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14 pages, 3031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Direct Electrochemical Generation of Catalytically Competent Oxyferryl Species of Classes I and P Dye Decolorizing Peroxidases

by Magalí F. Scocozza, Lígia O. Martins and Daniel H. Murgida

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(22), 12532; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212532 - 20 Nov 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2282

Abstract

This work introduces a novel way to obtain catalytically competent oxyferryl species for two different dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) in the absence of H₂O₂ or any other peroxide by simply applying a reductive electrochemical potential under aerobic conditions. UV-vis and resonance [...] Read more.

This work introduces a novel way to obtain catalytically competent oxyferryl species for two different dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) in the absence of H₂O₂ or any other peroxide by simply applying a reductive electrochemical potential under aerobic conditions. UV-vis and resonance Raman spectroscopies show that this method yields long-lived compounds II and I for the DyPs from Bacillus subtilis (BsDyP; Class I) and Pseudomonas putida (PpDyP; Class P), respectively. Both electrochemically generated high valent intermediates are able to oxidize ABTS at both acidic and alkaline pH. Interestingly, the electrocatalytic efficiencies obtained at pH 7.6 are very similar to the values recorded for regular catalytic ABTS/H₂O₂ assays at the optimal pH of the enzymes, ca. 3.7. These findings pave the way for the design of DyP-based electrocatalytic reactors operable in an extended pH range without the need of harmful reagents such as H₂O₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universe of DyP-type Peroxidase)

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20 pages, 2921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Loops around the Heme Pocket Have a Critical Role in the Function and Stability of BsDyP from Bacillus subtilis

by Carolina F. Rodrigues, Patrícia T. Borges, Magali F. Scocozza, Diogo Silva, André Taborda, Vânia Brissos, Carlos Frazão and Lígia O. Martins

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10862; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910862 - 8 Oct 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3341

Abstract

Bacillus subtilis BsDyP belongs to class I of the dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) family of enzymes and is an interesting biocatalyst due to its high redox potential, broad substrate spectrum and thermostability. This work reports the optimization of BsDyP using directed [...] Read more.

Bacillus subtilis BsDyP belongs to class I of the dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) family of enzymes and is an interesting biocatalyst due to its high redox potential, broad substrate spectrum and thermostability. This work reports the optimization of BsDyP using directed evolution for improved oxidation of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, a model lignin-derived phenolic. After three rounds of evolution, one variant was identified displaying 7-fold higher catalytic rates and higher production yields as compared to the wild-type enzyme. The analysis of X-ray structures of the wild type and the evolved variant showed that the heme pocket is delimited by three long conserved loop regions and a small α helix where, incidentally, the mutations were inserted in the course of evolution. One loop in the proximal side of the heme pocket becomes more flexible in the evolved variant and the size of the active site cavity is increased, as well as the width of its mouth, resulting in an enhanced exposure of the heme to solvent. These conformational changes have a positive functional role in facilitating electron transfer from the substrate to the enzyme. However, they concomitantly resulted in decreasing the enzyme’s overall stability by 2 kcal mol⁻¹, indicating a trade-off between functionality and stability. Furthermore, the evolved variant exhibited slightly reduced thermal stability compared to the wild type. The obtained data indicate that understanding the role of loops close to the heme pocket in the catalysis and stability of DyPs is critical for the development of new and more powerful biocatalysts: loops can be modulated for tuning important DyP properties such as activity, specificity and stability. Full article

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19 pages, 2385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Heme Coordination of a Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase—The Interplay of Key Amino Acids, pH, Buffer and Glycerol

by Kevin Nys, Vera Pfanzagl, Jeroen Roefs, Christian Obinger and Sabine Van Doorslaer

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(18), 9849; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189849 - 12 Sep 2021

Viewed by 2817

Abstract

Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) have gained interest for their ability to oxidize anthraquinone-derived dyes and lignin model compounds. Spectroscopic techniques, such as electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption spectroscopy, provide main tools to study how the enzymatic function is linked to the heme-pocket architecture, [...] Read more.

Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) have gained interest for their ability to oxidize anthraquinone-derived dyes and lignin model compounds. Spectroscopic techniques, such as electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption spectroscopy, provide main tools to study how the enzymatic function is linked to the heme-pocket architecture, provided the experimental conditions are carefully chosen. Here, these techniques are used to investigate the effect of active site perturbations on the structure of ferric P-class DyP from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpDyP) and three variants of the main distal residues (D143A, R232A and D143A/R232A). Arg-232 is found to be important for maintaining the heme distal architecture and essential to facilitate an alkaline transition. The latter is promoted in absence of Asp-143. Furthermore, the non-innocent effect of the buffer choice and addition of the cryoprotectant glycerol is shown. However, while unavoidable or indiscriminate experimental conditions are pitfalls, careful comparison of the effects of different exogenous molecules on the electronic structure and spin state of the heme iron contains information about the inherent flexibility of the heme pocket. The interplay between structural flexibility, key amino acids, pH, temperature, buffer and glycerol during in vitro spectroscopic studies is discussed with respect to the poor peroxidase activity of bacterial P-class DyPs. Full article

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14 pages, 3054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Class V DyP-Type Peroxidase SaDyP1 from Streptomyces avermitilis and Evaluation of SaDyPs Expression in Mycelium

by Kanako Sugawara, Toru Yoshida, Rena Hirashima, Ryoko Toriumi, Hotaka Akiyama, Yurika Kakuta, Yuki Ishige and Yasushi Sugano

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8683; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168683 - 12 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2154

Abstract

DyP-type peroxidases are a family of heme peroxidases named for their ability to degrade persistent anthraquinone dyes. DyP-type peroxidases are subclassified into three classes: classes P, I and V. Based on its genome sequence, Streptomyces avermitilis, eubacteria, has two genes presumed to [...] Read more.

DyP-type peroxidases are a family of heme peroxidases named for their ability to degrade persistent anthraquinone dyes. DyP-type peroxidases are subclassified into three classes: classes P, I and V. Based on its genome sequence, Streptomyces avermitilis, eubacteria, has two genes presumed to encode class V DyP-type peroxidases and two class I genes. We have previously shown that ectopically expressed SaDyP2, a member of class V, indeed has the characteristics of a DyP-type peroxidase. In this study, we analyzed SaDyP1, a member of the same class V as SaDyP2. SaDyP1 showed high amino acid sequence identity to SaDyP2, retaining a conserved GXXDG motif and catalytic aspartate. SaDyP1 degraded anthraquinone dyes, which are specific substrates of DyP-type peroxidases but not azo dyes. In addition to such substrate specificity, SaDyP1 showed other features of DyP-type peroxidases, such as low optimal pH. Furthermore, immunoblotting using an anti-SaDyP2 polyclonal antibody revealed that SaDyP1 and/or SaDyP2 is expressed in mycelia of wild-type S. avermitilis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universe of DyP-type Peroxidase)

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15 pages, 2238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SERR Spectroelectrochemistry as a Guide for Rational Design of DyP-Based Bioelectronics Devices

by Lidia Zuccarello, Catarina Barbosa, Edilson Galdino, Nikola Lončar, Célia M. Silveira, Marco W. Fraaije and Smilja Todorovic

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15), 7998; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22157998 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2458

Abstract

Immobilised dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) are promising biocatalysts for the development of biotechnological devices such as biosensors for the detection of H₂O₂. To this end, these enzymes have to preserve native, solution properties upon immobilisation on the electrode surface. In [...] Read more.

Immobilised dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) are promising biocatalysts for the development of biotechnological devices such as biosensors for the detection of H₂O₂. To this end, these enzymes have to preserve native, solution properties upon immobilisation on the electrode surface. In this work, DyPs from Cellulomonas bogoriensis (CboDyP), Streptomyces coelicolor (ScoDyP) and Thermobifida fusca (TfuDyP) are immobilised on biocompatible silver electrodes functionalized with alkanethiols. Their structural, redox and catalytic properties upon immobilisation are evaluated by surface-enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectroelectrochemistry and cyclic voltammetry. Among the studied electrode/DyP constructs, only CboDyP shows preserved native structure upon attachment to the electrode. However, a comparison of the redox potentials of the enzyme in solution and immobilised states reveals a large discrepancy, and the enzyme shows no electrocatalytic activity in the presence of H₂O₂. While some immobilised DyPs outperform existing peroxidase-based biosensors, others fail to fulfil the essential requirements that guarantee their applicability in the immobilised state. The capacity of SERR spectroelectrochemistry for fast screening of the performance of immobilised heme enzymes places it in the front-line of experimental approaches that can advance the search for promising DyP candidates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universe of DyP-type Peroxidase)

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25 pages, 4022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Biochemical Characterization of a Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidase from Dictyostelium discoideum

by Amrita Rai, Johann P. Klare, Patrick Y. A. Reinke, Felix Englmaier, Jörg Fohrer, Roman Fedorov, Manuel H. Taft, Igor Chizhov, Ute Curth, Oliver Plettenburg and Dietmar J. Manstein

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(12), 6265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126265 - 10 Jun 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3755

Abstract

A novel cytoplasmic dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Dictyostelium discoideum was investigated that oxidizes anthraquinone dyes, lignin model compounds, and general peroxidase substrates such as ABTS efficiently. Unlike related enzymes, an aspartate residue replaces the first glycine of the conserved GXXDG motif in Dictyostelium DyPA. [...] Read more.

A novel cytoplasmic dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Dictyostelium discoideum was investigated that oxidizes anthraquinone dyes, lignin model compounds, and general peroxidase substrates such as ABTS efficiently. Unlike related enzymes, an aspartate residue replaces the first glycine of the conserved GXXDG motif in Dictyostelium DyPA. In solution, Dictyostelium DyPA exists as a stable dimer with the side chain of Asp146 contributing to the stabilization of the dimer interface by extending the hydrogen bond network connecting two monomers. To gain mechanistic insights, we solved the Dictyostelium DyPA structures in the absence of substrate as well as in the presence of potassium cyanide and veratryl alcohol to 1.7, 1.85, and 1.6 Å resolution, respectively. The active site of Dictyostelium DyPA has a hexa-coordinated heme iron with a histidine residue at the proximal axial position and either an activated oxygen or CN⁻ molecule at the distal axial position. Asp149 is in an optimal conformation to accept a proton from H₂O₂ during the formation of compound I. Two potential distal solvent channels and a conserved shallow pocket leading to the heme molecule were found in Dictyostelium DyPA. Further, we identified two substrate-binding pockets per monomer in Dictyostelium DyPA at the dimer interface. Long-range electron transfer pathways associated with a hydrogen-bonding network that connects the substrate-binding sites with the heme moiety are described. Full article

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23 pages, 4577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing Ligninolytic Capabilities of Bacterial and Fungal Dye-Decolorizing Peroxidases and Class-II Peroxidase-Catalases

by Dolores Linde, Iván Ayuso-Fernández, Marcos Laloux, José E. Aguiar-Cervera, Antonio L. de Lacey, Francisco J. Ruiz-Dueñas and Angel T. Martínez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(5), 2629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052629 - 5 Mar 2021

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4632

Abstract

We aim to clarify the ligninolytic capabilities of dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) from bacteria and fungi, compared to fungal lignin peroxidase (LiP) and versatile peroxidase (VP). With this purpose, DyPs from Amycolatopsis sp., Thermomonospora curvata, and Auricularia auricula-judae, VP from Pleurotus eryngii [...] Read more.

We aim to clarify the ligninolytic capabilities of dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) from bacteria and fungi, compared to fungal lignin peroxidase (LiP) and versatile peroxidase (VP). With this purpose, DyPs from Amycolatopsis sp., Thermomonospora curvata, and Auricularia auricula-judae, VP from Pleurotus eryngii, and LiP from Phanerochaete chrysosporium were produced, and their kinetic constants and reduction potentials determined. Sharp differences were found in the oxidation of nonphenolic simple (veratryl alcohol, VA) and dimeric (veratrylglycerol-β- guaiacyl ether, VGE) lignin model compounds, with LiP showing the highest catalytic efficiencies (around 15 and 200 s⁻¹·mM⁻¹ for VGE and VA, respectively), while the efficiency of the A. auricula-judae DyP was 1–3 orders of magnitude lower, and no activity was detected with the bacterial DyPs. VP and LiP also showed the highest reduction potential (1.28–1.33 V) in the rate-limiting step of the catalytic cycle (i.e., compound-II reduction to resting enzyme), estimated by stopped-flow measurements at the equilibrium, while the T. curvata DyP showed the lowest value (1.23 V). We conclude that, when using realistic enzyme doses, only fungal LiP and VP, and in much lower extent fungal DyP, oxidize nonphenolic aromatics and, therefore, have the capability to act on the main moiety of the native lignin macromolecule. Full article

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Review

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15 pages, 1572 KiB

Open AccessReview

DyP-Type Peroxidases: Recent Advances and Perspectives

by Yasushi Sugano and Toru Yoshida

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5556; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115556 - 24 May 2021

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 6598

Abstract

In this review, we chart the major milestones in the research progress on the DyP-type peroxidase family over the past decade. Though mainly distributed among bacteria and fungi, this family actually exhibits more widespread diversity. Advanced tertiary structural analyses have revealed common and [...] Read more.

In this review, we chart the major milestones in the research progress on the DyP-type peroxidase family over the past decade. Though mainly distributed among bacteria and fungi, this family actually exhibits more widespread diversity. Advanced tertiary structural analyses have revealed common and different features among members of this family. Notably, the catalytic cycle for the peroxidase activity of DyP-type peroxidases appears to be different from that of other ubiquitous heme peroxidases. DyP-type peroxidases have also been reported to possess activities in addition to peroxidase function, including hydrolase or oxidase activity. They also show various cellular distributions, functioning not only inside cells but also outside of cells. Some are also cargo proteins of encapsulin. Unique, noteworthy functions include a key role in life-cycle switching in Streptomyces and the operation of an iron transport system in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. We also present several probable physiological roles of DyP-type peroxidases that reflect the widespread distribution and function of these enzymes. Lignin degradation is the most common function attributed to DyP-type peroxidases, but their activity is not high compared with that of standard lignin-degrading enzymes. From an environmental standpoint, degradation of natural antifungal anthraquinone compounds is a specific focus of DyP-type peroxidase research. Considered in its totality, the DyP-type peroxidase family offers a rich source of diverse and attractive materials for research scientists. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universe of DyP-type Peroxidase)

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