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Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome
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Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Bioactives and Nutraceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2023) | Viewed by 8611

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gabriella Calviello

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: cancer; nutrition; omega-3 fatty acids; antioxidants; phenolic compounds; inflammation; neurodegenerative diseases; metabolic diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Simona Serini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito, 1-00168 Rome, Italy
Interests: cancer; nutrition; omega-3 fatty acids; antioxidants; phenolic compounds; inflammation; neurodegenerative diseases; nutrition; metabolic diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

One of the important scientific subjects that requires a serious reconsideration is in regard to the roles fatty acids play in the physiology and pathology of humans. New data have shown that sex-dependent differences between men and women in physical performances, rates of aging, and longevity are associated with the differences in fatty acids catabolism. The highest rates of ROS production were found to occur during mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids in the heart and skeletal muscles. In the brain, astrocytes utilize fatty acids for supplying neurons with lactate and neuromediators, and recently it was found that neuronal mitochondria perfectly well oxidize fatty acids in the presence of glutamate and metabolites of the TCA cycle. Of particular importance for understanding the mechanisms of human aging and senile diseases is the study of the metabolic syndrome, which is associated with the transition of men and women to the post-reproductive stage of human ontogenesis. The proposed Special Issue will publish experimental data and reviews of researchers working in the related fields.

Dr. Gabriella Calviello
Dr. Simona Serini
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • aging

  • fatty acids
  • metabolic syndrome
  • mitochondria
  • ontogenesis
  • oxidative stress
  • ROS
  • sex diversity

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 3749 KiB  
Article
The Effects of a Low Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid Ratio on Lipid Metabolism and Endogenous Fatty Acid Distribution in Obese Mice
by Qiong Wang and Xingguo Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(15), 12117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512117 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3153
Abstract
A reduced risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome has been observed in individuals with a low intake ratio of linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA). However, the influence of a low ratio of LA/ALA intake on lipid metabolism and endogenous fatty acid distribution in obese [...] Read more.
A reduced risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome has been observed in individuals with a low intake ratio of linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA). However, the influence of a low ratio of LA/ALA intake on lipid metabolism and endogenous fatty acid distribution in obese patients remains elusive. In this investigation, 8-week-old C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to four groups: low-fat diet (LFD) as a control, high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet with a low LA/ALA ratio (HFD+H3L6), and high-fat diet with a high LA/ALA ratio (HFD+L3H6) for 16 weeks. Our results show that the HFD+H3L6 diet significantly decreased the liver index of HFD mice by 3.51%, as well as the levels of triacylglycerols (TGs) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 15.67% and 10.02%, respectively. Moreover, the HFD+H3L6 diet reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) level and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio and elevated the level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver. The HFD+H3L6 diet also resulted in the downregulation of fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding proteins-1c (SREBP-1c) expression and the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) gene expression in the liver. The low LA/ALA ratio diet led to a notable increase in the levels of ALA and its downstream derivative docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the erythrocyte, liver, perienteric fat, epididymal fat, perirenal fat, spleen, brain, heart, and gastrocnemius, with a strong positive correlation. Conversely, the accumulation of LA in abdominal fat was more prominent, and a high LA/ALA ratio diet exacerbated the deposition effect of LA. In conclusion, the low LA/ALA ratio not only regulated endogenous fatty acid levels but also upregulated PPAR-α and ACOX1 and downregulated SREBP-1c and FAS gene expression levels, thus maintaining lipid homeostasis. Optimizing dietary fat intake is important in studying lipid nutrition. These research findings emphasize the significance of understanding and optimizing dietary fat intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome)
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15 pages, 961 KiB  
Article
Serum Levels of Myonectin Are Lower in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome and Are Negatively Correlated with Android Fat Mass
by Jorge L. Petro, María Carolina Fragozo-Ramos, Andrés F. Milán, Juan C. Aristizabal, Jaime A. Gallo-Villegas and Juan C. Calderón
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(8), 6874; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24086874 - 7 Apr 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3066
Abstract
Myonectin has shown beneficial effects on lipid regulation in murine models; therefore, it may have implications in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). We evaluated the relationship between serum myonectin and serum lipids, global and regional fat mass, intramuscular lipid content, and insulin [...] Read more.
Myonectin has shown beneficial effects on lipid regulation in murine models; therefore, it may have implications in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). We evaluated the relationship between serum myonectin and serum lipids, global and regional fat mass, intramuscular lipid content, and insulin resistance (IR) in adults with metabolic risk factors. This was a cross-sectional study in sedentary adults who were diagnosed with MS or without MS (NMS). Serum myonectin was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, lipid profile by conventional techniques, and free fatty acids (FFA) by gas chromatography. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and intramuscular lipid content through proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the right vastus lateralis muscle. IR was estimated with the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). The MS (n = 61) and NMS (n = 29) groups were comparable in age (median (interquartile range): 51.0 (46.0–56.0) vs. 53.0 (45.5–57.5) years, p > 0.05) and sex (70.5% men vs. 72.4% women). MS subjects had lower serum levels of myonectin than NMS subjects (1.08 (0.87–1.35) vs. 1.09 (0.93–4.05) ng·mL−1, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, fat mass index and lean mass index showed that serum myonectin was negatively correlated with the android/gynoid fat mass ratio (R2 = 0.48, p < 0.01), but not with the lipid profile, FFA, intramuscular lipid content or HOMA-IR. In conclusion, serum myonectin is lower in subjects with MS. Myonectin negatively correlates with a component relevant to the pathophysiology of MS, such as the android/gynoid fat mass ratio, but not with other components such as FFA, intramuscular fat or IR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome)
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Review

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15 pages, 3325 KiB  
Review
The Effect of Plant-Derived Low-Ratio Linoleic Acid/α-Linolenic Acid on Markers of Glucose Controls: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Qiong Wang and Xingguo Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(18), 14383; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814383 - 21 Sep 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of a low-ratio linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) diet on the glycemic profile of adults. A comprehensive search was performed across four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed) to evaluate the influence [...] Read more.
The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the impact of a low-ratio linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid (LA/ALA) diet on the glycemic profile of adults. A comprehensive search was performed across four databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed) to evaluate the influence of the low-ratio LA/ALA. Relevant references were screened up until February 2023. Intervention effects were analyzed by calculating change values as weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using fixed-effects models. Additionally, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were employed to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity. Twenty-one randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, and the low-ratio LA/ALA diet had no significant effect on fasting blood sugar (FBS, WMD: 0.00 mmol/L, 95% CI: −0.06, 0.06, p = 0.989, I2 = 0.0%), insulin levels (WMD: 0.20 μIU/mL, 95% CI: −0.23, 0.63, p = 0.360, I2 = 3.2%), homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, WMD: 0.09, 95% CI: −0.06, 0.23, p = 0.243, I2 = 0.0%), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c, WMD: −0.01%, 95% CI: −0.07, 0.06, p = 0.836, I2 = 0.0%). Based on subgroup analyses, it was observed that the impact of a low-ratio LA/ALA diet on elevated plasma insulin (WMD: 1.31 μIU/mL, 95% CI: 0.08, 2.54, p = 0.037, I2 = 32.0%) and HOMA-IR (WMD: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.84, p = 0.012, I2 = 0.0%) levels exhibited greater prominence in North America compared to Asian and European countries. Publication bias was not detected for FBS, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c levels according to the Begg and Egger tests. Furthermore, the conducted sensitivity analyses indicated stability, as the effects of the low-ratio LA/ALA diet on various glycemic and related metrics remained unchanged even after removing individual studies. Overall, based on the available studies, it can be concluded that the low-ratio LA/ALA diet has limited impact on blood glucose-related biomarker levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fatty Acids and Metabolic Syndrome)
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