines, a hydrogen-cooling system of turbogenerators are the injectors and the injection pump, turbines discs and blades, turbogenerators rotor-retaining rings units. The hydrogen influence on such structural elements' performance, durability, and reliability is significant.

This Special Issue will focus on novel techniques for determining the influence of hydrogen-containing fuels and lubricant-cooling environments on durability during long-term service of structural materials, their preparation, wear, cavitation, and modern engines, turbines, turbogenerators performance. This Special Issue will focus on, but is not limited to, the following themes:

  • Modern hydrogen-containing fuel systems for engines and turbines;
  • Advanced hydrogen-cooling methods and thermal protection for turbogenerators;
  • Advanced cooling strategies and thermal protection for hydrogen turbines blades;
  • Hydrogen influences crack resistance and fracture character of materials for hydrogen buffer infrastructures;
  • In hydrogen-grid distribution: the compatibility of non-steel (Cu-Ni, Ni-Co  alloys, Pb, Al,  group 3 metals chalcogenides and group 6 transition metals dichalcogenides) materials;
  • Lubricant cooling (liquid, solid, gaseous) of hydrogen-containing technological environments;
  • Analysis of conditions of hydrogen-assisted vibration cavitation.

Prof. Dr. Alexander Balitskii
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • hydrogen-containing fuel
  • hydrogen cooling methods
  • thermal protection of hydrogen turbines blades
  • renewable energy engines and turbines
  • lubricant-cooling hydrogen-containing environments
  • hydrogen influence on crack resistance of materials

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 34823 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen Cooling of Turbo Aggregates and the Problem of Rotor Shafts Materials Degradation Evaluation
by Alexander I. Balitskii, Andriy M. Syrotyuk, Maria R. Havrilyuk, Valentina O. Balitska, Valerii O. Kolesnikov and Ljubomyr M. Ivaskevych
Energies 2023, 16(23), 7851; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237851 - 30 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1336
Abstract
Changes in the properties of 38KhN3MFA steel, from which the rotor shaft is made, were investigated by comparing the hardness of the shaft surface and hydrogen concentration in the chips and analyzing changes in the morphology of the chips under the influence of [...] Read more.
Changes in the properties of 38KhN3MFA steel, from which the rotor shaft is made, were investigated by comparing the hardness of the shaft surface and hydrogen concentration in the chips and analyzing changes in the morphology of the chips under the influence of various factors. The microstructures obtained from the surface of the rotor shaft samples are presented, and histograms reflecting the parameters of the structural components are constructed. An abbreviated diagram of the “life cycle” of the turbine rotor shaft is given. It was found that, during long-term operation (up to 250 thousand hours), the hardness of the rotor shaft surface decreases from 290 HB to 250 HB. It was recorded that, in the microstructure of the shaft during 250 thousand hours of operation, the amount of cementite decreased from 87% to 62%, and the proportion of free ferrite increased from 5% to 20%. The average values of ferrite microhardness decreased from 1.9 GPa to 1.5 GPa. An increase in the content of alloying elements in carbides was recorded: Cr and V—by 1.15–1.6 times; and Mo—by 2.2–2.8 times. With the help of the developed program (using computer vision methods), changes in their microrelief were detected to study photos of chips. Full article
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15 pages, 3032 KiB  
Article
Hydrogen and Corrosion Resistance of Nickel Superalloys for Gas Turbines, Engines Cooled Blades
by Alexander I. Balitskii, Yuliia H. Kvasnytska, Lyubomir M. Ivaskevych, Kateryna H. Kvasnytska, Olexiy A. Balitskii, Inna A. Shalevska, Oleg Y. Shynskii, Jaroslaw M. Jaworski and Jakub M. Dowejko
Energies 2023, 16(3), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031154 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2922
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the resistance to hydrogen and high-temperature salt corrosion of the developed alloy of the CM88Y type for the turbine blades of gas turbine engines for marine and power purposes in comparison with the industrial [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of the analysis of the resistance to hydrogen and high-temperature salt corrosion of the developed alloy of the CM88Y type for the turbine blades of gas turbine engines for marine and power purposes in comparison with the industrial heat-resistant corrosion-resistant alloy CM88Y and the alloy for the protective coating of the SDP3-A blades. SDP3-A alloy was chosen as a reference sample, which has high hydrogen and corrosion resistance. The new heat-resistant alloy additionally contains such refractory metals as rhenium and tantalum, which are added to the composition of the alloy in order to increase operational characteristics while maintaining phase-structural stability. These are properties such as long-term and fatigue strength, characteristics of plasticity and strength at room and elevated temperatures. Therefore, the purpose of these studies was to determine the resistance to high-temperature salt corrosion of the developed alloy in comparison with the industrial heat-resistant nickel alloy and to evaluate the influence of alloying, hydrogen embrittlement of CM88Y and ZhS3DK alloys with different contents of chromium, boron, zirconium, hafnium, and yttrium were compared. The corrosion resistance of the materials was evaluated after crucible tests in a salt solution at a temperature of 900 °C for 30 h, according to the standard method. The corrosion resistances of alloys were determined by the mass loss, corrosion rate, and data from metallographic studies. Full article
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13 pages, 27924 KiB  
Article
Performance Simulation of the Active Magnetic Regenerator under a Pulsed Magnetic Field
by Limei Shen, Xiao Tong, Liang Li, Yiliang Lv, Zeyu Liu and Junlong Xie
Energies 2022, 15(18), 6804; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15186804 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1497
Abstract
Magnetic refrigeration is acknowledged as a potential substitute for the conventional vapor-compression refrigeration technology, owing to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness. Existing magnetic refrigeration systems are mostly based on permanent magnets, owing to the characteristics of lower magnetic field intensity, non-uniform magnetic [...] Read more.
Magnetic refrigeration is acknowledged as a potential substitute for the conventional vapor-compression refrigeration technology, owing to its high efficiency and environmental friendliness. Existing magnetic refrigeration systems are mostly based on permanent magnets, owing to the characteristics of lower magnetic field intensity, non-uniform magnetic field distribution, and lower operating frequency due to the moving parts, which results in a low cooling capacity and small temperature difference. Thus, this study proposes the application of a pulsed magnetic field, with a high intensity and frequency, to a magnetic refrigeration system to achieve a high performance. A verified numerical model is established to investigate the thermodynamic cycle and cooling performance of an active magnetic regenerator (AMR). The transient and steady-state performances of AMR under pulsed and permanent magnetic fields are compared. The results suggest that an AMR can establish a stable temperature difference under a pulsed magnetic field that is 40 times faster than that under a permanent magnetic field. The maximum steady-state cooling capacity under a pulsed magnetic field is 2.5 times that under a permanent magnetic field when the temperature difference is 20 K. Additionally, the effects of pulsed magnetic field waveforms, frequency, and intensity on the performance of AMR are investigated under various utilization factors. These results can guide the improvement of room-temperature magnetic refrigerators. Full article
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Review

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23 pages, 7453 KiB  
Review
Improvement of the Mechanical Characteristics, Hydrogen Crack Resistance and Durability of Turbine Rotor Steels Welded Joints
by Alexander I. Balitskii, Vitaly V. Dmytryk, Lyubomir M. Ivaskevich, Olexiy A. Balitskii, Alyona V. Glushko, Lev B. Medovar, Karol F. Abramek, Ganna P. Stovpchenko, Jacek J. Eliasz and Marcin A. Krolikowski
Energies 2022, 15(16), 6006; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166006 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2198
Abstract
This article is devoted to the following issues: calculating the values of temperatures obtained by simulating welding heating and the subsequent implementation of the welding process at the given mode parameters made it possible to obtain a welded joint of the rotor with [...] Read more.
This article is devoted to the following issues: calculating the values of temperatures obtained by simulating welding heating and the subsequent implementation of the welding process at the given mode parameters made it possible to obtain a welded joint of the rotor with an improved initial structure and increased mechanical properties, hydrogen resistance and durability by up to 10–15%; simulating welding heating in the areas of fusion, the overheating and normalization of the HAZ and the formation of austenite grains; specified welding heating creates the conditions for the formation of new products of austenite decomposition in the form of sorbitol in the area of the incomplete recrystallization of the HAZ. In air and gaseous hydrogen, the destruction of the combined joints took place on the weld metal, as well as on the fusion areas, the overheating and the incomplete recrystallization of the HAZ of 20H3NMFA steel as the base metal. Structural materials have a relatively low strength and high fracture toughness in air. This is manifested in a significant reduction in the elongation (δ), the area (ψ) and critical stress intensity factor (KIc) of welded joints and the endurance limit of cylindrical smooth rotor steel specimens, which were cut from transverse templates. Welded joints in the whole range of load amplitudes are sensitive to the action of hydrogen. Full article
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