International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Editorial

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5 pages, 190 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Adipokines, Myokines, and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0”

by Jan Bilski and Tomasz Brzozowski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 940; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020940 - 11 Jan 2024

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Abstract

We are pleased to present our Editorial to this Special Issue on “Adipokines, Myokines, and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

Research

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18 pages, 2071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Physical Training on Breast Cancer: The Role of Exercise-Induced Myokines in Regulating Breast Cancer Cell Growth and Survival

by Anirudh Natarajan, Rashmita Pradhan, Walburga Dieterich, Raphaela Schwappacher, Dejan Reljic, Hans J. Herrmann, Markus F. Neurath, Carolin C. Hack, Matthias W. Beckmann and Yurdagül Zopf

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(21), 11379; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111379 - 23 Oct 2024

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Abstract

The beneficial impact of physical training in lowering cancer risk is well known. However, the precise mechanisms linking physical training and cancer are not fully understood. Skeletal muscle releases various myokines that seem to possess a direct anti-tumor effect. Although breast cancer (BC) [...] Read more.

The beneficial impact of physical training in lowering cancer risk is well known. However, the precise mechanisms linking physical training and cancer are not fully understood. Skeletal muscle releases various myokines that seem to possess a direct anti-tumor effect. Although breast cancer (BC) is the prevalent form of cancer among women on a global scale, only limited data are available about the secretion of myokines following exercise in patients with BC. To study the effects of exercise on BC, the blood samples of patients with varied stages of BC were analyzed after 12 weeks of resistance training with whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS). Following the training period, we observed that resistance training helps these patients to improve their physical characteristics and performance function by increasing skeletal muscle mass and strengthening their hand grip. Notably, the patient’s serum was found to inhibit the growth and promote the apoptosis of BC cells in vitro. Moreover, the conditioned medium collected from in vitro stimulated human myotubes using electric pulse stimulation (EPS), an in vitro simulation of WB-EMS training, induced the cell death of BC cells. These results highlighted the direct cancer-protective effects of activated skeletal muscle. In line with our observed effects of serum from exercise-trained pancreatic and prostate cancer patients, the growth of BC cells was notably inhibited when supplemented directly with recombinant myokines C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1), Interleukin 10 (IL10), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4). Notably, treatment with these myokines also increased the expression of caspase 3/7 (Casp3/7), resulting in enhanced BC cell death. Our data strongly suggest that physical exercise has a positive impact on skeletal muscle mass and hand grip strength in BC patients, along with a significant anti-tumor effect in BC cells. This shows promising potential for considering sports and physical training as supportive therapies for achieving more impactful cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

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21 pages, 3965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alkaline Phosphatase Relieves Colitis in Obese Mice Subjected to Forced Exercise via Its Anti-Inflammatory and Intestinal Microbiota-Shaping Properties

by Dagmara Wojcik-Grzybek, Zbigniew Sliwowski, Slawomir Kwiecien, Grzegorz Ginter, Marcin Surmiak, Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj, Anna Chmura, Adrianna Wojcik, Tomasz Kosciolek, Aleksandra Danielak, Aneta Targosz, Malgorzata Strzalka, Urszula Szczyrk, Agata Ptak-Belowska, Marcin Magierowski, Jan Bilski and Tomasz Brzozowski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020703 - 5 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1864

Abstract

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an enzyme that plays a protective role in the gut. This study investigated the effect of IAP treatment on experimental colitis in mice subjected to forced exercise on a high-fat diet. C57BL/6 mice with TNBS colitis were fed [...] Read more.

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an enzyme that plays a protective role in the gut. This study investigated the effect of IAP treatment on experimental colitis in mice subjected to forced exercise on a high-fat diet. C57BL/6 mice with TNBS colitis were fed a high-fat diet and subjected to forced treadmill exercise with or without IAP treatment. Disease activity, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, and gut microbiota were assessed. Forced exercise exacerbated colitis in obese mice, as evidenced by increased disease activity index (DAI), oxidative stress markers, and proinflammatory adipokines and cytokines. IAP treatment significantly reduced these effects and promoted the expression of barrier proteins in the colonic mucosa. Additionally, IAP treatment altered the gut microbiota composition, favoring beneficial Verrucomicrobiota and reducing pathogenic Clostridia and Odoribacter. IAP treatment ameliorates the worsening effect of forced exercise on murine colitis by attenuating oxidative stress, downregulating proinflammatory biomarkers, and modulating the gut microbiota. IAP warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

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10 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MOTS-c Serum Concentration Positively Correlates with Lower-Body Muscle Strength and Is Not Related to Maximal Oxygen Uptake—A Preliminary Study

by Remigiusz Domin, Michał Pytka, Mikołaj Żołyński, Jan Niziński, Marcin Rucinski, Przemysław Guzik, Jacek Zieliński and Marek Ruchała

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14951; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914951 - 6 Oct 2023

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Abstract

The mitochondrial open reading frame of 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that regulates the nuclear genome during stressful conditions such as hypoxia, which is typical of exercise and training. We aim to mainly investigate the relationship between serum MOTS-c concentration and [...] Read more.

The mitochondrial open reading frame of 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that regulates the nuclear genome during stressful conditions such as hypoxia, which is typical of exercise and training. We aim to mainly investigate the relationship between serum MOTS-c concentration and muscle strength parameters measured during the countermovement jump test with oxygen consumption (VO2) measured during the cardiopulmonary exercise test to exhaustion. Physically active healthy volunteers (17 male, three female, median age 30 years), not involved in any regular exercise program or participating in any sports competitions, performed five consecutive countermovement jump tests and cardiopulmonary exercise tests until maximal exhaustion and underwent a body composition assessment by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis, and had serum MOTS-c concentration measured at rest. Serum MOTS-c concentration was positively correlated with the average power and average and maximal force of the jumps, both overall muscle mass and leg muscle mass, but not with body fat percentage. There was no correlation with peak VO2. A higher serum MOTS-c concentration is associated with greater muscle mass, force, and power generated during jumping in healthy individuals but not exercise capacity reflected by peak VO2. More studies are needed to better understand the physiological and clinical values of these findings and why MOTS-c is better associated with measures of muscle strength and not endurance in physically active people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

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13 pages, 1771 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Circulating Concentrations of Cathelicidin Anti-Microbial Peptide (CAMP) Are Increased during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

by Alexandra Höpfinger, Thomas Karrasch, Andreas Schäffler and Andreas Schmid

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(16), 12901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612901 - 17 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1318

Abstract

Recent investigation has revealed the significant role of Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) in infection defense and innate immunity processes in adipose tissue. Meanwhile, knowledge of its regulation and functions in metabolic contexts as an adipokine remains sparce. The present study investigated the postprandial [...] Read more.

Recent investigation has revealed the significant role of Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) in infection defense and innate immunity processes in adipose tissue. Meanwhile, knowledge of its regulation and functions in metabolic contexts as an adipokine remains sparce. The present study investigated the postprandial regulation of circulating CAMP levels during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs). Eighty-six metabolically healthy volunteers participated in a standardized 75 g-2 h-OGTT setting. The effects of exogenous glucose, insulin, and incretins on CAMP expression in human adipocyte culture (cell-line SGBS) were studied in vitro. CAMP concentrations in blood serum samples were measured by ELISA techniques and adipocyte gene expression levels were quantified by real-time PCR. Of note, base-line CAMP serum quantities were negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol levels as well as with the anti-inflammatory adipokine adiponectin. During the 2 h following glucose ingestion, a significant rise in circulating CAMP concentrations was observed in considerable contrast to reduced quantities of fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) 2 and 4 and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4). In SGBS adipocytes, neither differing glucose levels nor insulin or incretin treatment significantly induced CAMP mRNA levels. According to our data, glucose represents a positive postprandial regulator of systemic CAMP. This effect apparently is not mediated by the regulatory impact of glucose metabolism on adipocyte CAMP expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

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15 pages, 2688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Apelin as a Potential Regulator of Peak Athletic Performance

by Roland Ligetvári, István Szokodi, Gabriella Far, Éva Csöndör, Ákos Móra, Zsolt Komka, Miklós Tóth, András Oláh and Pongrác Ács

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(9), 8195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24098195 - 3 May 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2698

Abstract

Apelin, as a cardiokine/myokine, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscle homeostasis. Loss of apelin signaling results in premature cardiac aging and sarcopenia. However, the contribution of apelin to peak athletic performance remains largely elusive. In this paper, we [...] Read more.

Apelin, as a cardiokine/myokine, is emerging as an important regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscle homeostasis. Loss of apelin signaling results in premature cardiac aging and sarcopenia. However, the contribution of apelin to peak athletic performance remains largely elusive. In this paper, we assessed the impact of maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing on the plasma apelin levels of 58 male professional soccer players. Circulating apelin-13 and apelin-36, on average, increased transiently after a single bout of treadmill exercise; however, apelin responses (Δapelin = peak − baseline values) showed a striking interindividual variability. Baseline apelin-13 levels were inversely correlated with those of Δapelin-13 and Δapelin-36. Δapelin-13 showed a positive correlation with the maximal metabolic equivalent, relative maximal O₂ consumption, and peak circulatory power, whereas such an association in the case of Δapelin-36 could not be detected. In conclusion, we observed a pronounced individual-to-individual variation in exercise-induced changes in the plasma levels of apelin-13 and apelin-36. Since changes in plasma apelin-13 levels correlated with the indicators of physical performance, whole-body oxygen consumption and pumping capability of the heart, apelin, as a novel exerkine, may be a determinant of peak athletic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

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Review

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27 pages, 2463 KiB

Open AccessReview

Organokines, Sarcopenia, and Metabolic Repercussions: The Vicious Cycle and the Interplay with Exercise

by Giulia Minniti, Letícia Maria Pescinini-Salzedas, Guilherme Almeida dos Santos Minniti, Lucas Fornari Laurindo, Sandra Maria Barbalho, Renata Vargas Sinatora, Lance Alan Sloan, Rafael Santos de Argollo Haber, Adriano Cressoni Araújo, Karina Quesada, Jesselina F. dos Santos Haber, Marcelo Dib Bechara and Katia Portero Sloan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113452 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4575

Abstract

Sarcopenia is a disease that becomes more prevalent as the population ages, since it is directly linked to the process of senility, which courses with muscle atrophy and loss of muscle strength. Over time, sarcopenia is linked to obesity, being known as sarcopenic [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia is a disease that becomes more prevalent as the population ages, since it is directly linked to the process of senility, which courses with muscle atrophy and loss of muscle strength. Over time, sarcopenia is linked to obesity, being known as sarcopenic obesity, and leads to other metabolic changes. At the molecular level, organokines act on different tissues and can improve or harm sarcopenia. It all depends on their production process, which is associated with factors such as physical exercise, the aging process, and metabolic diseases. Because of the seriousness of these repercussions, the aim of this literature review is to conduct a review on the relationship between organokines, sarcopenia, diabetes, and other metabolic repercussions, as well the role of physical exercise. To build this review, PubMed-Medline, Embase, and COCHRANE databases were searched, and only studies written in English were included. It was observed that myokines, adipokines, hepatokines, and osteokines had direct impacts on the pathophysiology of sarcopenia and its metabolic repercussions. Therefore, knowing how organokines act is very important to know their impacts on age, disease prevention, and how they can be related to the prevention of muscle loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

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16 pages, 2935 KiB

Open AccessReview

Characteristics of the Protocols Used in Electrical Pulse Stimulation of Cultured Cells for Mimicking In Vivo Exercise: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression

by Eleni Nintou, Eleni Karligiotou, Maria Vliora, Leonidas G. Ioannou and Andreas D. Flouris

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113446 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2837

Abstract

While exercise benefits a wide spectrum of diseases and affects most tissues and organs, many aspects of its underlying mechanistic effects remain unsolved. In vitro exercise, mimicking neuronal signals leading to muscle contraction in vitro, can be a valuable tool to address this [...] Read more.

While exercise benefits a wide spectrum of diseases and affects most tissues and organs, many aspects of its underlying mechanistic effects remain unsolved. In vitro exercise, mimicking neuronal signals leading to muscle contraction in vitro, can be a valuable tool to address this issue. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched EMBASE and PubMed (from database inception to 4 February 2022) for relevant studies assessing in vitro exercise using electrical pulse stimulation to mimic exercise. Meta-analyses of mean differences and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Of 985 reports identified, 41 were eligible for analysis. We observed variability among existing protocols of in vitro exercise and heterogeneity among protocols of the same type of exercise. Our analyses showed that AMPK, Akt, IL-6, and PGC1a levels and glucose uptake increased in stimulated compared to non-stimulated cells, following the patterns of in vivo exercise, and that these effects correlated with the duration of stimulation. We conclude that in vitro exercise follows motifs of exercise in humans, allowing biological parameters, such as the aforementioned, to be valuable tools in defining the types of in vitro exercise. It might be useful in transferring obtained knowledge to human research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipokines, Myokines and Physical Exercise in Health and Disease 2.0)

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