International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Research

24 pages, 7768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Sorbent Composition on Sorption Properties of Materials Based on Ti-Ca-Mg Phosphates

by Natalia Mudruk and Marina Maslova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 7903; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097903 - 26 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1340

Individual titanium and calcium–magnesium phosphates are widely known as effective sorbents. The sorption processes on these phosphates are based on different mechanisms. The sorption efficiency towards different cations depends on the phase composition of the sorbent. Composite materials with various ratio Ti:(Ca+Mg) have [...] Read more.

Individual titanium and calcium–magnesium phosphates are widely known as effective sorbents. The sorption processes on these phosphates are based on different mechanisms. The sorption efficiency towards different cations depends on the phase composition of the sorbent. Composite materials with various ratio Ti:(Ca+Mg) have been synthesized. The sorption properties of samples obtained towards Cs⁺, Sr²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ have been studied to establish the effect of sorbent composition on metal removal. The adsorption isotherms have been analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich–Peterson models. The composition of sorbents has no effect on the level of removal of readily hydrolyzable Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ cations. Removal of lead occurs preferentially via the precipitation of metal phosphates and hydroxides. Copper precipitates as hydroxide in case of a high share of Ca-Mg phosphates in the composite sorbent. The removal of cesium proceeds according to the ion exchange mechanism only. For Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Sr²⁺, and Zn²⁺ cations, the sorption efficiency on the composite materials synthesized is found to increase with the increase in titanium phosphate’s share in the sample. All composite sorbents synthesized demonstrated a considerable increase in the level of purification of solutions studied compared with individual Ti and Ca-Mg phosphates due to the synergism of the components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 8061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of CeO₂-Reinforcement on Pb Absorption by Coconut Coir-Derived Magnetic Biochar

by Yujia Yang, Rui Shan, Yaoxin Xiao, Fengxiao Zhao, Haoran Yuan and Yong Chen

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(3), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24031974 - 19 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

Magnetic separable biochar holds great promise for the treatment of Pb²⁺-contaminated wastewater. However, the absorption effect of unmodified magnetic biochar is poor. Considering this gap in knowledge, CeO₂-doped magnetic coconut coir biochar (Ce-MCB) and magnetic coconut coir biochar (MCB) [...] Read more.

Magnetic separable biochar holds great promise for the treatment of Pb²⁺-contaminated wastewater. However, the absorption effect of unmodified magnetic biochar is poor. Considering this gap in knowledge, CeO₂-doped magnetic coconut coir biochar (Ce-MCB) and magnetic coconut coir biochar (MCB) for Pb²⁺ absorption were prepared by the impregnation method, and the efficiency of Ce-MCB for Pb²⁺ absorption was evaluated in comparison with MCB. Conducting the absorption experiments, the study provided theoretical support for the exploration of the absorption mechanism. The quantitative analysis exposed that the enhanced absorption capacity of Ce-MCB was attributed to the increase in oxygen-containing functional groups and mineral precipitation. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model showed that Ce-MCB is a suitable adsorbent for Pb²⁺. The absorption characteristics of Ce-MCB was fit well with the pseudo-second-order (PSO) and Langmuir models, which revealed that the absorption of Pb²⁺ in water was monolayer chemisorption with a maximum theoretical adsorption capacity of 140.83 mg·g⁻¹. The adsorption capacity of Ce-MCB for Pb(II) was sustained above 70% after four cycles. In addition, the saturation magnetization intensity of Ce-MCB was 7.15 emu·g⁻¹, which was sufficient to separate out from the solution. Overall, Ce-MCB has wide application prospects in terms of biomass resources recycling and environmental conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 2970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Highly Efficient Removal of Uranium from an Aqueous Solution by a Novel Phosphonic Acid-Functionalized Magnetic Microsphere Adsorbent

by Jizhou Zhao, Peng Lu, Tengteng He, Jing Huang, Shiao Zhang, Yan Liu, Yun Wang, Cheng Meng and Dingzhong Yuan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 16227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416227 - 19 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2415

Abstract

The development of adsorption materials which can efficiently isolate and enrich uranium is of great scientific significance to sustainable development and environmental protection. In this work, a novel phosphonic acid-functionalized magnetic microsphere adsorbent Fe₃O₄/P (GMA-MBA)-PO₄ was developed by [...] Read more.

The development of adsorption materials which can efficiently isolate and enrich uranium is of great scientific significance to sustainable development and environmental protection. In this work, a novel phosphonic acid-functionalized magnetic microsphere adsorbent Fe₃O₄/P (GMA-MBA)-PO₄ was developed by functionalized Fe₃O₄/P (GMA-MBA) prepared by distill-precipitation polymerization with O-phosphoethanolamine. The adsorption process was endothermic, spontaneous and kinetically followed the pseudo second-order model. The maximum uranium adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir model was 333.33 mg g⁻¹ at 298 K. In addition, the adsorbent also had good acid resistance and superparamagnetic properties, which could be quickly separated by a magnetic field. XPS analysis showed that the adsorption of adsorbent mainly depended on the complexation of phosphonic acid group with uranium. This work offers a promising candidate for the application of magnetic adsorbents in the field of uranium separation and enrichment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorption of Chromium (VI) Using an Activated Carbon Derived from Petroleum Coke Feedstock

by Kyle S. Fisher and Andrew J. Vreugdenhil

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(24), 16172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232416172 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3225

Abstract

This study aims to determine the main adsorption mechanism by which chromium (VI) is adsorbed onto the surface of a petroleum-coke sourced activated carbon, a feedstock not prevalent in current literature. The study also aims to produce an activated carbon adsorbent that is [...] Read more.

This study aims to determine the main adsorption mechanism by which chromium (VI) is adsorbed onto the surface of a petroleum-coke sourced activated carbon, a feedstock not prevalent in current literature. The study also aims to produce an activated carbon adsorbent that is both cost-effective and efficient for the removal of chromium (VI) in neutral waters. The efficacy of thermally-treated petroleum coke-activated carbon and nitrogenated petroleum coke-activated carbon using ammonium chloride is compared to the efficacy of commercially available activated carbon. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the activated carbons was obtained both before and after exposure to chromium (VI) for characterization of the materials and confirmation of chromium adsorption. The thermally-treated and nitrogenated activated carbons showed significant enhancement of chromium (VI) removal compared to the non-treated petroleum coke-activated carbon (22.4 mg/g, 21.9 mg/g, and 17.0 mg/g, respectively). However, there was no significant difference observed between the thermally-treated and nitrogenated materials. This indicates that the nitrogenation of the surface does not improve the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon, but rather the thermal treatment itself. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed a significant increase in the alcohol functional groups on the surface of the activated carbon material as a result of the heat-treatment process; from 16.02 atomic percent in the non-treated activated carbon to 26.3 atomic percent in the thermally-treated activated carbon. The alcohol functional groups present on the surface allow for chromium (VI) to undergo reduction to chromium (III) under a similar mechanism to the well-known Jones Oxidation Reaction where the reduced chromium (III) species are then physisorbed to the surface of the activated carbon. XPS results are consistent with this as the chromium species present on the surface of the adsorbent is primarily Cr(OH)₃ (85.6% in the standard AC and 82.5% in the thermally-treated AC). Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic modeling of the adsorbents indicate that they follow a pseudo-second-order reaction where the rate-limiting step is the chemical sorption of the adsorbate itself. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Layered Double Hydroxides Derived from MIL-88A(Fe) as an Efficient Adsorbent for Enhanced Removal of Lead (II) from Water

by Jiang-Bo Huo and Guoce Yu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 14556; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314556 - 22 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2018

Abstract

The efficient removal of lead (II) from aqueous solution remains a big problem and the development of novel nanomaterials as adsorbents by various technologies to solve this problem is promising. This study contributed a novel nanostructure of MIL-88A-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as the [...] Read more.

The efficient removal of lead (II) from aqueous solution remains a big problem and the development of novel nanomaterials as adsorbents by various technologies to solve this problem is promising. This study contributed a novel nanostructure of MIL-88A-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as the adsorbent for Pb²⁺, which was synthesized by a two-step solvothermal method with MIL-88A(Fe) as the precursor. The as-prepared material featured a chestnut-like core-shell structure, and exhibited excellent removal performance towards Pb²⁺ from water in comparison to MIL-88A(Fe) and LDHs (directly synthesized). The adsorption of Pb²⁺ by the MIL-88A-LDHs conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximal adsorption capacity was 526.32, 625.00, and 909.09 mg g⁻¹ at 278, 298, and 318 K, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption was an endothermic, entropy-increasing, and spontaneous reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the surface complexation was mostly responsible for Pb²⁺ elimination. The MIL-88A-LDHs can be readily regenerated and showed good cyclic performance towards Pb²⁺. Thus, the as-prepared MIL-88A-LDHs may hold promise for the elimination of aqueous heavy metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 3928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Purification of Saturated LiNO₃ Solution Using Titanium Phosphate Ion Exchanger: Kinetics Study

by Marina Maslova, Vladimir Ivanenko, Polina Evstropova, Natalia Mudruk and Lidia Gerasimova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13416; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113416 - 2 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

Lithium compounds are of high interest to many industries. The presence of undesirable impurities in Li precursors leads to uncontrolled change in the functional properties of final compounds. Therefore, the development of reliable methods for lithium salt purification is considered a key factor [...] Read more.

Lithium compounds are of high interest to many industries. The presence of undesirable impurities in Li precursors leads to uncontrolled change in the functional properties of final compounds. Therefore, the development of reliable methods for lithium salt purification is considered a key factor for their application in various industries. This work focuses on the application of a titanium phosphate ion exchanger (Li-TiOP) toward Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cr³⁺ ions in the purification of a saturated LiNO₃ solution. The sorption kinetics of the selected ions, considering external and internal mass transfer, as well as chemical interaction, were deeply studied. The kinetic study showed that the values of intraparticle diffusion rate and effective diffusion coefficients for the studied ions decreased in the following order: Cr(III) ˃ Cu(II) Mn(II) ˃ Co(II) ˃ Ni(II). For all the selected ions, chemical interaction was described with a pseudo-second-order reaction model. The sorption kinetics were controlled by the size of the solvated metal ion, its effective charge, the electronic structure of the adsorbed ion, and the interaction with the functional groups of the sorbent. Due to fast kinetics, the high degree of removal of trace quantities of the impurities this material gives it consideration as a promising sorbent for the deep purification of lithium salts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 7047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Separation of Oxoacid of Boron from Salt-Lake Brine by Synergistically Enhanced Boron Adsorbents of Glucose-Functionalized SiO₂ and Graphene

by Qinglong Luo, Xueying Wang, Mingzhe Dong, Xueli Huang, Zhijian Wu and Jun Li

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11356; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911356 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1602

Abstract

The adsorption separation and extraction of low-concentration boron from salt-lake brine have great significance. Magnetic separation avoids the problem of adsorbent granulation and improves the usage efficiency. The silicon-based adsorbents have attracted interest due to their superior acid and alkali resistance, in which [...] Read more.

The adsorption separation and extraction of low-concentration boron from salt-lake brine have great significance. Magnetic separation avoids the problem of adsorbent granulation and improves the usage efficiency. The silicon-based adsorbents have attracted interest due to their superior acid and alkali resistance, in which polyhydroxy graphene enhances the adsorption of boron ions. Herein different boron adsorbents, derived by magnetic separation, were developed and characterized by SEM, TEM, XPS, VSM, FT-IR, and XRD analysis. The adsorption-desorption performance of boron adsorbents with different compositions was evaluated. The isotherms and kinetics parameters of the boron extraction were evaluated based on adsorption-desorption tests. The graphene-based magnetic adsorbent (Go-Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@mSiO₂-Glu) registered a high boron adsorption capacity of 23.90 mg/g at pH = 9 in the boron solution and 24.84 mg/g for East Taigener salt-lake brine. The Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl⁻ ions have little interference with the boron adsorption. The adsorbents exhibit magnetic separation performance and good cycle life. The results showed that acid-alkali desorption solution has little effect on the adsorbents, and the composite of graphene enhances the adsorption of boron ions. The adsorbents developed in this study are promising to recover boron from low-concentration boron-containing salt-lake brines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rhamnolipid Micellization and Adsorption Properties

by Yi Zhang, Tess L. Placek, Ruksana Jahan, Paschalis Alexandridis and Marina Tsianou

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11090; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911090 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3803

Abstract

Biosurfactants are naturally occurring amphiphiles that are being actively pursued as alternatives to synthetic surfactants in cleaning, personal care, and cosmetic products. On the basis of their ability to mobilize and disperse hydrocarbons, biosurfactants are also involved in the bioremediation of oil spills. [...] Read more.

Biosurfactants are naturally occurring amphiphiles that are being actively pursued as alternatives to synthetic surfactants in cleaning, personal care, and cosmetic products. On the basis of their ability to mobilize and disperse hydrocarbons, biosurfactants are also involved in the bioremediation of oil spills. Rhamnolipids are low molecular weight glycolipid biosurfactants that consist of a mono- or di-rhamnose head group and a hydrocarbon fatty acid chain. We examine here the micellization of purified mono-rhamnolipids and di-rhamnolipids in aqueous solutions and their adsorption on model solid surfaces. Rhamnolipid micellization in water is endothermic; the CMC (critical micellization concentration) of di-rhamnolipid is lower than that of mono-rhamnolipid, and both CMCs decrease upon NaCl addition. Rhamnolipid adsorption on gold surface is mostly reversible and the adsorbed layer is rigid. A better understanding of biosurfactant self-assembly and adsorption properties is important for their utilization in consumer products and environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 6298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

IL-Functionalized Mg₃Al-LDH as New Efficient Adsorbent for Pd Recovery from Aqueous Solutions

by Laura Cocheci, Lavinia Lupa, Nick Samuel Tolea, Radu Lazău and Rodica Pode

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(16), 9107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23169107 - 14 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1721

Abstract

Palladium is a noble metal of the platinum group metals (PGMs) with a high value and major industrial applications. Due to the scarce palladium resources, researchers’ attention is currently focused on Pd ions recovery from secondary sources. Regarding the recovery process from aqueous [...] Read more.

Palladium is a noble metal of the platinum group metals (PGMs) with a high value and major industrial applications. Due to the scarce palladium resources, researchers’ attention is currently focused on Pd ions recovery from secondary sources. Regarding the recovery process from aqueous solutions, many methods were studied, amongst which adsorption process gained a special attention due to its clear advantages. Moreover, the efficiency and the selectivity of an adsorbent material can be further improved by functionalization of various solid supports. In this context, the present work aims at the synthesis and characterization of Mg₃Al-LDH and its functionalization with ionic liquid (IL) (Methyltrialkylammonium chloride) to obtain adsorbent materials with high efficiency in Pd removal from aqueous solutions. The maximum adsorption capacity developed by Mg₃Al-LDH is 142.9 mg Pd., and depending on the functionalization method used (sonication and co-synthesis, respectively) the maximum adsorption capacity increases considerably, q_max-Mg₃Al IL-US = 227.3 mg/g and q_max-Mg₃Al IL-COS = 277.8 mg/g. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theory-Guided Design of a Method to Obtain Competitive Balance between U(VI) Adsorption and Swaying Zwitterion-Induced Fouling Resistance on Natural Hemp Fibers

by Huiquan Gu, Jing Yu, Hongsen Zhang, Gaohui Sun, Rumin Li, Peili Liu, Ying Li and Jun Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6517; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126517 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1707

Abstract

The competitive balance between uranium (VI) (U(VI)) adsorption and fouling resistance is of great significance in guaranteeing the full potential of U(VI) adsorbents in seawater, and it is faced with insufficient research. To fill the gap in this field, a molecular dynamics (MD) [...] Read more.

The competitive balance between uranium (VI) (U(VI)) adsorption and fouling resistance is of great significance in guaranteeing the full potential of U(VI) adsorbents in seawater, and it is faced with insufficient research. To fill the gap in this field, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was employed to explore the influence and to guide the design of mass-produced natural hemp fibers (HFs). Sulfobetaine (SB)- and carboxybetaine (CB)-type zwitterions containing soft side chains were constructed beside amidoxime (AO) groups on HFs (HFAS and HFAC) to form a hydration layer based on the terminal hydrophilic groups. The soft side chains were swayed by waves to form a hydration-layer area with fouling resistance and to simultaneously expel water molecules surrounding the AO groups. HFAS exhibited greater antifouling properties than that of HFAO and HFAC. The U(VI) adsorption capacity of HFAS was almost 10 times higher than that of HFAO, and the max mass rate of U:V was 4.3 after 35 days of immersion in marine water. This paper offers a theory-guided design of a method to the competitive balance between zwitterion-induced fouling resistance and seawater U(VI) adsorption on natural materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 6821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waste-to-Resource Strategy to Fabricate Functionalized MOFs Composite Material Based on Durian Shell Biomass Carbon Fiber and Fe₃O₄ for Highly Efficient and Recyclable Dye Adsorption

by Zhangzhen Cai, Qi Liu, Haoxin Li, Jingyi Wang, Guoyu Tai, Fan Wang, Jiangang Han, Yongli Zhu and Guangyu Wu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 5900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23115900 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 3590

Abstract

Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous inorganic–organic hybrid materials consisting of metal ions (clusters or secondary building units) and organic ligands through coordination bonds, have attracted wide attention because of their high surface area, huge ordered porosity, uniform structural cavities, and excellent [...] Read more.

Recently, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), which are porous inorganic–organic hybrid materials consisting of metal ions (clusters or secondary building units) and organic ligands through coordination bonds, have attracted wide attention because of their high surface area, huge ordered porosity, uniform structural cavities, and excellent thermal/chemical stability. In this work, durian shell biomass carbon fiber and Fe₃O₄ functionalized metal–organic framework composite material (durian shell fiber-Fe₃O₄-MOF, DFM) was synthesized and employed for the adsorption removal of methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. The morphology, structure, and chemical elements of the DFM material were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS) techniques. Adsorption conditions such as pH, adsorption time, and temperature were optimized. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics results show that the adsorption process of DFM material to MB is more in line with the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Using these models, the maximum adsorption capacity of 53.31 mg/g was obtained by calculation. In addition, DFM material could be easily reused through an external magnet and the removal rate of MB was still 80% after five adsorption cycles. The obtained results show that DFM composite material, as an economical, environmentally friendly, recyclable new adsorbent, can simply and effectively remove MB from wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3814 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Template-Free Preparation of a Mesopore-Rich Hierarchically Porous Carbon Monolith from a Thermally Rearrangeable Polyurea Network

by Junsik Nam, Yusin Pak, Gun Young Jung and Ji-Woong Park

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(8), 4271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084271 - 12 Apr 2022

Viewed by 2135

Abstract

A mesopore-rich, hierarchically porous carbon monolith was prepared by carbonizing a polyisocyanurate network derived by thermal rearrangement of a polyurea network. The initial polyurea network was synthesized by the cross-linking polymerization of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAPM) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the sol-forming condition, followed [...] Read more.

A mesopore-rich, hierarchically porous carbon monolith was prepared by carbonizing a polyisocyanurate network derived by thermal rearrangement of a polyurea network. The initial polyurea network was synthesized by the cross-linking polymerization of tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane (TAPM) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the sol-forming condition, followed by precipitation into nanoparticulate solids in a nonsolvent. The powder was molded into a shape and then heated at 200–400 °C to obtain the porous carbon precursor composed of the rearranged network. The thermolysis of urea bonds to amine and isocyanate groups, the subsequent cyclization of isocyanates to isocyanurates, and the vaporization of volatiles caused sintering of the nanoparticles into a monolithic network with micro-, meso-, and macropores. The rearranged network was carbonized to obtain a carbon monolith. It was found that the rearranged network, with a high isocyanurate ratio, led to a porous carbon with a high mesopore ratio. The electrical conductivity of the resulting carbon monoliths exhibited a rapid response to carbon dioxide adsorption, indicating efficient gas transport through the hierarchical pore structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Adsorption Materials and Adsorption Behavior

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (12 papers)

Research

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI