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13 pages, 1949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Activities of Agaricus bisporus Extracts and Their Synergistic Effects with the Antistaphylococcal Drug AFN-1252

by Milica Jankov, Vincent Léguillier, Uroš Gašić, Jamila Anba-Mondoloni, Maja Krstić Ristivojević, Aleksandra Radoičić, Ivica Dimkić, Petar Ristivojević and Jasmina Vidic

Foods 2024, 13(11), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111715 - 30 May 2024

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Abstract

Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the button mushroom, has attracted attention for its biological properties, including antimicrobial activities. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic and acetonic extracts from white and brown A. bisporus against different bacterial strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Bioautography [...] Read more.

Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the button mushroom, has attracted attention for its biological properties, including antimicrobial activities. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic and acetonic extracts from white and brown A. bisporus against different bacterial strains, including antibiotic-resistant strains. Bioautography and principal component analysis identified the most active antibacterial compounds for each of the tested bacteria and indicated the main markers responsible for the strain-specific effects. In addition, the mushroom extracts demonstrated a synergistic impact when combined with the antistaphylococcal antibiotic AFN-1252. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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12 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Evaluation of Erinacine A Contents in Mycelia of Hericium erinaceus Strains

by Mengchen Liu, Liangliang Liu, Xiaoya Song, Yingjun Zhou, Yuande Peng, Chunliang Xie and Wenbing Gong

Foods 2024, 13(11), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13111649 - 24 May 2024

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Abstract

Hericium erinaceus has long been favored for its remarkable nutritional and health-promoting benefits, and erinacine A is the key component responsible for the neuroprotective properties of H. erinaceus. Establishing an efficient method for separating erinacine A from H. erinaceus and screening the [...] Read more.

Hericium erinaceus has long been favored for its remarkable nutritional and health-promoting benefits, and erinacine A is the key component responsible for the neuroprotective properties of H. erinaceus. Establishing an efficient method for separating erinacine A from H. erinaceus and screening the erinacine A-enriched strains is crucial to maximizing its benefits. Herein, we first reported that high-speed counter current chromatography (HSCCC) is an effective method for separating high-purity erinacine A. Using a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4.5:5:4.5:5, v/v/v/v), erinacine A with a purity of over 95% was separated. Then, we evaluated the content and yield of erinacine A in the liquid-fermented mycelia of Hericium germplasms. Both the content and yield of erinacine A varied greatly among the surveyed strains. The significant effect of the strain on the erinacine A content and yield was revealed by an analysis of variance. The highest erinacine A content and yield were observed in the mycelia of a wild strain HeG, reaching 42.16 mg/g and 358.78 mg/L, which is superior to the current highest outcomes achieved using submerged cultivation. The isolation method established and the strains screened in this study can be beneficial for the scaling up of erinacine A extraction and nutraceutical development to industrial levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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14 pages, 1511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Pheophytin a and Hydroxy Pheophytin a from Rang Chuet (Thunbergia laurifolia Linn.) as Potent NQO-1 Inducers in Liver Cells

by Sreylak Moeurng, Kakanang Posridee, Anyanee Kamkaew, Siwatt Thaiudom, Anant Oonsivilai and Ratchadaporn Oonsivilai

Foods 2024, 13(10), 1443; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13101443 - 7 May 2024

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Abstract

Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. (Rang Chuet, RC), a Thai medicinal plant, possesses various bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study aimed to identify detoxifying compounds within RC crude extract. RC leaves were extracted using the Soxhlet method with chloroform. Total carotenoids, chlorophylls, extract [...] Read more.

Thunbergia laurifolia Linn. (Rang Chuet, RC), a Thai medicinal plant, possesses various bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study aimed to identify detoxifying compounds within RC crude extract. RC leaves were extracted using the Soxhlet method with chloroform. Total carotenoids, chlorophylls, extract yield, total phenolic contents (TPCs), and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) were measured. The extract’s composition was analyzed. Cytotoxicity and effects on the detoxification enzyme NQO-1 were assessed in liver cell lines (AML12 and HepG2) using MTT and NQO-1 assays, respectively. Bioactive fractions were identified using fractionation techniques and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RC extract displayed significant levels of carotenoids (0.375 mg/g), chlorophylls (2.682 mg/g), and favorable yield (15.3%). TPC and TFC were 363.776 mg/g and 112.22 mg/g of extract, respectively. Analysis revealed phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid), flavonoid (apigenin), chlorophylls (chlorophylls a, b, pheophytin a and b), and lutein. Among the fractions, Fraction 3 (F3) exhibited the highest NQO-1 enzyme activity. F3 contained pheophytin a and hydroxy pheophytin a, confirmed by LC-MS (m/z 871.59⁺ [M + H]⁺ and 887.59⁺ [M + H]⁺). F3 significantly induced NQO-1 activity in both HepG2 (3.908-fold) and AML12 (1.99-fold) cells. This study identified F3 from RC extract as a promising fraction containing pheophytin a and hydroxy pheophytin a, responsible for inducing the detoxification enzyme NQO-1 in liver cells. These findings suggest RC’s potential for promoting detoxification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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17 pages, 1111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Free and Bound Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Pulp: Comparative Study on Six Widely Consumed Varieties Planted in Hainan Province

by Yuxi Wang, Heqi Gao, Zhiqiang Guo, Ziting Peng, Shuyi Li, Zhenzhou Zhu, Nabil Grimi and Juan Xiao

Foods 2023, 12(24), 4446; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12244446 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1396

Abstract

Bound phenolic compounds in the melon pulp have seldom been investigated. This study revealed considerable differences in the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the free and bound phenolic extracts in the pulps of six melon varieties from Hainan Province, China. [...] Read more.

Bound phenolic compounds in the melon pulp have seldom been investigated. This study revealed considerable differences in the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the free and bound phenolic extracts in the pulps of six melon varieties from Hainan Province, China. Naixiangmi and Yugu demonstrated the highest free TPC, while Meilong showed the highest bound and total TPC and antioxidant activity. UHPLC-QQQ-MS identified and quantified 30 phenolic compounds. The melon cultivars markedly differed in the amount and content of their free and bound phenolic compounds. Xizhoumi No. 25 and Meilong afforded the most phenolic compounds. Hongguan emerged with the highest free phenolic compound content and total content of phenolic compounds; however, Meilong possessed the highest bound phenolic compound content. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the melon varieties into four different taxa. The present study provides a scientific basis for developing the health-promoting effects of melon pulp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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16 pages, 2663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Composition and Bioactivity of Chlorogenic Acids in Vegetable and Conventional Sweet Potato Vine Tips

by Fantong Meng, Wantong Du, Yaxing Zhu, Ximeng Du, Chengchuang Song, Xi Chen, Xingtang Fang, Qinghe Cao, Daifu Ma, Yanhong Wang and Chunlei Zhang

Foods 2023, 12(21), 3910; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12213910 - 25 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

Sweet potato vine tips are abundant in chlorogenic acid (CGA). In this study, CGA was extracted from vegetable and conventional sweet potato vine tips using ethanol, followed by subsequent purification of the extract through a series of sequential steps. Over 4 g of [...] Read more.

Sweet potato vine tips are abundant in chlorogenic acid (CGA). In this study, CGA was extracted from vegetable and conventional sweet potato vine tips using ethanol, followed by subsequent purification of the extract through a series of sequential steps. Over 4 g of the purified product was obtained from 100 g of sweet potato vine tip powder, producing more than 85% of purified CGA. The LC-MS analysis of all samples indicated that 4-CQA was the predominant isomer in both sweet potato cultivars. Significant variations of p-coumaroyl quinic acids, feruloyl quinic acids, dicaffeoyl quinic acids, and tricaffeoyl quinic acid were identified, whereas the mono-caffeoyl quinic acids did not vary when the two sweet potato varieties were compared. Compared to conventional sweet potatoes, vegetable sweet potatoes exhibit a high negative correlation between 4-CQA and 5-pCoQA, while showing a high positive correlation between 3,5-CQA and 3-pCoQA. A series of principal component analyses (PCA) using CGA isomers enables a clear differentiation between vine tips derived from vegetable and conventional sweet potatoes. The model of linear discriminant analysis, based on the characteristic CGA, achieved a 100% accuracy rate in distinguishing between vegetable and conventional sweet potatoes. The high purity of sweet potato CGA (SCGA) exhibited potent anti-breast cancer activity. The results demonstrated that SCGA significantly suppressed the clonogenicity of MB231 and MCF7 cells, and impeded the migratory, invasive, and lung metastatic potential of MB231 cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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16 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermentation of Betaphycus gelatinum Using Lactobacillus brevis: Growth of Probiotics, Total Polyphenol Content, Polyphenol Profile, and Antioxidant Capacity

by Zhe Wang, Caibo Zhao, Zhiqiang Guo, Shuyi Li, Zhenzhou Zhu, Nabil Grimi and Juan Xiao

Foods 2023, 12(18), 3334; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12183334 - 6 Sep 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1960

Abstract

Little information is available regarding polyphenol variations in the food processing of edible and medicinal red seaweed, Betaphycus gelatinum. This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus brevis fermentation on total polyphenol content (TPC), polyphenol profile, and antioxidant activity in Betaphycus gelatinum pretreated [...] Read more.

Little information is available regarding polyphenol variations in the food processing of edible and medicinal red seaweed, Betaphycus gelatinum. This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus brevis fermentation on total polyphenol content (TPC), polyphenol profile, and antioxidant activity in Betaphycus gelatinum pretreated by ultrasound-assisted mild acid hydrolysis for the first time. During 60 h of fermentation, the viable colony number significantly increased, pH significantly decreased, and reducing sugar content significantly decreased initially, then significantly increased. Free TPC significantly increased to 865.42 ± 29.29 μg GAE/g DW (163.09% increase) with increasing antioxidant activity, while bound TPC significantly decreased to 1004.90 ± 87.32 μg GAE/g DW (27.69% decrease) with decreasing antioxidant activity. Furthermore, 27 polyphenol compounds were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with Xevo triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. In total, 19 and 23 free polyphenols and 24 and 20 bound polyphenols were identified before and after fermentation, respectively. Before fermentation, bound trans-cinnamic acid (56.75%), bound rosmarinic acid (26.62%), and free trans-cinnamic acid (3.85%) were the main components. After fermentation, free rosmarinic acid (43.57%), bound trans-cinnamic acid (15.19%), bound rosmarinic acid (13.33%), and free trans-cinnamic acid (5.99%) were the main components. These results provide information for the food processing of Betaphycus gelatinum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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15 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Profiles of Free and Bound Phenolics and Their Antioxidant Capacity in Rice Bean (Vigna umbellata)

by Qinzhang Jiang, Shengwei Wang, Yuzhe Yang, Jinxin Luo, Ruili Yang and Wu Li

Foods 2023, 12(14), 2718; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12142718 - 16 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1904

Abstract

Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) is a medicinal and dietary legume rich in polyphenols. In this study, the free and bound phenolics in rice bean were extracted by water, 80% methanol, and acid, base, and composite enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. The polyphenol profiles [...] Read more.

Rice bean (Vigna umbellata) is a medicinal and dietary legume rich in polyphenols. In this study, the free and bound phenolics in rice bean were extracted by water, 80% methanol, and acid, base, and composite enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. The polyphenol profiles of the extracted fractions were analyzed. The outcome demonstrated that base hydrolysis was the most effective way to liberate bound phenolics from rice bean (14.18 mg GAE/g DW), which was 16.68 and 56.72 folds higher than those extracted by acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, respectively. The bound polyphenols released by base hydrolysis contributed to 71.15% of the total phenolic content. A total of 35 individual phenolics was identified, of which isoquercitrin, procyanidin B1, rutin, taxifolin, and catechin were the main monomeric phenolics in the free fraction, while gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, and phloroglucinol were the main monomeric phenolics in the bound fraction. In comparison to the free phenolics extracted by water and 80% methanol and the bound phenolics extracted using acid and composite enzymatic hydrolysis, the bound phenolics from base hydrolysis had a superior antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant activity of rice bean is primarily attributed to individual phenolics such as catechin, abundant both in free and bound fractions, and also p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid in bound fractions. The bound phenolics of rice bean were first reported and showed large differences with the composition of free phenolics. This work suggests that the bound fraction of rice bean must be taken into account in assessing its potential benefits to health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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17 pages, 3053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Eutectic Solvents-Based Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidants from Kudingcha (llex kudingcha C.J. Tseng): Process Optimization and Comparison with Other Methods

by Fangliang Li, Leyan Xiao, Xue Lin, Jincheng Dai, Jiale Hou and Lu Wang

Foods 2023, 12(9), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12091872 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

Kudingcha (KDC) is an important tea substitute containing abundant antioxidants. Herein, a ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was applied to optimize the total phenolic/total flavonoid content (TPC/TFC) from the KDC extracts. Results indicated that DES composed of L-proline [...] Read more.

Kudingcha (KDC) is an important tea substitute containing abundant antioxidants. Herein, a ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) technique based on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) was applied to optimize the total phenolic/total flavonoid content (TPC/TFC) from the KDC extracts. Results indicated that DES composed of L-proline and glycerol (Pro-Gly) had excellent extraction performance for TPC, TFC, ABTS^•+ and FRAP, which were significantly better than other solvents. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to obtain optimal extraction parameters for simultaneously maximizing the TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. Results revealed that water content in Pro-Gly, liquid to solid ratio (L/S), ultrasonic temperature and extraction time were the major influence factors of the TPC, TFC, ABTS^•+ and FRAP of the KDC extracts. The optimal conditions included water content in Pro-Gly of 46.4%, L/S of 25:1 (mL/g), ultrasonic temperature of 55 °C and extraction time of 50 min. Meanwhile, HPLC-MS/MS was adopted to identify the KDC extracts, which revealed the presence of major phytochemicals, including 5-chlorogenic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, kaempferol 3-rutinoside, myricetin and isorhamnetin. Moreover, UAE–Pro-Gly achieved further higher individual phenolics contents, TPC, TFC, ABTS^•+ and FRAP than other methods. In conclusion, UAE–Pro-Gly is a highly efficient method for extraction of phenolic antioxidants from KDC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Bioactive Compounds: Extraction, Separation, Characterization, and Utilization)

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