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The Day Break of Hormesis
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The Day Break of Hormesis

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Toxicology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2018) | Viewed by 42809

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hideaki Itoh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Life Science, Graduate School and Faculty of Engineering and Resource Science, Akita University, Akita 010-8502, Japan
Interests: hsp60; eurodegeneration microglia innate immunity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Heiichiro Udono

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Immunology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
Interests: immunometabolism; oncometabolism; oncoimmunology; tumor microenvironment; redox; senescence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

People try to avoid stress, as it usually brings about harmful situations with respect to health. However, some kinds of stress, if they are low to intermittent grades, provide beneficial effects, stimulating anti-stress responses towards repair mechanisms that protect against several diseases. This is referred to as hormesis. Although the concept of hormesis is still controversial, its physiological significance was advanced by Mark Mattson, who elucidated the molecular mechanism by which the adaptive cellular response was invoked to mild stress of fasting and exercise in nervous system (Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13:209-216, 2012). An important issue to be considered is how a response to single stress results in expanding into multiple signaling cascades, by which many unexpected physiological benefits become available in our health. Another key issue in hormesis is “the level of stress.” Although the response to low level of stress is definitely different from that to high level stress, low grade stress does not always provide positive effects to the body. It is clear that just a dose-response curve phenomena cannot explain the positive effects of low grade stress. In this context, we do not know the nature of stress that enables for hormesis and do not know molecular definition (signature) on which hormesis is activated. We hypothesize that a number of common but crucial steps (molecular mechanism) are involved in the onset of hormetic response. Overwriting mode of metabolism, redox, and epigenetics in the cells could be candidates for such molecular signature of hormesis.

We hope to name this novel type of hormesis study “Hormesis Neo-Biology.”

In this Special Issue, we overview some representative phenomena of hormesis and are going to introduce our own experimental models representing hormesis, and focus on the underlying mechanisms of this counter-intuitive hypothesis, the hormesis neo-biology.

Prof. Dr. Hideaki Itoh
Prof. Dr. Heiichiro Udono
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Hormesis
  • Hormesis neo-biology
  • Stress evolution
  • Anti-stress response

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Review

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15 pages, 3207 KiB  
Review
Hormesis: Path and Progression to Significance
by Edward J. Calabrese
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(10), 2871; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102871 - 21 Sep 2018
Cited by 159 | Viewed by 10251
Abstract
This paper tells the story of how hormesis became recognized as a fundamental concept in biology, affecting toxicology, microbiology, medicine, public health, agriculture, and all areas related to enhancing biological performance. This paper assesses how hormesis enhances resilience to normal aging and protects [...] Read more.
This paper tells the story of how hormesis became recognized as a fundamental concept in biology, affecting toxicology, microbiology, medicine, public health, agriculture, and all areas related to enhancing biological performance. This paper assesses how hormesis enhances resilience to normal aging and protects against a broad spectrum of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and other diseases, as well as trauma and other threats to health and well-being. This paper also explains the application of hormesis to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease, macrophage polarization and its systematic adaptive protections, and the role of hormesis in enhancing stem cell functioning and medical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Day Break of Hormesis)
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16 pages, 878 KiB  
Review
Overview of Biological, Epidemiological, and Clinical Evidence of Radiation Hormesis
by Yuta Shibamoto and Hironobu Nakamura
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(8), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082387 - 13 Aug 2018
Cited by 97 | Viewed by 9899
Abstract
The effects of low-dose radiation are being increasingly investigated in biological, epidemiological, and clinical studies. Many recent studies have indicated the beneficial effects of low doses of radiation, whereas some studies have suggested harmful effects even at low doses. This review article introduces [...] Read more.
The effects of low-dose radiation are being increasingly investigated in biological, epidemiological, and clinical studies. Many recent studies have indicated the beneficial effects of low doses of radiation, whereas some studies have suggested harmful effects even at low doses. This review article introduces various studies reporting both the beneficial and harmful effects of low-dose radiation, with a critique on the extent to which respective studies are reliable. Epidemiological studies are inherently associated with large biases, and it should be evaluated whether the observed differences are due to radiation or other confounding factors. On the other hand, well-controlled laboratory studies may be more appropriate to evaluate the effects of low-dose radiation. Since the number of such laboratory studies is steadily increasing, it will be concluded in the near future whether low-dose radiation is harmful or beneficial and whether the linear-no-threshold (LNT) theory is appropriate. Many recent biological studies have suggested the induction of biopositive responses such as increases in immunity and antioxidants by low-dose radiation. Based on recent as well as classical studies, the LNT theory may be out of date, and low-dose radiation may have beneficial effects depending on the conditions; otherwise, it may have no effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Day Break of Hormesis)
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19 pages, 558 KiB  
Review
Balneotherapy, Immune System, and Stress Response: A Hormetic Strategy?
by Isabel Gálvez, Silvia Torres-Piles and Eduardo Ortega-Rincón
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(6), 1687; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19061687 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 120 | Viewed by 17313
Abstract
Balneotherapy is a clinically effective complementary approach in the treatment of low-grade inflammation- and stress-related pathologies. The biological mechanisms by which immersion in mineral-medicinal water and the application of mud alleviate symptoms of several pathologies are still not completely understood, but it is [...] Read more.
Balneotherapy is a clinically effective complementary approach in the treatment of low-grade inflammation- and stress-related pathologies. The biological mechanisms by which immersion in mineral-medicinal water and the application of mud alleviate symptoms of several pathologies are still not completely understood, but it is known that neuroendocrine and immunological responses—including both humoral and cell-mediated immunity—to balneotherapy are involved in these mechanisms of effectiveness; leading to anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, chondroprotective, and anabolic effects together with neuroendocrine-immune regulation in different conditions. Hormesis can play a critical role in all these biological effects and mechanisms of effectiveness. The hormetic effects of balneotherapy can be related to non-specific factors such as heat—which induces the heat shock response, and therefore the synthesis and release of heat shock proteins—and also to specific biochemical components such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in sulfurous water and radon in radioactive water. Results from several investigations suggest that the beneficial effects of balneotherapy and hydrotherapy are consistent with the concept of hormesis, and thus support a role for hormesis in hydrothermal treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Day Break of Hormesis)
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Other

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11 pages, 1125 KiB  
Opinion
Chaperones, Canalization, and Evolution of Animal Forms
by Atsuko Sato
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19(10), 3029; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103029 - 4 Oct 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4485
Abstract
Over half a century ago, British developmental biologist Conrad Hal Waddington proposed the idea of canalization, that is, homeostasis in development. Since the breakthrough that was made by Rutherford and Lindquist (1998), who proposed a role of Hsp90 in developmental buffering, chaperones have [...] Read more.
Over half a century ago, British developmental biologist Conrad Hal Waddington proposed the idea of canalization, that is, homeostasis in development. Since the breakthrough that was made by Rutherford and Lindquist (1998), who proposed a role of Hsp90 in developmental buffering, chaperones have gained much attention in the study of canalization. However, recent studies have revealed that a number of other molecules are also potentially involved in canalization. Here, I introduce the emerging role of DnaJ chaperones in canalization. I also discuss how the expression levels of such buffering molecules can be altered, thereby altering organismal development. Since developmental robustness is maternally inherited in various organisms, I propose that dynamic bet hedging, an increase in within-clutch variation in offspring phenotypes that is caused by unpredictable environmental challenges to the mothers, plays a key role in altering the expression levels of buffering molecules. Investigating dynamic bet hedging at the molecular level and how it impacts upon morphological phenotypes will help our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of canalization and evolutionary processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Day Break of Hormesis)
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