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Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016)

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2017) | Viewed by 120760

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Issouf Fofana

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Aging of Oil-Filled Equipment on High Voltage Lines (ViAHT), Department of Applied Sciences, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC), Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada
Interests: electromagnetic compatibility; electrical engineering; electrical insulation; dielectric materials; problems associated with the transport and distribution of electrical energy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jian Li

E-Mail
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Street, Chongqing 400044, China

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016) will be held on 19–22 September, 2016, in Chengdu, China, organized jointly by Chongqing University and Southwest Jiaotong University, China, and Mississippi State University, USA. This conference has attracted a great deal of attention from international researchers in the field of high voltage engineering. This conference can, not only provide an excellent platform to share knowledge and experiences on high voltage engineering, but also will provide the opportunity to present the latest achievements in power engineering, including topics of ultra high voltage, smart grid, new insulation materials, and their dielectric properties.

For more information about ICHVE 2016 please click on: http://www.ichve2016.cqu.edu.cn/index.php/ichve/organization

Prof. Dr. Ing. Issouf Fofana
Prof. Dr. Jian Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • electromagnetic fields: computation, measurement
  • transients and EMC: lightning, switching, repetitive transients
  • high voltage measurement techniques and instrumentation
  • high voltage insulation system: air, gas, vacuum dielectrics
  • high voltage insulation system: liquid, solid dielectrics
  • outdoor insulation: insulator, environmental effects
  • high voltage cable insulation
  • insulation of high voltage transformer and machine
  • grounding systems
  • high voltage insulation for uhv ac and dc system
  • high electrical stress insulation system for electronic devices
  • new insulation materials
  • aging, space charge, and industrial applications
  • high voltage apparatus: reliability and maintenance
  • online condition monitoring, fault diagnosis
  • new features and special interests in high voltage engineering
  • high voltage applications in smart grid
  • smart materials and applications in high voltage engineering
  • high voltage engineering education

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Published Papers (23 papers)

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Research

4972 KiB  
Article
Breakdown Voltage and Its Influencing Factors of Thermally Aged Oil-Impregnated Paper at Pulsating DC Voltage
by Jing Zhang, Feipeng Wang, Jian Li, Hehuan Ran, Xudong Li and Qiang Fu
Energies 2017, 10(9), 1411; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091411 - 15 Sep 2017
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4407
Abstract
Breakdown strength is an important electrical property of insulating paper. Oil-impregnated paper of various aging states was prepared. Its breakdown voltage was then measured at pulsating direct current (DC) voltage with various ripple factors, and alternating current (AC) and DC voltage for comparison, [...] Read more.
Breakdown strength is an important electrical property of insulating paper. Oil-impregnated paper of various aging states was prepared. Its breakdown voltage was then measured at pulsating direct current (DC) voltage with various ripple factors, and alternating current (AC) and DC voltage for comparison, respectively. The AC breakdown voltage is the smallest, and pulsating DC (r = 1/5) breakdown voltage is the greatest before the paper reaches its end of life. A dielectric model was adopted to investigate the difference in magnitude of breakdown voltage at different voltage waveforms. Meanwhile, it was found that breakdown voltage fluctuated and even increased occasionally during the thermal aging process, and a somewhat opposite changing tendency versus aging time was observed for breakdown voltage at DC voltage and pulsating DC voltage with small ripple factors (r = 1/5 and 1/3), compared with AC voltage. The degree of polymerization (DP) and moisture content of the paper were measured, and the characteristics of the pores and cracks of the paper were obtained to investigate the possible influencing factors of breakdown voltage at different aging states. The results showed that the moisture content, oil absorption ability associated with pores and cracks of paper, and the damage to paper structure all contributed to the variation of the breakdown voltage versus aging time, while the importance of their influence differed as the aging state of paper varied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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2092 KiB  
Article
Insulation Strength and Decomposition Characteristics of a C6F12O and N2 Gas Mixture
by Xiaoxing Zhang, Shuangshuang Tian, Song Xiao, Zaitao Deng, Yi Li and Ju Tang
Energies 2017, 10(8), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081170 - 9 Aug 2017
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 5183
Abstract
This paper explores the decomposition characteristics of a new type of environmentally friendly insulating gas C6F12O and N2 mixed gas under AC voltage. The breakdown behavior of 3% C6F12O and N2 mixed gas [...] Read more.
This paper explores the decomposition characteristics of a new type of environmentally friendly insulating gas C6F12O and N2 mixed gas under AC voltage. The breakdown behavior of 3% C6F12O and N2 mixed gas in quasi-uniform field was investigated through a breakdown experiment. The self-recovery of the mixed gas was analyzed by 100 breakdown experiments. The decomposition products of C6F12O and N2 under breakdown voltage were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Finally, the decomposition process of the products was calculated by density functional theory, and the ionization energy, affinity, and molecular orbital gap of the decomposition products were also calculated. The properties of the decomposition products were analyzed from the aspects of insulation and environmental protection. The experimental results show that the 3% C6F12O and N2 mixed gas did not show a downward trend over 100 breakdown tests under a 0.10 MPa breakdown voltage. The decomposition products after breakdown were CF4, C2F6, C3F6, C3F8, C4F10, and C5F12. The ionization energies of several decomposition products are more than 10 eV. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) values of the main products are lower than SF6. C2F6, C3F8, and C4F10 have better insulation properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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4634 KiB  
Article
Proposal of Physical-Statistical Model of Thermal Aging Respecting Threshold Value
by Jakub Souček, Pavel Trnka and Jaroslav Hornak
Energies 2017, 10(8), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081120 - 2 Aug 2017
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4519
Abstract
The aging of electrical insulation material or a system is a main issue for designers of high-voltage (HV) machines. Precise determination of the life cycle of electrical insulation is one way of improving the efficiency of electrical machines involved in the production and [...] Read more.
The aging of electrical insulation material or a system is a main issue for designers of high-voltage (HV) machines. Precise determination of the life cycle of electrical insulation is one way of improving the efficiency of electrical machines involved in the production and transmission of electrical energy. Much effort has been devoted to preparing statistical or physical methods of Electrical Insulating System (EIS) life time estimation in the real operation of electrical machinery. The main aim of this paper is to introduce a new physical-statistical model of thermal aging respecting the threshold value. This model is based on thermal aging model and the main difference between this model and previously published models is taking into account the threshold value of degradation factor. The complete design of this model is presented in this paper, including functions defining the threshold value of the effect of the degradation factor depending on the temperature. Proposed model was verified by accelerated thermal aging test at selected temperatures (160, 170, 180 °C) and time intervals (0, 120, 240 h) on a commonly used transformer board. The breakdown voltage was set as an indicating parameter of the level of thermal aging and was measured according to standard IEC 60243-1. Collected data from these measurements were used for threshold value determination (431.23 K) and verification of proposed physical-statistical model of thermal aging respecting the threshold value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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2826 KiB  
Article
Using SF6 Decomposed Component Analysis for the Diagnosis of Partial Discharge Severity Initiated by Free Metal Particle Defect
by Ju Tang, Xu Yang, Dong Yang, Qiang Yao, Yulong Miao, Chaohai Zhang and Fuping Zeng
Energies 2017, 10(8), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081119 - 1 Aug 2017
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4138
Abstract
The decomposition characteristics of a SF6 gas-insulated medium were used to diagnose the partial discharge (PD) severity in DC gas-insulated equipment (DC-GIE). First, the PD characteristics of the whole process were studied from the initial PD to the breakdown initiated by a [...] Read more.
The decomposition characteristics of a SF6 gas-insulated medium were used to diagnose the partial discharge (PD) severity in DC gas-insulated equipment (DC-GIE). First, the PD characteristics of the whole process were studied from the initial PD to the breakdown initiated by a free metal particle defect. The average discharge magnitude in a second was used to characterize the PD severity and the PD was divided into three levels: mild PD, medium PD, and dangerous PD. Second, two kinds of voltage in each of the above PD levels were selected for the decomposition experiments of SF6. Results show that the negative DC-PD in these six experiments decomposes the SF6 gas and generates five stable decomposed components, namely, CF4, CO2, SO2F2, SOF2, and SO2. The concentrations and concentration ratios of the SF6 decomposed components can be associated with the PD severity. A minimum-redundancy-maximum-relevance (mRMR)-based feature selection algorithm was used to sort the concentrations and concentration ratios of the SF6 decomposed components. Back propagation neural network (BPNN) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used to diagnose the PD severity. The use of C(CO2)/CT1, C(CF4)/C(SO2), C(CO2)/C(SOF2), and C(CF4)/C(CO2) shows good performance in diagnosing PD severity. This finding serves as a foundation in using the SF6 decomposed component analysis (DCA) method to diagnose the insulation faults in DC-GIE and assess its insulation status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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6316 KiB  
Article
Correlation Characteristics Comparison of SF6 Decomposition versus Gas Pressure under Negative DC Partial Discharge Initiated by Two Typical Defects
by Dong Yang, Ju Tang, Xu Yang, Ke Li, Fuping Zeng, Qiang Yao, Yulong Miao and Lincong Chen
Energies 2017, 10(8), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10081085 - 25 Jul 2017
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3834
Abstract
Aimed to clarify the correlation characteristics between the internal partial discharge (PD) in negative direct current (DC) gas insulated system (GIS) and gas pressure initiated by two typical defects (i.e., free-metal particles and metal protrusion), this study on PD decomposition of sulfur hexafluoride [...] Read more.
Aimed to clarify the correlation characteristics between the internal partial discharge (PD) in negative direct current (DC) gas insulated system (GIS) and gas pressure initiated by two typical defects (i.e., free-metal particles and metal protrusion), this study on PD decomposition of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was investigated under different pressures on the basis of constructing a SF6 decomposition experimental platform with DC PD. Free-metal particles and metal protrusion in a GIS were simulated using a spherical-bowl electrode and a needle-plate electrode, respectively. Trends and differences in the performance of SF6 decomposition components SOF2, SO2F2, CO2, and SO2 at different pressures were compared and analyzed by experiments under different defects. Based on gas microscopic ionization theory, the relationship between the decomposition component and gas pressure was deduced and verified. The concentrations of different decomposition components were found to vary with the change in gas pressure under different defects, whereas the characteristic ratios of decomposition components versus gas pressure showed a similar trend. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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10198 KiB  
Article
RTV Silicone Rubber Degradation Induced by Temperature Cycling
by Xishan Wen, Xiaoqing Yuan, Lei Lan, Lu Hao, Yu Wang, Shaodong Li, Hailiang Lu and Zhenghong Bao
Energies 2017, 10(7), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10071054 - 21 Jul 2017
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7356
Abstract
Room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber is extensively used in power system due to its hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity transfer ability. Temperature has been proven to markedly affect the performance of silicone rubbers. This research investigated the degradation of RTV silicone rubber under temperature [...] Read more.
Room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber is extensively used in power system due to its hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity transfer ability. Temperature has been proven to markedly affect the performance of silicone rubbers. This research investigated the degradation of RTV silicone rubber under temperature cycling treatment. Hydrophobicity and its transfer ability, hardness, functional groups, microscopic appearance, and thermal stability were analyzed using the static contact angle method, a Shore A durometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetry (TG), respectively. Some significant conclusions were drawn. After the temperature was cycled between −25 °C and 70 °C, the hydrophobicity changed modestly, but its transfer ability changed remarkably, which may result from the competition between the formation of more channels for the transfer of low molecular weight (LMW) silicone fluid and the reduction of LMW silicone fluid in the bulk. A hardness analysis and FTIR analysis demonstrated that further cross-linking reactions occurred during the treatment. SEM images showed the changes in roughness of the RTV silicone rubber surfaces. TG analysis also demonstrated the degradation of RTV silicone rubber by presenting evidence that the content of organic materials decreased during the temperature cycling treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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10911 KiB  
Article
Simulation of Contamination Deposition on Typical Shed Porcelain Insulators
by Yukun Lv, Weiping Zhao, Jingang Li and Yazhao Zhang
Energies 2017, 10(7), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10071045 - 20 Jul 2017
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3950
Abstract
The contamination deposition characteristics of insulators can be used in the development of antifouling work. Using COMSOL software, numerical simulations on the pollution-deposited performance of a porcelain three-umbrella insulator and porcelain bell jar insulator in a wind tunnel were conducted, and the simulated [...] Read more.
The contamination deposition characteristics of insulators can be used in the development of antifouling work. Using COMSOL software, numerical simulations on the pollution-deposited performance of a porcelain three-umbrella insulator and porcelain bell jar insulator in a wind tunnel were conducted, and the simulated results were compared with the tested results. The comparison shows that the deposit amount is consistent with the order of magnitude and presents a similar tendency with Direct Current (DC) voltage variation; then the rationality of the simulation is verified. Based on these results, simulations of the natural contamination deposition on porcelain insulators and the distribution of pollution along the umbrella skirt were performed. The results indicates that, under a same wind speed, contamination of the porcelain three-umbrella insulator and porcelain bell jar insulator under DC voltage was positively correlated with the particle size. With the same particle size, the proportion of the deposit amount under DC voltage (NSDDDC) to the deposit amount under AC voltage (NSDDAC) of both insulators decreases with the increase in wind speed. However, the ratio increases as particle size increase. At a small wind speed, the deposit amount along the umbrella skirt of the two insulators displays a U-shaped distribution under DC voltage while there is little difference in the contamination amount of each skirt under Alternating Current (AC) voltage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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2147 KiB  
Article
High Breakdown Field CaCu3Ti4O12 Ceramics: Roles of the Secondary Phase and of Sr Doping
by Zhuang Tang, Kangning Wu, Yuwei Huang and Jianying Li
Energies 2017, 10(7), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10071031 - 19 Jul 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5398
Abstract
In this work, two methods of CaCu3Ti4O12-CuAl2O4 composite and SrCu3Ti4O12-CaCu3Ti4O12 composite were prepared to improve the breakdown field in CaCu3Ti4 [...] Read more.
In this work, two methods of CaCu3Ti4O12-CuAl2O4 composite and SrCu3Ti4O12-CaCu3Ti4O12 composite were prepared to improve the breakdown field in CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics. CaCu3Ti4O12-0.5CuAl2O4 and 0.4SrCu3Ti4O12-0.6CaCu3Ti4O12 samples with proper sintering conditions were found to have greatly enhanced breakdown fields of more than 20 kV·cm−1 compared to the ordinary value of 1–2 kV·cm−1 in CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics. In addition, reduced dielectric loss tangent of these samples remained about 0.1 at a low frequency of 0.1 Hz, indicating superior dielectric properties. No abnormal grain growth was found in either composite with a high breakdown field, which was attributed to the pining effect and consumption of Cu-rich phase at grain boundaries. Under analysis of the relaxation process by electric modulus, compared to conventional CaCu3Ti4O12 ceramics, interstitial Ali··· and increasing interfaces were responsible for variation in activation energy in CaCu3Ti4O12-0.5CuAl2O4 composites, while the integrated action of a strong solid solution effect and weak Sr-stretching effect contributed to the elevated potential barrier height and enhanced breakdown field in 0.4SrCu3Ti4O12-0.6CaCu3Ti4O12 composites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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6001 KiB  
Article
Study of Dielectric Breakdown Performance of Transformer Oil Based Magnetic Nanofluids
by Yuzhen Lv, Muhammad Rafiq, Chengrong Li and Bingliang Shan
Energies 2017, 10(7), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10071025 - 19 Jul 2017
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 8822
Abstract
Research on the transformer oil-based nanofluids (NFs) has been raised expeditiously over the past decade. Although, there is discrepancy in the stated results and inadequate understanding of the mechanisms of improvement of dielectric nanofluids, these nanofluids have emerged as a potential substitute of [...] Read more.
Research on the transformer oil-based nanofluids (NFs) has been raised expeditiously over the past decade. Although, there is discrepancy in the stated results and inadequate understanding of the mechanisms of improvement of dielectric nanofluids, these nanofluids have emerged as a potential substitute of mineral oils as insulating and heat removal fluids for high voltage equipment. The transformer oil (TO) based magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) may be regarded as the posterity insulation fluids as they propose inspiring unique prospectus to improve dielectric breakdown strength, as well as heat transfer efficiency, as compared to pure transformer oils. In this work, transformer oil-based magnetic nanofluids (MNFs) are prepared by dispersal of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) into mineral oil as base oil, with various NPs loading from 5 to 80% w/v. The lightning impulse breakdown voltages (BDV) measurement was conducted in accordance with IEC 60897 by using needle to sphere electrodes geometry. The test results showed that dispersion of magnetic NPs may improve the insulation strength of MO. With the increment of NPs concentrations, the positive lightning impulse (LI) breakdown strength of TO is first raised, up to the highest value at 40% loading, and then tends to decrease at higher concentrations. The outcomes of negative LI breakdown showed that BDV of MNFs, with numerous loadings, were inferior to the breakdown strength of pure MO. The 40% concentration of nanoparticles (optimum concentration) was selected, and positive and negative LI breakdown strength was also further studied at different sizes (10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm and 40 nm) of NPs and different electrode gap distances. Augmentation in the BDV of the ferrofluids (FFs) is primarily because of dielectric and magnetic features of Fe3O4 nanoaprticles, which act as electron scavengers and decrease the rate of free electrons produced in the ionization process. Research challenges and technical difficulties associated with ferrofluids for practical applications are mentioned. The advantages and disadvantages linked with magnetic fluids are also presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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2996 KiB  
Article
Force and Motion Characteristics of Contamination Particles near the High Voltage End of UHVDC Insulator
by Lei Lan, Gongda Zhang, Yu Wang and Xishan Wen
Energies 2017, 10(7), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070969 - 11 Jul 2017
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3674
Abstract
It is important to reveal the relations of physical factors to deposition of contaminants on insulator. In this paper, the simulation model of high voltage end of insulator was established to study the force and motion characteristics of particles affected by electric force [...] Read more.
It is important to reveal the relations of physical factors to deposition of contaminants on insulator. In this paper, the simulation model of high voltage end of insulator was established to study the force and motion characteristics of particles affected by electric force and airflow drag force near the ultra-high voltage direct current (UHVDC) insulator. By finite element method, the electric field was set specially to be similar to the one near practical insulator, the steady fluid field was simulated. The electric force and air drag force were loaded on the uniformly charged particles. The characteristics of the two forces on particles, the relationship between quantity of electric charge on particles and probability of particles contacting the insulator were analyzed. It was found that, near the sheds, airflow drag force on particles is significantly greater than electric force with less electric charge. As the charge multiplies, electric force increases linearly, airflow drag force grows more slowly. There is a trend that the magnitude of electric force and drag force is going to similar. Meanwhile, the probability of particles contacting the insulator is increased too. However, at a certain level of charge which has different value with different airflow velocity, the contact probability has extremum here. After exceeding the value, as the charge increasing, the contact probability decreases gradually. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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2097 KiB  
Article
A Novel Method to Directly Analyze Dissolved Acetic Acid in Transformer Oil without Extraction Using Raman Spectroscopy
by Fu Wan, Lingling Du, Weigen Chen, Pinyi Wang, Jianxin Wang and Haiyang Shi
Energies 2017, 10(7), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070967 - 10 Jul 2017
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 9529
Abstract
Analyzing the concentration of low molecular acids dissolved in oil is vital in the oil-paper insulation aging diagnostic procedure of power transformers. The existing methods cannot distinguish between different acid types and their strengths. In this study, an improved solution Raman detection platform [...] Read more.
Analyzing the concentration of low molecular acids dissolved in oil is vital in the oil-paper insulation aging diagnostic procedure of power transformers. The existing methods cannot distinguish between different acid types and their strengths. In this study, an improved solution Raman detection platform is fabricated. The direct measurement of dissolved acetic acid, a kind of low molecular acids, is observed in transformer oil without extraction. The Raman shift line of oil-dissolved acetic acid at 891 cm−1 corresponding to H–C–H symmetrical swing and O–H swing modes is taken as its characteristic value. Taking Raman shift line of pure oil at 932 cm−1 as an internal standard, a linear regression curve for quantitative analysis is obtained with a slope of 0.19. The best platform parameter of accumulation number is 300, which is determined by Allan deviation analysis. The current concentration detection limit and accuracy for oil-dissolved acetic acid are obtained at about 0.68 mg/mL and 91.66%, separately. The results show that Raman spectroscopy could be a useful alternative method for evaluation insulation aging state of an operating power transformer in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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3892 KiB  
Article
Fault Diagnosis of On-Load Tap-Changer Based on Variational Mode Decomposition and Relevance Vector Machine
by Jinxin Liu, Guan Wang, Tong Zhao and Li Zhang
Energies 2017, 10(7), 946; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070946 - 8 Jul 2017
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4436
Abstract
In order to improve the intelligent diagnosis level of an on-load tap-changer’s (OLTC) mechanical condition, a feature extraction method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and weight divergence was proposed. The harmony search (HS) algorithm was used to optimize the parameter selection of [...] Read more.
In order to improve the intelligent diagnosis level of an on-load tap-changer’s (OLTC) mechanical condition, a feature extraction method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and weight divergence was proposed. The harmony search (HS) algorithm was used to optimize the parameter selection of the relevance vector machine (RVM). Firstly, the OLTC vibration signal was decomposed into a series of finite-bandwidth intrinsic mode function (IMF) by VMD under different working conditions. The weight divergence was extracted to characterize the complexity of the vibration signal. Then, weight divergence was used as training and test samples of the harmony search optimization-relevance vector machine (HS-RVM). The experimental results suggested that the proposed integrated model has high fault diagnosis accuracy. This model can accurately extract the characteristics of the mechanical condition, and provide a reference for the practical OLTC intelligent fault diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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5110 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on Propagation Characteristics of PD Radiated UHF Signal in Actual 252 kV GIS
by Tianhui Li, Mingzhe Rong, Xiaohua Wang and Jin Pan
Energies 2017, 10(7), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070942 - 7 Jul 2017
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4075
Abstract
For partial discharge (PD) diagnostics in gas insulated switchgears (GISs) based on the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) method, it is essential to study the attenuation characteristics of UHF signals so as to improve the application of the UHF technique. Currently, the performance of UHF has [...] Read more.
For partial discharge (PD) diagnostics in gas insulated switchgears (GISs) based on the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) method, it is essential to study the attenuation characteristics of UHF signals so as to improve the application of the UHF technique. Currently, the performance of UHF has not been adequately considered in most experimental research, while the constructive conclusions about the installation and position of UHF sensors are relatively rare. In this research, by using a previously-designed broadband sensor, the output signal is detected and analyzed experimentally in a 252 kV GIS with L-shaped structure and disconnecting switch. Since the relative position of the sensor and the defect is usually fixed by prior research, three circumferential angle positions of the defect in cross section are performed. The results are studied by time, statistics and frequency analyses. This identifies that the discontinuity conductor of DS will lead to a rise of both the peak to peak value (Vpp) and the transmission rate of the UHF signal. Then, the frequency analysis indicates that the reason for the distinction of signal amplitude and transmission rate is that the mode components of the PD signal are distinctively affected by the special structure of GIS. Finally, the optimal circumferential angle position of the UHF Sensor is given based on the comparison of transmission rates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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3337 KiB  
Article
Influence of Copper Particles on Breakdown Voltage and Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Property of Vegetable Insulating Oil
by Jing Zhang, Feipeng Wang, Jian Li, Hehuan Ran and Dali Huang
Energies 2017, 10(7), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070938 - 6 Jul 2017
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5234
Abstract
The insulating performance of oil is vulnerable to particles especially the conductive particles. This paper investigated the influence of copper particles of micrometer size on the breakdown strength and frequency-dependent properties of vegetable oil. The AC breakdown voltage of contaminated vegetable oil with [...] Read more.
The insulating performance of oil is vulnerable to particles especially the conductive particles. This paper investigated the influence of copper particles of micrometer size on the breakdown strength and frequency-dependent properties of vegetable oil. The AC breakdown voltage of contaminated vegetable oil with copper particles of different numbers (ranging from 103 to 106) was measured. The frequency-dependent dielectric properties including volume resistivity, relative permittivity and dissipation factor of the contaminated vegetable oil with copper particles of various volumetric concentrations (0.011%, 0.056% and 0.112%) were measured. Identical experiments were conducted with mineral oil for comparison. Results show that the AC breakdown voltage of vegetable oil decreases with the increase of copper particle concentration. The mineral oil exhibits a similar trend, but the influence of copper particles on the AC breakdown voltage of vegetable oil is less significant than that on mineral oil because of its greater viscosity. The relative permittivity and dissipation factor increase with increasing copper volumetric concentration while the volume resistivity decreases. The influence of copper particles on them is significant at low frequencies and this influence becomes inconspicuous as the frequency increases. Similar results were observed for mineral oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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2321 KiB  
Article
A Failure Probability Calculation Method for Power Equipment Based on Multi-Characteristic Parameters
by Hang Liu, Youyuan Wang, Yi Yang, Ruijin Liao, Yujie Geng and Liwei Zhou
Energies 2017, 10(5), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050704 - 17 May 2017
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5556
Abstract
Although traditional fault diagnosis methods can qualitatively identify the failure modes for power equipment, it is difficult to evaluate the failure probability quantitatively. In this paper, a failure probability calculation method for power equipment based on multi-characteristic parameters is proposed. After collecting the [...] Read more.
Although traditional fault diagnosis methods can qualitatively identify the failure modes for power equipment, it is difficult to evaluate the failure probability quantitatively. In this paper, a failure probability calculation method for power equipment based on multi-characteristic parameters is proposed. After collecting the historical data of different fault characteristic parameters, the distribution functions and the cumulative distribution functions of each parameter, which are applied to dispersing the parameters and calculating the differential warning values, are calculated by using the two-parameter Weibull model. To calculate the membership functions of parameters for each failure mode, the Apriori algorithm is chosen to mine the association rules between parameters and failure modes. After that, the failure probability of each failure mode is obtained by integrating the membership functions of different parameters by a weighted method, and the important weight of each parameter is calculated by the differential warning values. According to the failure probability calculation result, the series model is established to estimate the failure probability of the equipment. Finally, an application example for two 220 kV transformers is presented to show the detailed process of the method. Compared with traditional fault diagnosis methods, the calculation results not only identify the failure modes correctly, but also reflect the failure probability changing trend of the equipment accurately. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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6118 KiB  
Article
Study on the Thermal and Dielectric Properties of SrTiO3/Epoxy Nanocomposites
by Xiaoxing Zhang, Hao Wen, Xiaoyu Chen, Yunjian Wu and Song Xiao
Energies 2017, 10(5), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050692 - 15 May 2017
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6477
Abstract
SrTiO3/epoxy nanocomposites are prepared using the facile solution-processing technique by incorporating SrTiO3 nanoparticles with different weight fractions into the epoxy resin host. The morphology of the nanoparticles and composites, as well as the thermal conduction characteristics and electrical properties of [...] Read more.
SrTiO3/epoxy nanocomposites are prepared using the facile solution-processing technique by incorporating SrTiO3 nanoparticles with different weight fractions into the epoxy resin host. The morphology of the nanoparticles and composites, as well as the thermal conduction characteristics and electrical properties of the composites were investigated via conventional testing methods. The thermal conductivity increased along with the SrTiO3 weight fractions, and the thermal conductivity of the SrTiO3/epoxy composite with 40 wt % weight fraction increased to 0.52 W/mK. The dielectric constant increased along with the weight fractions and decreased along with frequency, thereby suggesting that the interfacial and dipole polarization do not follow the changes in the electrical field direction at high frequency. The dielectric constants at 1 kHz frequency increased along with temperature. Surface breakdown tests illustrated further improvements in the thermal and electrical properties of the composites. In the same time span of 40 s, the 40 wt % nanocomposite demonstrated a rapid temperature decline rate of 6.77 °C/s, which was 47% faster than that of the pure epoxy sample. The surface breakdown voltage also increased along with the weight fractions. The functional composites can solve the key problem in the intelligentization, miniaturization, and high-efficiency of the gas-insulated switchgear, which warrants further research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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5009 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Insulating Performances of Presspaper by Introduction of Nanofibrillated Cellulose
by Jianwen Huang, Yuanxiang Zhou, Longyu Dong, Zhongliu Zhou and Xiangjun Zeng
Energies 2017, 10(5), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050681 - 12 May 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5085
Abstract
This study explores the possibility of enhancing both mechanical and breakdown properties of insulating presspaper by the introduction of an organic nano additive. Four different concentrations of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were taken into account: 0.5 wt %, 2.5 wt %, 5 wt %, [...] Read more.
This study explores the possibility of enhancing both mechanical and breakdown properties of insulating presspaper by the introduction of an organic nano additive. Four different concentrations of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) were taken into account: 0.5 wt %, 2.5 wt %, 5 wt %, and 10 wt %. Presspaper containing no NFC was also prepared as a reference. Obtained samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Mechanical properties and breakdown behaviors were measured. Results show that the addition of 10 wt % NFC to softwood fibers can achieve the best performance. Tensile strength of reference presspaper is 109 MPa, whereas that of presspaper modified by 10 wt % NFC is 136 MPa, resulting in a 25% increase. The improved tensile strength can be attributed to the increased density and inter fiber bond strength. More importantly, presspaper reinforced by 10 wt % NFC can also achieve enhanced AC and DC breakdown strengths, which are 19% and 21% higher than those of the reference presspaper. It is concluded that NFC is likely to be a promising nano additive for cellulose insulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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2811 KiB  
Article
An Elastic Charging Service Fee-Based Load Guiding Strategy for Fast Charging Stations
by Shu Su, Hang Zhao, Hongzhi Zhang and Xiangning Lin
Energies 2017, 10(5), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050672 - 11 May 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4069
Abstract
Compared with the traditional slow charging loads, random integration of large scale fast charging loads will exert more serious impacts on the security of power network operation. Besides, to maximize social benefits, effective scheduling strategies guiding fast charging behaviors should be formulated rather [...] Read more.
Compared with the traditional slow charging loads, random integration of large scale fast charging loads will exert more serious impacts on the security of power network operation. Besides, to maximize social benefits, effective scheduling strategies guiding fast charging behaviors should be formulated rather than simply increasing infrastructure construction investments on the power grid. This paper first analyzes the charging users’ various responses to an elastic charging service fee, and introduces the index of charging balance degree to a target region by considering the influence of fast charging loads on the power grid. Then, a multi-objective optimization model of the fast charging service fee is constructed, whose service fee can be further optimized by employing a fuzzy programming method. Therefore, both users’ satisfaction degree and the equilibrium of charging loads can be maintained simultaneously by reasonably guiding electric vehicles (EVs) to different fast charging stations. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed dynamic charging service pricing and the corresponding fast charging load guidance strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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1034 KiB  
Article
Study on the Characteristic Decomposition Components of DC SF6-Insulated Equipment under Positive DC Partial Discharge
by Min Liu, Ju Tang, Xin Liu, Qiang Yao and Yulong Miao
Energies 2017, 10(5), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050640 - 5 May 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3569
Abstract
Pulses with different amplitudes occur when an inner partial discharge fault exists in SF6-gas-insulated DC high-voltage electrical equipment. SF6 decomposes following complex physical and chemical processes. Discussing and quantifying the mathematical relationship of pulse discharge quantities to SF6 decomposition [...] Read more.
Pulses with different amplitudes occur when an inner partial discharge fault exists in SF6-gas-insulated DC high-voltage electrical equipment. SF6 decomposes following complex physical and chemical processes. Discussing and quantifying the mathematical relationship of pulse discharge quantities to SF6 decomposition component characteristics is helpful to evaluate and predict the insulation fault severity and development trends in SF6-insulated DC equipment. Numerous simulation experiments on SF6 decomposition under positive DC partial discharge were performed on a needle-plane model. The DC partial discharge quantities of pulses are obtained, and decomposition characteristics based on the mechanism of SF6 decomposition are analyzed. Results show that generation, effective generation rate and concentration ratio c(SO2F2 + SOF4)/c(SOF2 + SO2) of components increase with partial discharge severity, and the first two act in the following order: SOF4 > SOF2 > SO2F2 > SO2 > CF4 when the discharge quantity level is higher than 238,957 pC. Finally, a coefficient matrix illustrates the mathematical effects of pulses with different discharge quantities on different SF6 decomposition components. The pulses whose discharge quantity is higher than 50 pC have obvious promotion effects on the formation of decomposition components, whereas the pulses whose discharge quantity lower than 50 pC decrease the positive promotion effects that large discharge pulses have on decomposition components. The higher the effective generation rates are, the greater the partial discharge severity is, and their change laws provide a new method to evaluate and predict insulation fault severity and development trends in DC SF6-insulated equipment with high reliability and detection stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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4549 KiB  
Article
Research on Partial Discharge Source Localization Based on an Ultrasonic Array and a Step-by-Step Over-Complete Dictionary
by Shuguo Gao, Ying Zhang, Qing Xie, Yuqiang Kan, Si Li, Dan Liu and Fangcheng Lü
Energies 2017, 10(5), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050593 - 29 Apr 2017
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4633
Abstract
Partial discharge (PD) in electrical equipment is one of the major causes of electrical insulation failures. Fast and accurate positioning of PD sources allows timely elimination of insulation faults. In order to improve the accuracy of PD detection, this paper mainly studies the [...] Read more.
Partial discharge (PD) in electrical equipment is one of the major causes of electrical insulation failures. Fast and accurate positioning of PD sources allows timely elimination of insulation faults. In order to improve the accuracy of PD detection, this paper mainly studies the direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of PD ultrasonic signals based on a step-by-step over-complete dictionary. The simulation results show that the step by step dictionary can improve the operation speed and save signal processing time. Firstly, a step-by-step over-complete dictionary covering all the angles of space is established according to the expression of the steering vector for a matching pursuit direction finding algorithm, which can save computation time. Then, the step-by-step complete dictionary is set up according to the direction vector, and the atomic precision is respectively set to 10°, 1° and 0.1°. The matching pursuit algorithm is used to carry out the sparse representation of the received data X and select the optimal atom from the step-by-step complete dictionary, and the angle information contained in atoms is DOA of the PD sources. According to the direction finding results, combined with the installation location of the ultrasonic array sensor, the spatial position of a partial discharge source can be obtained using the three platform array location method. Finally, a square ultrasonic array sensor is developed, and an experimental platform for the ultrasonic array detection of partial discharges is set up and used to carry out an experimental study. The results show that the DOA estimation method based on a step-by-step over-complete dictionary can improve the direction finding precision, thereby increasing the subsequent positioning accuracy, and the spatial position estimation error of the PD source obtained under laboratory conditions is about 5 cm, making this a feasible method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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1997 KiB  
Article
Decomposition Characteristics of SF6 and Partial Discharge Recognition under Negative DC Conditions
by Ju Tang, Xu Yang, Gaoxiang Ye, Qiang Yao, Yulong Miao and Fuping Zeng
Energies 2017, 10(4), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040556 - 18 Apr 2017
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5167
Abstract
Four typical types of artificial defects are designed in conducting the decomposition experiments of SF6 gas to obtain and understand the decomposition characteristics of SF6 gas-insulated medium under different types of negative DC partial discharge (DC-PD), and use the obtained decomposition [...] Read more.
Four typical types of artificial defects are designed in conducting the decomposition experiments of SF6 gas to obtain and understand the decomposition characteristics of SF6 gas-insulated medium under different types of negative DC partial discharge (DC-PD), and use the obtained decomposition characteristics of SF6 in diagnosing the type and severity of insulation fault in DC SF6 gas-insulated equipment. Experimental results show that the negative DC partial discharges caused by the four defects decompose the SF6 gas and generate five stable decomposed components, namely, CF4, CO2, SO2F2, SOF2, and SO2. The concentration, effective formation rate, and concentration ratio of SF6 decomposed components can be associated with the PD types. Furthermore, back propagation neural network algorithm is used to recognize the PD types. The recognition results show that compared with the concentrations of SF6 decomposed components, their concentration ratios are more suitable as the characteristic quantities for PD recognition, and using those concentration ratios in recognizing the PD types can obtain a good effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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3651 KiB  
Article
Molecular Structure and Electronic Properties of Triolein Molecule under an External Electric Field Related to Streamer Initiation and Propagation
by Yachao Wang, Feipeng Wang, Jian Li, Zhengyong Huang, Suning Liang and Jinghan Zhou
Energies 2017, 10(4), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10040510 - 10 Apr 2017
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4820
Abstract
Natural ester has been widely studied as an alternative dielectric liquid to mineral oil in recent years. Unsaturated triacylglycerol molecules are the main components of natural ester; therefore, in this paper, we investigate the molecular structure and electronic properties of the triolein molecule, [...] Read more.
Natural ester has been widely studied as an alternative dielectric liquid to mineral oil in recent years. Unsaturated triacylglycerol molecules are the main components of natural ester; therefore, in this paper, we investigate the molecular structure and electronic properties of the triolein molecule, an oleic-type triacylglycerol molecule, as a representative component of natural ester oils. The effects of external electric fields at the electric field intensity related to streamer initiation and propagation on the bond lengths, dipole moment, total energy, infrared spectra, and orbital energy of the triolein molecule are investigated using density functional theory (DFT). In addition, the excitation energies, transition wavelengths, and oscillator strengths of the first eight excited states of the triolein molecule under external electric fields are calculated by time-dependent DFT. The results show that the bond lengths, dipole moments, total energy, and infrared spectra change obviously under external electric fields. With increasing external electric field intensity, the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital increases, and the gap between that and the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital decreases, which make the molecule susceptible to excitation. The calculations contribute to an understanding of the causes behind the degradation of the insulation properties of natural ester oils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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3100 KiB  
Article
Thermal Stability of Modified Insulation Paper Cellulose Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulation
by Chao Tang, Song Zhang, Qian Wang, Xiaobo Wang and Jian Hao
Energies 2017, 10(3), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/en10030397 - 20 Mar 2017
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4987
Abstract
In this paper, polysiloxane is used to modify insulation paper cellulose, and molecular dynamics methods are used to evaluate the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the paper before and after the modification. Analysis of the static mechanical performance of the model [...] Read more.
In this paper, polysiloxane is used to modify insulation paper cellulose, and molecular dynamics methods are used to evaluate the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the paper before and after the modification. Analysis of the static mechanical performance of the model shows that, with increasing temperature, the elastic modulus of both the modified and unmodified cellulose models decreases gradually. However, the elastic modulus of the modified model is greater than that of the unmodified model. Using the specific volume method and calculation of the mean square displacement of the models, the glass transition temperature of the modified cellulose model is found to be 48 K higher than that of the unmodified model. Finally, the changes in the mechanical properties and glass transition temperature of the model are analyzed by energy and free volume theory. The glass transition temperatures of the unmodified and modified cellulose models are approximately 400 K and 450 K, respectively. These results are consistent with the conclusions obtained from the specific volume method and the calculation of the mean square displacement. It can be concluded that the modification of insulation paper cellulose with polysiloxane will effectively improve its thermal stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from 2016 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering (ICHVE 2016))
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