Fermentation

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2 pages, 185 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends

by Michela Verni and Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello

Fermentation 2023, 9(9), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9090790 - 27 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1965

Abstract

The major roles of antioxidant compounds in preserving food shelf-life, as well as in providing health-promoting benefits, combined with the increasing concern regarding synthetic antioxidants, is progressively leading the scientific community to focus on natural antioxidants [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

Research

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16 pages, 4162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Wheat Bran Polysaccharides Improved Intestinal Health of Zebrafish in Terms of Intestinal Motility and Barrier Function

by Qiuyan Chen, Jinju Mao, Yuan Wang, Na Yin, Na Liu, Yue Zheng, Xiaoping An, Jingwei Qi, Ruifang Wang and Yanping Yang

Fermentation 2023, 9(3), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9030293 - 17 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2119

Abstract

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota disorders have been associated with various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Fermented wheat bran polysaccharides (FWBP) are promising natural products for enhancing the growth performance and antioxidant function of zebrafish. The present study was conducted, in order to [...] Read more.

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota disorders have been associated with various intestinal and extraintestinal diseases. Fermented wheat bran polysaccharides (FWBP) are promising natural products for enhancing the growth performance and antioxidant function of zebrafish. The present study was conducted, in order to investigate the effects of FWBP on the intestinal motility and barrier function of zebrafish, which could provide evidence for the further potential of using FWBP as a functional food ingredient in the consideration of gut health. In Experiment 1, the normal or loperamide hydrochloride-induced constipation zebrafish larvae were treated with three concentrations of FWBP (10, 20, 40 μg/mL). In Experiment 2, 180 one month-old healthy zebrafish were randomly divided into three groups (six replicates/group and 10 zebrafish/tank) and fed with a basal diet, 0.05% FWBP, or 0.10% FWBP for eight weeks. The results showed that FWBP treatment for 6 h can reduce the fluorescence intensity and alleviate constipation, thereby promoting the gastrointestinal motility of zebrafish. When compared with control group, zebrafish fed diets containing FWBP showed an increased villus height (p < 0.05), an up-regulated mRNA expression of the tight junction protein 1α, muc2.1, muc5.1, matrix metalloproteinases 9 and defensin1 (p < 0.05), an increased abundance of the phylum Firmicutes (p < 0.05), and a decreased abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria, family Aeromonadaceae, and genus Aeromonas (p < 0.05). In addition, 0.05% FWBP supplementation up-regulated the intestinal mRNA expression of IL-10 and Occludin1 (p < 0.05), enhanced the Shannon and Chao1 indexes (p < 0.05), and increased the abundance of Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota at the phylum level (p < 0.05). Additionally, 0.1% FWBP supplementation significantly improved the villus height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.05) and increased the mRNA expression of IL-17 (p < 0.05). These findings reveal that FWBP can promote the intestinal motility and enhance the intestinal barrier function, thus improving the intestinal health of zebrafish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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23 pages, 3265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Fermented Ice Cream Formulations with Improved Antiradical and Anti-Inflammatory Features

by Andrea Polo, Ali Zein Alabiden Tlais, Pasquale Filannino, Alessio Da Ros, Kashika Arora, Vincenzo Cantatore, Olimpia Vincentini, Anja Nicolodi, Renzo Nicolodi, Marco Gobbetti and Raffaella Di Cagno

Fermentation 2023, 9(2), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020117 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2928

Abstract

Autochthonous strains belonging to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Lacticaseibacillus casei were screened based on pro-technological (kinetics of growth and acidification, exopolysaccharides biosynthesis), functional (cell viability during processing and storage, in vitro protein digestibility, and in vitro gastrointestinal batch digestion), and sensory properties to ferment [...] Read more.

Autochthonous strains belonging to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Lacticaseibacillus casei were screened based on pro-technological (kinetics of growth and acidification, exopolysaccharides biosynthesis), functional (cell viability during processing and storage, in vitro protein digestibility, and in vitro gastrointestinal batch digestion), and sensory properties to ferment milk intended to be included in the ice-cream formulation. The main discrimination among the strains resulted from the sensory evaluation by the panelists, who assigned the highest scores to the ice cream produced with milk fermented with L. casei F14. Antiradical and anti-inflammatory features of such fermented ice cream (with and without the addition of hydroxytyrosol) were shown in Caco-2 cell culture. The pretreatment of Caco-2 cells with fermented ice creams counteracted the accumulation of pro-inflammatory interleukin mediators IL-8 and IL-6 and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by detrimental stimuli, and preserved the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity. The fermentation with L. casei F14 per se played a key role, whereas the inclusion of hydroxytyrosol only contributed to further enhancing the antiradical activity of ice cream. No protective effect on Caco-2 cells was brought about by the addition of dietary fiber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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12 pages, 15061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Effect of Fermentation to Secondary Metabolites of Chenopodium album L. Based on UHPLC-QQQ-MS

by Na Liu, Xiaoping An, Yuan Wang and Jingwei Qi

Fermentation 2023, 9(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9020100 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2095

Abstract

Chenopodium album L. (CAL) is an excellent vegetable crop that is rich in nutrients and possesses potential pharmaceutical value. However, the research on the secondary metabolites and the processing utilization of CAL has been rarely reported. In this study, the polyphenol content, microstructure [...] Read more.

Chenopodium album L. (CAL) is an excellent vegetable crop that is rich in nutrients and possesses potential pharmaceutical value. However, the research on the secondary metabolites and the processing utilization of CAL has been rarely reported. In this study, the polyphenol content, microstructure and secondary metabolite composition of aerial parts of CAL (AC), including stems, leaves, inflorescence and grain, before and after fermentation were investigated. The results showed that the polyphenol content of fermented AC (FAC) was significantly higher than that of AC (increased by 38.62%). The AC had a compact surface, while FAC had a loose and cracked surface with large holes. A total of 545 secondary metabolites, including 89 alkaloids, 179 flavonoids, 25 lignans and coumarins, 163 phenolic acids, 35 terpenoids, 9 quinones, 6 tannins and 39 others, were identified in the AC and FAC by UHPLC-QQQ-MS metabolomics. Differential metabolites analysis reviewed 285 differential metabolites (117 upregulated and 168 downregulated) between AC and FAC. The decrease in parts of toxic alkaloids accompanied with the increase in some biologically active substances with small molecules, such as quercetin, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid and protocatechuic acid, indicated that fermentation is beneficial to enhance the bioavailability of AC. This study provides a reference value for the identification of secondary metabolites from AC and the application of fermentation in the deepness development of AC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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15 pages, 3330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Solid-Phase Lactobacillus Fermentation Conditions to Increase γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Content in Selected Substrates

by Hee-yeon Kwon, Ji-soo Choi, Soo-jin Kim, Eun-min Kim, Ji-hyun Uhm, Bo-kyung Kim, Jae-yeon Lee, Yong-deok Kim and Kwon-tack Hwang

Fermentation 2023, 9(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9010022 - 26 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2884

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to optimize conditions of solid-phase fermentation of lactic acid bacteria to enhance GABA contents in grains. Optimal solid-phase fermentation conditions that could enhance the GABA content after fermenting Oryza sativa (brown rice) were investigated by changing the [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to optimize conditions of solid-phase fermentation of lactic acid bacteria to enhance GABA contents in grains. Optimal solid-phase fermentation conditions that could enhance the GABA content after fermenting Oryza sativa (brown rice) were investigated by changing the Lactobacillus strain, fermentation temperature, fermentation time, and inoculated bacteria number. Avena sativa, Cicer arietinum, and red and brown Lens culinaris were then fermented using the optimal solid-phase fermentation conditions to measure changes in GABA content and antioxidant activity. As a result of the experiment, the optimal solid-phase fermentation conditions to enhance the GABA contents in grains were: fermentation time, 48 h; amounts of bacteria, inoculating 5% of 1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL of lactic acid bacteria; and fermentation temperature, 36 °C. When fermented under this condition, the GABA content increased from 4.64 mg/g to 6.93 mg/g (49.0%) compared to unfermented raw material. The results of the DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity assays confirmed that both the GABA content and radical scavenging activity were increased after fermentation. Such solid fermentation conditions developed in this study can be used to support the development of health functional food materials with enhanced GABA content and antioxidant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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20 pages, 4361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant and Functional Features of Pre-Fermented Ingredients Obtained by the Fermentation of Milling By-Products

by Lorenzo Siroli, Barbara Giordani, Samantha Rossi, Davide Gottardi, Helena McMahon, Aleksandra Augustyniak, Abhay Menon, Lucia Vannini, Beatrice Vitali, Francesca Patrignani and Rosalba Lanciotti

Fermentation 2022, 8(12), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8120722 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

The use of milling by-products as ingredients in food formulations has increased gradually over the past years, due to their well-recognized health properties. Fermentation performed with selected microbial strains or microbial consortia is the most promising way to reduce antinutritional factors of cereals [...] Read more.

The use of milling by-products as ingredients in food formulations has increased gradually over the past years, due to their well-recognized health properties. Fermentation performed with selected microbial strains or microbial consortia is the most promising way to reduce antinutritional factors of cereals and bran, while increasing their nutritional and functional properties. This work, developed within the BBI project INGREEN, was aimed to study the functional, nutritional and technological features of a pre-fermented ingredient obtained from the fermentation of a mixture of rye bran and wheat germ by a selected microbial consortium composed of yeasts (Kazachstania unispora and Kazachstania servazii) and lactic acid bacteria (Latilactobacillus curvatus) using as reference the unfermented mixture and the same mixture fermented by a baker’s yeast. The selected microbial consortium improved the complexity of the volatile molecules such as acids, alcohols and esters. A better retention of color parameters was maintained compared to the product fermented by a baker’s yeast. In addition, the fermentation by the selected consortium showed a significant increase in short chain fatty acids (more than 5-fold), antioxidant activity (22–24%), total phenol content (53–71%), bioactive peptides (39–52%), a reduction of 20–28% in phytic acid content and an increase in prebiotic activity not only compared to the unfermented product but also compared to the preferment obtained with a baker’s yeast. Overall, the fermentation by the selected microbial consortium can be considered a valuable way to valorize milling by-products and promote their exploitation as food ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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14 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Changes in Volatile Aroma Components, Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Compounds in the Production Process of Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) Vinegar Produced by Traditional Methods

by Havva Nilgün Budak

Fermentation 2022, 8(11), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110606 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2464

Abstract

Jujube has anticancer, diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and immune system effects. In this study, jujube juice, jujube wine and jujube vinegar were investigated in terms of chemical composition, phenolic contents, organic acid contents, volatile compound contents, and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and [...] Read more.

Jujube has anticancer, diabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and immune system effects. In this study, jujube juice, jujube wine and jujube vinegar were investigated in terms of chemical composition, phenolic contents, organic acid contents, volatile compound contents, and antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of jujube vinegar produced by traditional methods were found to be higher than those of jujube juice and wine. Protocatechic acid, chlorogenic acid, phydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, and syringic acid were detected in jujube vinegar. Moreover, oxalic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, formic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and some other organic acid components were determined in jujube vinegar. Volatile aroma compounds such as ester, aldehyde, alcohol, terpene, acid, and ketone were determined in jujube samples. It was seen that the antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of jujube vinegar were very rich, and jujube vinegar, which is an alternative product with a high potential produced from jujube fruit, is an important product for the food sector due to its long shelf life. This research is the first detailed study in which the antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds determined during the production stages of jujube vinegar (jujube juice, wine, and vinegar) were evaluated in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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10 pages, 2165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulatory Effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum grx08 on the Anti-Oxidative Stress Capacity of Liver, Heart, and Kidney in High-Fat Diet Rats

by Hengxian Qu, Longfei Zhang, Xiaoxiao Liu, Yang Liu, Kaidong Mao, Guiqi Shen, Yunchao Wa, Dawei Chen, Yujun Huang, Xia Chen and Ruixia Gu

Fermentation 2022, 8(11), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110594 - 1 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

To explore the modulating effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) grx08 on anti-oxidative stress in the liver, heart, and kidney of high-fat diet in rats, a low-fat diet as a control and a high-fat diet was used to induce oxidative stress injury in [...] Read more.

To explore the modulating effect of Limosilactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) grx08 on anti-oxidative stress in the liver, heart, and kidney of high-fat diet in rats, a low-fat diet as a control and a high-fat diet was used to induce oxidative stress injury in rats. L. fermentum grx08 and its heat-inactivated bacteria were used to intervene. The results showed that the high-fat diet had caused oxidative stress injury in the liver, heart, and kidney of rats. L. fermentum grx08 significantly reduced the serum levels of liver, heart, and kidney injury markers (ALT, AST, LDH, CK-MB, UA, and Crea), while restoring the balance of lipid metabolism in the liver. It also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GSH-Px in the liver, heart, and kidney, scavenging NO radicals and reducing the content of MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation, which can regulate the anti-oxidative stress capacity of the liver, heart, and kidney to varying degrees. Among them, L. fermentum grx08 showed better modulating effect on kidney anti-oxidative stress, followed by liver, and the weakest modulating effect on heart. At the same time, L. fermentum grx08 heat-inactivated bacteria also had a partial modulatory effect as well as a similar effect profile to that of live bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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9 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Total Dissolved Solids, Extraction Yield, Grinding, and Method of Preparation on Antioxidant Activity in Fermented Specialty Coffee

by Matúš Várady, Jan Tauchen, Pavel Klouček and Peter Popelka

Fermentation 2022, 8(8), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8080375 - 8 Aug 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5928

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of total dissolved solids (TDS), extraction yield (EY), and grinding on total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a fermented specialty coffee prepared using different methods of filtration [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of total dissolved solids (TDS), extraction yield (EY), and grinding on total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a fermented specialty coffee prepared using different methods of filtration (Hario V60, Aeropress, and the French press). The concentrations of antioxidant compounds differed between the TDS treatments and the methods of preparation. The TP and TF with Hario V60 were the highest at a TDS of 1.84%. The TP with Aeropress was at its highest at a TDS of 1.82%. TAC with the French press was at its highest at a TDS of 1.58%. EY was at its highest with fine grinding (Hario V60 > French press > Aeropress at 25.91%, 21.69%, and 20.67%, respectively). French press coffees had the highest TP (p = 0.045). Hario V60 coffee had the highest TF, but the TAC of the coffees remained comparable for all methods. EY and TDS influenced TP, TF, and TAC in the coffee beverages using the finest grinding size for all methods of preparation. The finer the grind, the higher the antioxidant activity of the beverages. Measuring coffee extractions should be one of the most important processes in fermented coffee preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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15 pages, 2527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic and Antioxidant Potential of the Lactobacillus Spp. Isolated from Artisanal Fermented Pickles

by Urva Akmal, Ifra Ghori, Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali, Bandar Alharbi, Arshad Farid, Abdulhakeem S. Alamri, Muhammad Muzammal, Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq, Mohammed A. E. Naiel and Shakira Ghazanfar

Fermentation 2022, 8(7), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070328 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5080

Abstract

The present study was based on bacterial isolation with probiotic potential from artisanal fermented pickles. A total of 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 50 different artisanal fermented pickle samples. Nine isolates with promising probiotic potential (PCR99, PCR100, PCR118, PCR119, PCR121, PCR125, PCR137, [...] Read more.

The present study was based on bacterial isolation with probiotic potential from artisanal fermented pickles. A total of 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 50 different artisanal fermented pickle samples. Nine isolates with promising probiotic potential (PCR99, PCR100, PCR118, PCR119, PCR121, PCR125, PCR137, PCR140 and PCR141) were selected. The strains showed varied protease, amylase, lipase and cellulase patterns. The isolated strains displayed varied responses towards various antibiotic classes, i.e., PCR140 showed resistance to penicillin G, polymyxin B, Metronidazole and Streptomycin. PCR140 showed highest resistance to bile salt concentrations (0.3% and 0.5%) and acidic conditions (pH 3 and pH 4) when exposed to mimicked gastrointestinal conditions. The cell viability against enzymes produced in stomach and intestines showed different patterns as pepsin was in the range of 94.32–91.22%, pancreatic resistance 97.32–93.11% and lysozyme resistance was detected at 99.12–92.55%. Furthermore, the auto-aggregation capability of isolated strains was in the range of 46.11–33.33% and cell surface hydrophobicity was in the range of 36.55–31.33%. PCR 140 showed maximum antioxidant activity in lyophilized cells as well as probiotic potential. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing confirmed that PCR140 (NMCC91) with higher in vitro probiotic and antioxidant potential belongs to the genus Lactobacillus with 97% similarity with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei. This work demonstrated that the isolate PCR 140 (NMCC91) is suitable for use in food and medical industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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15 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Antioxidant Activities in Black Soy Milk through Isoflavone Aglycone Production during Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation

by Benediktus Yudo Leksono, Muhammad Nur Cahyanto, Endang Sutriswati Rahayu, Rini Yanti and Tyas Utami

Fermentation 2022, 8(7), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070326 - 13 Jul 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3016

Abstract

Black soybeans contain high antioxidant compounds such as isoflavone but mainly in glucoside form, with low antioxidant activities. Fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can enhance the antioxidant properties, but its ability is strain-dependent. This study aims to study the ability of Indonesian [...] Read more.

Black soybeans contain high antioxidant compounds such as isoflavone but mainly in glucoside form, with low antioxidant activities. Fermentation by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can enhance the antioxidant properties, but its ability is strain-dependent. This study aims to study the ability of Indonesian indigenous LAB, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WGK 4, Streptococcus thermophilus Dad 11, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Dad 13, to enhance the antioxidant properties during black soy milk fermentation. Fermentation was carried out at 37 °C for 24 h. Viable cell, acid production, Folin–Ciocalteu assay, antioxidant activity (DPPH), isoflavone aglycone daidzein and genistein, and β-glucosidase activity were measured every six hours. All LAB strains could grow well during the fermentation of black soy milk. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WGK 4 produced the highest acid (1.50%). All three LAB strains could enhance antioxidant activity (DPPH) from 24.90% to 31.22–38.20%, followed by increased isoflavone aglycone. All strains could increase daidzein and genistein content, ranging from 61% to 107% and 81% to 132%, respectively. All three Indonesian indigenous LAB enhanced antioxidant properties of black soy milk relatively at the same level and potentially could be used as a starter culture of black soy milk fermentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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19 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermentation Enhances the Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Platelet Properties of Both Bovine Dairy and Plant-Derived Dairy Alternatives

by Kyeesha Glenn-Davi, Alison Hurley, Eireann Brennan, Jack Coughlan, Katie Shiels, Donal Moran, Sushanta Kumar Saha, Ioannis Zabetakis and Alexandros Tsoupras

Fermentation 2022, 8(7), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8070292 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3197

Abstract

Within the present study, the effects of fermentation on the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties of both homemade and commercially purchased bovine dairy and almond, coconut, and rice-based dairy alternatives were evaluated. The extracted total lipids (TL) from homemade and commercially purchased fermented and [...] Read more.

Within the present study, the effects of fermentation on the anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet properties of both homemade and commercially purchased bovine dairy and almond, coconut, and rice-based dairy alternatives were evaluated. The extracted total lipids (TL) from homemade and commercially purchased fermented and unfermented bovine, almond, coconut, and rice-based products were further separated into their neutral lipids (NL) and polar lipids (PL) fractions by counter current distribution. The TL, PL, and NL of each sample were assessed in human platelets against the inflammatory and thrombotic mediator, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and the well-established platelet agonist, adenosine 5′ diphosphate (ADP). In all samples, the PL fractions showed significantly stronger inhibitory effects against human platelet aggregation induced by PAF or ADP, in comparison to the TL and NL, with higher specificity against PAF. PL of all fermented products (bovine yogurt and fermented dairy alternatives from almond, rice, and coconut), exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet potency, in comparison to PL from their initial pasteurized materials (bovine milk and rice, almond, and coconut-based dairy alternative drinks). PL of the pasteurized rice-based drink and, especially PL from the novel homemade rice-based fermented product (HMFRD), showed the strongest anti-PAF and anti-ADP potency compared to all samples, with anti-PAF activity being most potent overall. The unfermented pasteurized coconut-based drink showed the lowest anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet potency, and the bovine and almond-based fermented products showed an intermediate effect. Further lipidomics with LC-MS analysis of all these PL fractions revealed that fermentation altered their fatty acid content in a way that decreased their degree of saturation and increased the content of unsaturated fatty acids, thus providing a rationale for the stronger anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet potency of the more unsaturated PL fractions of the fermented products. This study has shown that fermentation alters the fatty acid content and the bio-functionality of the PL bioactives in both fermented bovine dairy and plant-based dairy alternatives, and subsequently improved their anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet functional properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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13 pages, 2575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spray-Dried Nipa Palm Vinegar Powder: Production and Evaluation of Physicochemical, Nutritional, Sensory, and Storage Aspects

by Wilawan Palachum, Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud and Yusuf Chisti

Fermentation 2022, 8(6), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8060272 - 11 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 8633

Abstract

Nipa palm vinegar (NPV) is a naturally fermented vinegar derived from the nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) sap. This work optimized production of spray-dried nipa palm vinegar powder. The influence of the various drier air inlet temperatures (150, 170, and 190 °C) [...] Read more.

Nipa palm vinegar (NPV) is a naturally fermented vinegar derived from the nipa palm (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) sap. This work optimized production of spray-dried nipa palm vinegar powder. The influence of the various drier air inlet temperatures (150, 170, and 190 °C) and maltodextrin DE10 carrier concentrations (15 and 20% w/v) in the feed, on the characteristics of the product powder was investigated. Nipa palm vinegar powder (NPVp) was evaluated in terms of the following responses: physicochemical and nutritional properties, sensory acceptability, and storage stability. All processing variables affected the responses. Based on product desirability as the optimization criterion, spray-drying with a hot air inlet temperature of 170 °C with a 15% w/v maltodextrin DE10 in the feed was optimal. The nutritional characteristics of the product made under the above identified optimal conditions were (per 100 g dry product): a calorific value of 366.2 kcal; 1.3 g protein; 88.1 g carbohydrate; 0.96 g fat; 883.9 mg potassium; 12.7 mg vitamin C; and 105 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) phenolics content. The product, vacuum-packed and heat-sealed in aluminum laminated polyethylene bags, could be stored at 25 °C for at least 180 days without noticeable loss in quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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14 pages, 330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Fermented Camel Milk Containing Pumpkin Seed Milk on the Oxidative Stress Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Experimental Rats

by Magdy Ramadan Shahein, El Sayed Hassan Atwaa, Barakat M. Alrashdi, Mahytab Fawzy Ramadan, El Sayed Abd El-Sattar, Adel Abdel Hameed Siam, Mohamed A. Alblihed and Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy

Fermentation 2022, 8(5), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8050223 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3312

Abstract

Oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation, nephrotoxicity, and renal damage. The consumption of plant-based dairy alternatives has increased rapidly worldwide due to their health effects. Bioactive components from natural sources, such as plants, are effective in protecting against oxidative stress. The present [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress can lead to chronic inflammation, nephrotoxicity, and renal damage. The consumption of plant-based dairy alternatives has increased rapidly worldwide due to their health effects. Bioactive components from natural sources, such as plants, are effective in protecting against oxidative stress. The present study evaluated the physicochemical and sensory properties of fermented camel milk made from camel milk mixed with pumpkin seed milk. Fermented camel milk consists of camel milk mixed with 25% and 50% pumpkin seed milk. This blend (fermented camel milk containing 50% pumpkin seed milk) was evaluated as an antioxidant agent in oxidative stress induced rats. A total of thirty-two male adult albino rats of Sprague Dawley^® Rat strain weighing 150–180 g were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8). The first group was solely administered the standard diet and served as the negative control. The other rats (n = 24), received a basal diet, including being intraperitoneally injected with carbon tetrachloride, with a single dose at a rate of 2 mL/kg body weight) as a model for oxidative stress. The oxidative stress rats were divided into three groups; the first group did not receive any treatment and served as the positive control. The second and third groups were administered 10 g/day fermented camel milk and fermented camel milk containing 50% pumpkin seed milk. The results revealed that mixing the camel milk with pumpkin seed milk was more effective in increasing the total solids, protein, ash, fiber, acidity, viscosity, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. These enhancements were proportional to the mixing ratio. Fermented camel milk containing 50% pumpkin seed milk exhibited the highest scores for sensory properties compared with the other fermented camel milk treatments. The group of rats with oxidative stress treated with fermented camel milk containing 50% pumpkin seed milk showed a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol (CL), triglycerides (TGs), AST, ALT, creatinine, and urea, and increased (p ≤ 0.05) high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total protein and albumin compared with rats with oxidative stress. Consumption of fermented camel milk containing 50% pumpkin seed milk by the oxidative stress rat groups caused significant improvement in all of these factors compared with the positive control group. This study revealed that the administration of fermented camel milk containing 50% pumpkin seed milk to rats with oxidative stress prevented disorders related to oxidative stress compared with the untreated oxidative stress group. Thus, incorporating fermented camel milk might play a beneficial role in patients with oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

13 pages, 1083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Phenolic Profiles and Inhibition Potential of Macrophage Foam Cell Formation during Noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) Fruit Juice Fermentation

by Kun Cai, Rong Dou, Xue Lin, Xiaoping Hu, Zhulin Wang, Sixin Liu, Congfa Li and Wu Li

Fermentation 2022, 8(5), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8050201 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3060

Abstract

The dynamic changes in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity, and the potential effect on foam cell formation and cholesterol efflux during noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit juice fermentation were investigated in this study. The composition of phenolic compounds was significantly different at [...] Read more.

The dynamic changes in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity, and the potential effect on foam cell formation and cholesterol efflux during noni (Morinda citrifolia Linn.) fruit juice fermentation were investigated in this study. The composition of phenolic compounds was significantly different at various fermentation times. Rutin, quercetin, and isoquercitrin were the major phenolics in fermented noni fruit juice based on a quantitative analysis of representative phenolics. The contents of caffeic acid, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, rutin, and quercetin tended to increase, while those of isoquercitrin decreased during the fermentation process. Fermented noni juice extracts showed high antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power. Notably, the highest antioxidant activity was observed after 28 days of fermentation. Furthermore, the treatment of fermented noni juice extracts was shown to reduce foam cell formation, intracellular cholesterol level, and the cholesterol esterification ratio. A correlation analysis indicated a strong positive relationship between the phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and the ratio of cholesterol ester and total cholesterol. This study may provide a theoretical basis for the quality improvement and standardized production of fermented noni fruit juice, thus promoting the development of the noni food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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Open AccessArticle

Impact of Incorporating the Aqueous Extract of Hawthorn (C. oxyanatha) Leaves on Yogurt Properties and Its Therapeutic Effects against Oxidative Stress Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats

by Magdy Ramadan Shahein, El-Sayed H. Atwaa, Ahmad O. Babalghith, Barakat M. Alrashdi, Hanan A. Radwan, Muhammad Umair, Dyaaaldin Abdalmegeed, Hala Mahfouz, Naief Dahran, Ilaria Cacciotti and Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy

Fermentation 2022, 8(5), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8050200 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3144

Abstract

The current study aimed to evaluate the chemical, phytochemical, and sensory properties; the nutritional value; and the antioxidant properties resulting from the incorporation of yogurt fortified with the aqueous extract of Hawthorn leaves in Sprague Dawley rats. The results revealed that the yogurt [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to evaluate the chemical, phytochemical, and sensory properties; the nutritional value; and the antioxidant properties resulting from the incorporation of yogurt fortified with the aqueous extract of Hawthorn leaves in Sprague Dawley rats. The results revealed that the yogurt containing the aqueous extract from Hawthorn leaves exhibited no significant differences in terms of its protein, fat, and ash contents compared to control samples. Moreover, the highest total phenolic content (62.00 ± 1.70) and antioxidant activity (20.60 ± 0.74%) were detected in the yogurt containing 0.4% Hawthorn leaf extract compared to the other samples. The consumption of yogurt fortified with the aqueous extract from Hawthorn leaves by rats experiencing oxidative stress resulted in a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in the triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, and malondialdehyde levels and a remarkable increase (p ≤ 0.05) in the high-density lipoprotein, total protein, and albumin levels as well as in the total antioxidant potentials of serum compared to the positive control group, indicating that the extract from Hawthorn leaves can play a preventive role against oxidative stress. Collectively, our study concluded that the extract from Hawthorn leaves can provide health benefits to yogurt on the basis of its high bioactive components and can exert protective effects against oxidative stress in rats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Antioxidant Potential of Fermented Foods: Challenges and Future Trends)

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