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Energies
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Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition
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Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 18283

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Olimpo Anaya-Lara

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 2TB, Scotland, UK
Interests: stability and control of power systems with high wind energy penetration; wind turbine/wind farm control; power electronics for power systems applications, VSC-HVDC; control and operation of energy storage systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Ayman Attya

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Electrical Power Engineering, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, Huddersfield, UK
Interests: power and energy systems modelling and dynamics; renewable energy; electricity markets and energy storage
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. José Luis Domínguez-García

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Catalonia Institute for Energy Research IREC, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: the grid integration of renewable energy sources; smart grids; and microgrids; power system stability and security; AC-DC grids modellling and control; power converters and advanced control techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

In order to meet the Green Deal targets, renewable energy sources must take the lead when it comes to change. Future energy scenarios worldwide foresee a very high penetration of renewable energy sources (RES), in particular, wind and solar PV. These electricity generation sources are integrated into the grid through power electronic converters which lead to new power system dynamics and the need for RES to provide ancillary services (AS) typically procured by synchronous plants. The realisation of an optimal approach that incorporates AS provision from RES in transmission and distribution networks in an effective manner will require a series of paramount challenges in terms of models, power electronics converter interfaces, intelligent controllers, market schemes, and flexible loads, to name but a few of the areas that need to be addressed. In addition, some key challenges must be overcome so as to make the technologies cost competitive and ensure their proper coordination and to cope with their variability. This Special Issue aims to collate the results of key research in such fields that examine the energy transition.

Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions, review papers, or tutorials on modelling, control, and operation of wind and solar PV energy systems to comply with grid codes and provide network support for review for publication in this special issue. Topics of interest include (but are not limited) to:

  • Wind and solar PV system modelling, control, and optimization
  • Onshore, offshore, and floating wind farms
  • LCOE and LCA analysis comparison
  • Coordination between wind/solar PV farms and energy storage systems to provide ancillary services
  • Hybrid energy systems (e.g., PV+ESS; Wind+ESS, others) and their modelling and control
  • Provision of ancillary services by solar PV farms
  • Control and dynamics of wind farms HVDC transmission systems
  • Future grid code proposals
  • Provision of blackout services by wind and solar farms

Prof. Dr. Olimpo Anaya-Lara
Dr. Ayman Attya
Dr. Jose Luis Dominguez-García
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • wind energy
  • floating wind
  • solar energy
  • grid codes
  • control
  • modelling
  • cost analysis
  • environmental impact
  • frequency stability
  • voltage stability
  • energy storage systems

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6051 KiB  
Article
Off-Grid Hybrid Renewable Energy System Operation in Different Scenarios for Household Consumers
by Teodor Pop, Constantin Ungureanu, Radu Dumitru Pentiuc, Ciprian Afanasov, Visarion Catălin Ifrim, Pavel Atănăsoae and Laurențiu Dan Milici
Energies 2023, 16(7), 2992; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16072992 - 24 Mar 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2179
Abstract
Off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems represent the most modern and flexible solutions that can cover a wide range of energy efficiency needs for household consumers. In the current context, these systems must be taken into account by most household consumers, given the fact [...] Read more.
Off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems represent the most modern and flexible solutions that can cover a wide range of energy efficiency needs for household consumers. In the current context, these systems must be taken into account by most household consumers, given the fact that the price of energy has increased. This paper proposes an experimental analysis of the behavior of such a system, in real operating conditions, considering two renewable energy sources, wind and photovoltaic sources, using an experimental stand. It can be considered a testing platform for hybrid energy production systems, in that the power installed in the two sources can be scaled up. The platform has the advantage of allowing the implementation of different load and wind curves through a programmable logic controller; in this way, it is possible to evaluate the degree of coverage of the energy consumption produced from renewable sources, in the north-east of Romania, in the Suceava County region. The experimental study also involves an analysis of the storage capacity in relation to the consumption and the electricity produced by the two renewable sources. In this regard, three scenarios differentiated by the state of charge (30%, 50% and 70%) have been established. The results indicate that, for each of the imposed scenarios, the energy required to cover consumption is produced by renewable energy sources (42%, 47% and 53%), to which the energy stored in batteries (39%, 28% and 18%) is added. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition)
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16 pages, 4758 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study for the Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Benefits of Using Photovoltaic-Thermal (PV/T) System for Hot Water and Electricity Production under a Tropical African Climate: Case of Comoros
by Fahad Maoulida, Rabah Djedjig, Mohamed Aboudou Kassim and Mohammed El Ganaoui
Energies 2023, 16(1), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010240 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2442
Abstract
Several rural regions located in Africa are experiencing recurrent and even permanent problems in terms of energy production, supply, and distribution to citizens. This study was conducted to investigate the relevance of the use of a new solar technology that is gradually responding [...] Read more.
Several rural regions located in Africa are experiencing recurrent and even permanent problems in terms of energy production, supply, and distribution to citizens. This study was conducted to investigate the relevance of the use of a new solar technology that is gradually responding in Europe and in industrialized countries. It is about the use of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar panels that co-produce electricity and hot water for local use. Furthermore, in Africa, local use of solar energy can provide a share in the energy mix. This work is motivated by the lack of studies on these hybrid solar panels in tropical climates. Hence, the paper examines the potential for integration of these systems in small households. A complete PV/T system consisting of solar panels, pump, storage tank, batteries, and controllers was tested and calibrated by using the TRNSYS simulation tool. A comparative study could thus be carried out for the performance of PV/T in a tropical climate (case of the city of Koua in the Comoros) to its performance in Mediterranean and continental climates (Marseille in the south and Longwy in the northeast of France). The results quantify the performance of the PV/T in the three climates and show that the performance in the town of Koua is 44% to 54% higher than in European climates. It can be concluded from this study that the Comorian market and more generally the sub-Saharan market for PVT systems has a good potential for development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition)
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20 pages, 1417 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Frequency Support by Wind Turbines on the Small-Signal Stability of Power Systems
by Antonio Pepiciello, José Luis Domínguez-García and Alfredo Vaccaro
Energies 2022, 15(22), 8470; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228470 - 13 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1320
Abstract
Rising wind energy integration, accompanied by a decreasing level of system inertia, requires additional sources of ancillary services. Wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) can provide inertial and primary frequency support when equipped with specific controls. This paper investigates the [...] Read more.
Rising wind energy integration, accompanied by a decreasing level of system inertia, requires additional sources of ancillary services. Wind turbines based on doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) can provide inertial and primary frequency support when equipped with specific controls. This paper investigates the effect of frequency support provision by DFIGs on the small-signal stability of power systems. To this end, a modified version of the Kundur two-area test system is employed to analyze different scenarios. Wind energy generation is either added to the existing system or displaces part of the synchronous generation. Simulations show that primary frequency support tends to improve the damping of electromechanical oscillations and deteriorate it for converter control-based ones. On the other hand, the inertial response depends on the control parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition)
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17 pages, 31486 KiB  
Article
Feedback Linearization-Based Control Strategy for Interlinking Inverters of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids with Seamless Operation Mode Transition
by Thanh Hai Nguyen, Tan Luong Van, Asif Nawaz and Ammar Natsheh
Energies 2021, 14(18), 5613; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185613 - 7 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2236
Abstract
This study proposes an advanced control scheme for the interlinking inverters of the hybrid AC/DC microgrids, which facilitates a seamless transition between grid-connected and stand-alone/islanding modes for the microgrid. Due to a nonlinear relationship between the terminal voltages of the voltage-source inverter (VSI) [...] Read more.
This study proposes an advanced control scheme for the interlinking inverters of the hybrid AC/DC microgrids, which facilitates a seamless transition between grid-connected and stand-alone/islanding modes for the microgrid. Due to a nonlinear relationship between the terminal voltages of the voltage-source inverter (VSI) interfacing through inductor–capacitor (LC) filters with the grid voltages and currents, a feedback linearization technique (FLT) is employed to control the interlinking VSI under both grid-connected and islanding operations. The FLT-based current controllers are applied in the grid-connected mode, in which they adjust the power exchange between the DC and AC subgrids and mitigate the distortion of the grid currents produced by nonlinear loads. Under the stand-alone operation, the AC bus voltages are directly regulated by the FLT-voltage controllers of the interlinking VSI. In order to reduce the inrush currents and voltage overshot at the instant of mode switching, the FLT-based controllers are performed all the time regardless of the operating modes, where the voltage references for the VSI are not changed abruptly. The control performance of the VSI is highly satisfactory with low-transient overshoot values of the voltages and currents and low total harmonic distortion (THD) values of the grid currents and AC bus voltages are about 3.5% and 2.7%, respectively, under the nonlinear load condition. The validity of the new control strategy is verified by the simulation work, which investigates the operation of a hybrid AC/DC microgrid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition)
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15 pages, 4607 KiB  
Article
Operation and Control of a Hybrid Power Plant with the Capability of Grid Services Provision
by Ayman B. Attya and Adam Vickers
Energies 2021, 14(13), 3928; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14133928 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2187
Abstract
The integration of distributed power plants that rely on renewable energy sources (RESs) is a major challenge for system operators (SOs) due to the variable nature of the input energy (e.g., wind and solar irradiation) to these power sources. A key solution to [...] Read more.
The integration of distributed power plants that rely on renewable energy sources (RESs) is a major challenge for system operators (SOs) due to the variable nature of the input energy (e.g., wind and solar irradiation) to these power sources. A key solution to such a challenge is to coordinate and combine the power generation of these sources such that their behavior is closer to a conventional and dispatchable power station, taking into account the limitations imposed by the battery storage system (BESS), so it is seen as a hybrid power plant (HPP) from the SOs’ viewpoint. This paper develops a model of HPP that encompasses two generation technologies, wind and photovoltaic farms, which are assisted by a BESS. The paper proposes a comprehensive control method that can smooth the HPP output with minimized energy rejection whilst enabling the HPP to provide synthetic inertia and primary frequency response, which are grid-code compliant. The proposed control method is validated through various scenarios, which are implemented on a detailed electromechanical test system modeled in MATLAB/Simulink. The results show and quantify the achieved improvement on stabilizing the HPP capacity factor under variable wind speed. The HPP also enhances the system response to frequency events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition)
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21 pages, 7921 KiB  
Article
Sizing and Coordination Strategies of Battery Energy Storage System Co-Located with Wind Farm: The UK Perspective
by Fulin Fan, Giorgio Zorzi, David Campos-Gaona, Graeme Burt, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, John Nwobu and Ander Madariaga
Energies 2021, 14(5), 1439; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051439 - 6 Mar 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3722
Abstract
The rapid development and growth of battery storage have heightened an interest in the co-location of battery energy storage systems (BESS) with renewable energy projects which enables the stacking of multiple revenue streams while reducing connection charges of BESS. To help wind energy [...] Read more.
The rapid development and growth of battery storage have heightened an interest in the co-location of battery energy storage systems (BESS) with renewable energy projects which enables the stacking of multiple revenue streams while reducing connection charges of BESS. To help wind energy industries better understand the coordinated operation of BESS and wind farms and its associated profits, this paper develops a simulation model to implement a number of coordination strategies where the BESS supplies enhanced frequency response (EFR) service and enables the time shift of wind generation based on the UK perspective. The proposed model also simulates the degradation of Lithium-Ion battery and incorporates a state of charge (SOC) dependent limit on the charge rate derived from a constant current-constant voltage charging profile. In addition, a particle swarm optimisation-based battery sizing algorithm is developed here on the basis of the simulation model to determine the optimal size of the co-located BESS along with SOC-related strategy variables that maximise the net present value of the wind + BESS system at the end of the EFR contract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition)
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Review

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18 pages, 350 KiB  
Review
Frequency Support Markets and Wind Power Integration
by Anzhelika Ivanova, José Luis Domínguez-García and Cristina Corchero
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7450; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217450 - 8 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2426
Abstract
Europe’s initiative to reduce the emissions of harmful gases has significantly increased the integration of renewable sources into power networks, particularly wind power. Variable renewable sources pose challenges to sustain the balance between generation and demand. Thus, the need for ancillary services to [...] Read more.
Europe’s initiative to reduce the emissions of harmful gases has significantly increased the integration of renewable sources into power networks, particularly wind power. Variable renewable sources pose challenges to sustain the balance between generation and demand. Thus, the need for ancillary services to cope with this problem has increased. In this regard, the integration of larger shares of wind generation would have a clear system benefit when wind generators are able to provide these ancillary services. This would also have implications for electricity markets, enabling these services from wind power plants. This article gives an overview of several European markets for frequency support (FS) services, also referred to as FS markets. It identifies the changes in national regulations of 10 European countries to standardize these services based on the ENTSO-E guidelines. However, most of the countries still use their national service definitions, which presents a problem for researchers to understand the national regulations in relation to the ENTSO-E guidelines. This article provides a classification of the national FS services under the definitions of the ENTSO-E guidelines to facilitate research on this topic. Furthermore, it highlights the main requirements for the market practices that would encourage the participation of wind power generation in the provision of these services. An estimation of the economic benefits for wind producers from the provision of FS services is provided as well to show a possible outcome if changes are not made in national policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar PV and Wind Energy Systems for Energy Transition)
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