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Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymers
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Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymers

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 March 2025 | Viewed by 7534

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Dmitriy A. Sapozhnikov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Interests: polymer synthesis; polycondensation; free radical polymerization; molecular and nanocomposites; coatings
Prof. Dr. Ya. S. Vygodskii

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
A.N.Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Interests: polycondensation; polyheteroarylenes; ionic liquids; poly(ionic liquid)s; advanced polymer materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Despite the widespread use of polymers in all spheres of life, research and practical interest in this field of chemistry are steadily increasing. This Special Issue is intended to show the versatility of polymer chemistry and molecular design, the ability to customize the desired properties, structure–property relationships, and the most diverse applications of new polymers, including energy, electronics, membrane technologies, medicine, optics, etc. The main focus will be on the synthesis and post-polymerization modification of carbon- and heterochain polymers, organoelement and organometallic polymers, functionalized polymers, and molecular and nanocomposites. Works studying the influence of polymer structure on the properties, processing, and recycling of polymers and applications for a specific practical task will be presented as well. We invite polymer scientists, chemical engineers, physicists, materials scientists, and technologists to publish original scientific research papers or reviews in this open-access Special Issue in order to make the acquired knowledge publicly available, accelerate the development of polymer chemistry, and expand their practical use.

Dr. Dmitriy A. Sapozhnikov
Prof. Dr. Ya. S. Vygodskii
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 5709 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Autogenic and Allogenic Chondrocyte Transplants on Polyethersulfone Scaffolds for Cartilage Regeneration
by Tomasz Jakutowicz, Monika Wasyłeczko, Maciej Płończak, Cezary Wojciechowski, Andrzej Chwojnowski and Jarosław Czubak
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(16), 9075; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169075 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 614
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chondrogenic potential of chondrocyte transplants cultured in vitro on polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. Forty-eight rabbits (96 knee joints) were used in the project. The synthetic, macro-porous PES membranes were used as scaffolds. Fragments of articular [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the chondrogenic potential of chondrocyte transplants cultured in vitro on polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. Forty-eight rabbits (96 knee joints) were used in the project. The synthetic, macro-porous PES membranes were used as scaffolds. Fragments of articular cartilage were harvested from non-weight-bearing areas of the joints of the animals. Chondrocytes were isolated and then cultivated on PES scaffolds for 3 weeks. The animals were divided into four groups. All the lesions in the articular cartilage were full thickness defects. In Group I, autogenic chondrocytes on PES membranes were transplanted into the defect area; in Group II, allogenic chondrocytes on PES membranes were transplanted into the defect area; in Group III, pure PES membranes were transplanted into the defect area; and in Group IV, lesions were left untreated. Half of the animals from each group were terminated after 8 weeks, and the remaining half were terminated 12 weeks postoperatively. The samples underwent macroscopic evaluation using the Brittberg scale and microscopic evaluation using the O’Driscoll scale. The best regeneration was observed in Groups II and I. In Group I, the results were achieved with two surgeries, while in Group II, only one operation was needed. This indicates that allogenic chondrocytes do not require two surgeries, highlighting the importance of further in vivo studies to better understand this advantage. The success of the study and the desired properties of PES scaffolds are attributed mainly to the presence of sulfonic groups in the structure of the material. These groups, similar to chondroitin sulfate, which naturally occurs in hyaline cartilage, likely enable mutual affinity between the scaffold and cells and promote scaffold colonization by the cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymers)
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16 pages, 4206 KiB  
Article
Conformational Transition of Semiflexible Ring Polyelectrolyte in Tetravalent Salt Solutions: A Simple Numerical Modeling without the Effect of Twisting
by Dan Lu, Aihua Chai, Xiuxia Hu, Peihua Zhong, Nianqian Kang, Xianfei Kuang and Zhiyong Yang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(15), 8268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158268 - 29 Jul 2024
Viewed by 588
Abstract
In this work, the conformational behaviors of ring polyelectrolyte in tetravalent salt solutions are discussed in detail through molecular dynamics simulation. For simplification, here we have neglected the effect of the twisting interaction, although it has been well known that both bending and [...] Read more.
In this work, the conformational behaviors of ring polyelectrolyte in tetravalent salt solutions are discussed in detail through molecular dynamics simulation. For simplification, here we have neglected the effect of the twisting interaction, although it has been well known that both bending and twisting interactions play a deterministic in the steric conformation of a semiflexible ring polymer. The salt concentration CS and the bending energy b take a decisive role in the conformation of the ring polyelectrolyte (PE). Throughout our calculations, the b varies from b = 0 (freely joint chain) to b = 120. The salt concentration CS changes in the range of 3.56 × 10−4 M ≤ CS ≤ 2.49 × 10−1 M. Upon the addition of salt, ring PE contracts at first, subsequently re-expands. More abundant conformations are observed for a semiflexible ring PE. For b = 10, the conformation of semiflexible ring PE shifts from the loop to two-racquet-head spindle, then it condenses into toroid, finally arranges into coil with the increase of CS. As b increases further, four phase transitions are observed. The latter two phase transitions are different. The semiflexible ring PE experiences transformation from toroid to two racquet head spindle, finally to loop in the latter two phase transitions. Its conformation is determined by the competition among the bending energy, cation-bridge, and entropy. Combined, our findings indicate that the conformations of semiflexible ring PE can be controlled by changing the salt concentration and chain stiffness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymers)
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14 pages, 1237 KiB  
Article
Soluble Fluorinated Cardo Copolyimide as an Effective Additive to Photopolymerizable Compositions Based on Di(meth)acrylates: Application for Highly Thermostable Primary Protective Coating of Silica Optical Fiber
by Dmitriy A. Sapozhnikov, Olga A. Melnik, Alexander V. Chuchalov, Roman S. Kovylin, Sergey A. Chesnokov, Dmitriy A. Khanin, Galina G. Nikiforova, Alexey F. Kosolapov, Sergey L. Semjonov and Yakov S. Vygodskii
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5494; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105494 - 17 May 2024
Viewed by 1044
Abstract
The development of photocurable compositions is in high demand for the manufacture of functional materials for electronics, optics, medicine, energy, etc. The properties of the final photo-cured material are primarily determined by the initial mixture, which needs to be tuned for each application. [...] Read more.
The development of photocurable compositions is in high demand for the manufacture of functional materials for electronics, optics, medicine, energy, etc. The properties of the final photo-cured material are primarily determined by the initial mixture, which needs to be tuned for each application. In this study we propose to use simple systems based on di(meth)acrylate, polyimide and photoinitiator for the preparation of new photo-curable compositions. It was established that a fluorinated cardo copolyimide (FCPI) based on 2,2-bis-(3,4-dicarboxydiphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride, 9,9-bis-(4-aminophenyl)fluorene and 2,2-bis-(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane (1.00:0.75:0.25 mol) has excellent solubility in di(met)acrylates. This made it possible to prepare solutions of FCPI in such monomers, to study the effect of FCPI on the kinetics of their photopolymerization in situ and the properties of the resulting polymers. According to the obtained data, the solutions of FCPI (23 wt.%) in 1,4-butanediol diacrylate (BDDA) and FCPI (15 wt.%) in tetraethylene glycol diacrylate were tested for the formation of the primary protective coatings of the silica optical fibers. It was found that the new coating of poly(BDDA–FCPI23%) can withstand prolonged annealing at 200 °C (72 h), which is comparable or superior to the known most thermally stable photo-curable coatings. The proposed approach can be applied to obtain other functional materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymers)
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21 pages, 3148 KiB  
Article
Optimizing the Ion Conductivity and Mechanical Stability of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Designed for Use in Lithium Ion Batteries: Combining Imidazolium-Containing Poly(ionic liquids) and Poly(propylene carbonate)
by Nataliya Kiriy, Sezer Özenler, Pauline Voigt, Oliver Kobsch, Jochen Meier-Haack, Kerstin Arnhold, Andreas Janke, Upenyu L. Muza, Martin Geisler, Albena Lederer, Doris Pospiech, Anton Kiriy and Brigitte Voit
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1595; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031595 - 27 Jan 2024
Viewed by 2033
Abstract
State-of-the-art Li batteries suffer from serious safety hazards caused by the reactivity of lithium and the flammable nature of liquid electrolytes. This work develops highly efficient solid-state electrolytes consisting of imidazolium-containing polyionic liquids (PILs) and lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). By employing PIL/LiTFSI electrolyte [...] Read more.
State-of-the-art Li batteries suffer from serious safety hazards caused by the reactivity of lithium and the flammable nature of liquid electrolytes. This work develops highly efficient solid-state electrolytes consisting of imidazolium-containing polyionic liquids (PILs) and lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). By employing PIL/LiTFSI electrolyte membranes blended with poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), we addressed the problem of combining ionic conductivity and mechanical properties in one material. It was found that PPC acts as a mechanically reinforcing component that does not reduce but even enhances the ionic conductivity. While pure PILs are liquids, the tricomponent PPC/PIL/LiTFSI blends are rubber-like materials with a Young’s modulus in the range of 100 MPa. The high mechanical strength of the material enables fabrication of mechanically robust free-standing membranes. The tricomponent PPC/PIL/LiTFSI membranes have an ionic conductivity of 10−6 S·cm−1 at room temperature, exhibiting conductivity that is two orders of magnitude greater than bicomponent PPC/LiTFSI membranes. At 60 °C, the conductivity of PPC/PIL/LiTFSI membranes increases to 10−5 S·cm−1 and further increases to 10−3 S·cm−1 in the presence of plasticizers. Cyclic voltammetry measurements reveal good electrochemical stability of the tricomponent PIL/PPC/LiTFSI membrane that potentially ranges from 0 to 4.5 V vs. Li/Li+. The mechanically reinforced membranes developed in this work are promising electrolytes for potential applications in solid-state batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymers)
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Review

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19 pages, 5555 KiB  
Review
Prospects of Using Chitosan-Based Biopolymers in the Treatment of Peripheral Nerve Injuries
by Meng Zhang, Heng An, Fengshi Zhang, Haoran Jiang, Teng Wan, Yongqiang Wen, Na Han and Peixun Zhang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(16), 12956; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612956 - 19 Aug 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2269
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common neurological disorders, and the available treatment options, such as conservative management and surgical repair, often yield limited results. However, there is growing interest in the potential of using chitosan-based biopolymers as a novel therapeutic approach to treating these [...] Read more.
Peripheral nerve injuries are common neurological disorders, and the available treatment options, such as conservative management and surgical repair, often yield limited results. However, there is growing interest in the potential of using chitosan-based biopolymers as a novel therapeutic approach to treating these injuries. Chitosan-based biopolymers possess unique characteristics, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the ability to stimulate cell proliferation, making them highly suitable for repairing nerve defects and promoting nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Furthermore, these biopolymers can be utilized in drug delivery systems to control the release of therapeutic agents and facilitate the growth of nerve cells. This comprehensive review focuses on the latest advancements in utilizing chitosan-based biopolymers for peripheral nerve regeneration. By harnessing the potential of chitosan-based biopolymers, we can pave the way for innovative treatment strategies that significantly improve the outcomes of peripheral nerve injury repair, offering renewed hope and better prospects for patients in need. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Polymers)
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