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Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0
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Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2022) | Viewed by 14165

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sukhwinder Singh

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Geneshifters, LLC, Pullman, WA, USA
Interests: wheat; modern breeding methods; biotechnology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wheat is the world’s most important staple food crop, and is a source of 19% of the everyday calories and 21% of protein requirements for humans. Demand for wheat is projected to increase by 60% in the coming decades, yet land scarcity, climate change, and a decreasing availability of affordable inputs threaten to limit our ability to continue increasing wheat production. To meet demand, genetic improvements and the development of breeding techniques are necessary. Bread wheat has a complex genome, and it is essential to identify key genes and their structure, role, and function in the development of wheat plants for higher grain yield, better quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The application of novel methods and analyses of genetically manipulated wheat plants for their utility in breeding can be translated to the field through the introgression of desirable new alleles into wheat breeding programs. This Special Issue on the “Genetics and Breeding of Wheat” cover papers on basic and applied research highlighting all aspects of the genetics, breeding, biotechnology, germplasm enhancement, and any new theories which can improve wheat yield, quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Dr. Sukhwinder Singh
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • wheat
  • modern breeding methods
  • biotechnology
  • biotic and abiotic stress tolerance
  • genetic resources
  • germplasm enhancement
  • cultivar development
  • genetic gain
  • genomic selection
  • evolution
  • doubled haploidy
  • molecular markers
  • polyploidy
  • triticum

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2517 KiB  
Article
Elucidating the Genetic Relationships on the Original Old Sicilian Triticum Spp. Collection by SNP Genotyping
by Maria Carola Fiore, Sebastiano Blangiforti, Giovanni Preiti, Alfio Spina, Sara Bosi, Ilaria Marotti, Antonio Mauceri, Guglielmo Puccio, Francesco Sunseri and Francesco Mercati
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(21), 13378; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113378 - 2 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2125
Abstract
Several Triticum species spread in cultivation in Sicily and neighboring regions over the centuries, which led to the establishment of a large genetic diversity. Many ancient varieties were widely cultivated until the beginning of the last century before being replaced by modern varieties. [...] Read more.
Several Triticum species spread in cultivation in Sicily and neighboring regions over the centuries, which led to the establishment of a large genetic diversity. Many ancient varieties were widely cultivated until the beginning of the last century before being replaced by modern varieties. Recently, they have been reintroduced in cultivation in Sicily. Here, the genetic diversity of 115 and 11 accessions from Sicily and Calabria, respectively, belonging to Triticum species was evaluated using a high-density SNP array. Einkorn, emmer, and spelta wheat genotypes were used as outgroups for species and subspecies; five modern varieties of durum and bread wheat were used as references. A principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) showed four distinct groups among Triticum species and T. turgidum subspecies. The population structure analysis distinguished five gene pools, among which three appeared private to the T. aestivum, T. turgidum subsp. Turgidum, and ‘Timilia’ group. The principal component analysis (PCA) displayed a bio-morphological trait relationship of a subset (110) of ancient wheat varieties and their wide variability within the T. turgidum subsp. durum subgroups. A discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and phylogenetic analyses applied to the four durum wheat subgroups revealed that the improved varieties harbored a different gene pool compared to the most ancient varieties. The ‘Russello’ and ‘Russello Ibleo’ groups were distinguished; both displayed higher genetic variability compared to the ‘Timilia’ group accessions. This research represents a comprehensive approach to fingerprinting the old wheat Sicilian germplasm, which is useful in avoiding commercial fraud and sustaining the cultivation of landraces and ancient varieties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0)
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16 pages, 1751 KiB  
Article
The Association of Grain Yield and Agronomical Traits with Genes of Plant Height, Photoperiod Sensitivity and Plastid Glutamine Synthetase in Winter Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Collection
by Mikhail S. Bazhenov, Ludmila A. Bespalova, Alina A. Kocheshkova, Anastasiya G. Chernook, Olga Y. Puzyrnaya, Elena V. Agaeva, Ekaterina A. Nikitina, Vladimir N. Igonin, Svetlana S. Bazhenova, Elena A. Vertikova, Pyotr N. Kharchenko, Gennady I. Karlov and Mikhail G. Divashuk
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(19), 11402; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911402 - 27 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2430
Abstract
The reduction in plant height caused by mutations in Rht-B1 or Rht-D1 (Reduced height-1) genes in combination with day-length-independent early flowering associated with the Ppd-D1 (Photoperiod-D1) gene were the main factors of the drastic yield increase in bread wheat in the 1960s. Increasing [...] Read more.
The reduction in plant height caused by mutations in Rht-B1 or Rht-D1 (Reduced height-1) genes in combination with day-length-independent early flowering associated with the Ppd-D1 (Photoperiod-D1) gene were the main factors of the drastic yield increase in bread wheat in the 1960s. Increasing nitrogen use efficiency as well as maintaining high yields under conditions of global climate change are the modern goals of wheat breeding. The glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme plays a key role in ammonium assimilation in plants. In previous studies, the TaGS2-A1 gene, coding the plastid isoform of GS, was shown to be connected with nitrogen use efficiency in wheat. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers, the association of yield and agronomical traits with haplotypes of Rht-B1, Rht-D1, Ppd-D1 and TaGS2-A1 genes was studied in a diverse collection of winter bread wheat cultivars grown in Krasnodar (Russia). In the three-year experiment, semidwarfism and photoperiod insensitivity were confirmed to be highly favorable for the grain yield. The TaGS2-A1b haplotype had a tendency for increased grain yield and lodging resistance, but mainly in plants not possessing the ‘green revolution’ alleles. Thus, TaGS2-A1b may have potential in breeding wheat cultivars with alternative dwarfing genes or tall cultivars, which may be optimal for growing under certain environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0)
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15 pages, 8829 KiB  
Article
Development and Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of a Novel Wheat-Rye T6RS.6AL Translocation Line from Secale cereale L. Qinling with Resistance to Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew
by Tianheng Ren, Zixin Sun, Zhenglong Ren, Feiquan Tan, Peigao Luo and Zhi Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(18), 10495; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810495 - 10 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1718
Abstract
In this study, a novel T6RS.6AL translocation line, 117-6, was selected from a cross between common Chuannong25 (CN25) wheat and Qinling rye. The results of nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) and PCR showed that 117-6 contained two T6RS.6AL translocation chromosomes. The distal [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel T6RS.6AL translocation line, 117-6, was selected from a cross between common Chuannong25 (CN25) wheat and Qinling rye. The results of nondenaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization (ND-FISH) and PCR showed that 117-6 contained two T6RS.6AL translocation chromosomes. The distal region of the 6RS chromosome in 117-6 was mutant and showed different FISH signal patterns. When inoculated with different stripe rust races and powdery mildew races in seedlings, 117-6 expressed high resistance to them. The 117-6 line also exhibited high resistance to stripe rust and powdery mildew in the field under natural Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) and Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt) infection. The cytogenetic analysis indicated that the introduction of 6RS conferred resistance ability. Compared with wheat parent CN25, 117-6 exhibited excellent agronomic traits in the field. The present study indicated that Qinling rye may carry favorite genes as a potential source for wheat genetic improvement, and 117-6 could be a useful germplasm for wheat breeding programs in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0)
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18 pages, 2758 KiB  
Article
A Mouse-Based Method to Monitor Wheat Allergens in Novel Wheat Lines and Varieties Created by Crossbreeding: Proof-of-Concept Using Durum and A. tauschii Wheats
by Rick Jorgensen, Rajsri Raghunath, Haoran Gao, Eric Olson, Perry K. W. Ng and Venu Gangur
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(12), 6505; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126505 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1933
Abstract
Wheat allergies are potentially life-threatening because of the high risk of anaphylaxis. Wheats belong to four genotypes represented in thousands of lines and varieties. Monitoring changes to wheat allergens is critical to prevent inadvertent ntroduction of hyper-allergenic varieties via breeding. However, validated methods [...] Read more.
Wheat allergies are potentially life-threatening because of the high risk of anaphylaxis. Wheats belong to four genotypes represented in thousands of lines and varieties. Monitoring changes to wheat allergens is critical to prevent inadvertent ntroduction of hyper-allergenic varieties via breeding. However, validated methods for this purpose are unavailable at present. As a proof-of-concept study, we tested the hypothesis that salt-soluble wheat allergens in our mouse model will be identical to those reported for humans. Groups of Balb/cJ mice were rendered allergic to durum wheat salt-soluble protein extract (SSPE). Using blood from allergic mice, a mini hyper-IgE plasma bank was created and used in optimizing an IgE Western blotting (IEWB) to identify IgE binding allergens. The LC-MS/MS was used to sequence the allergenic bands. An ancient Aegilops tauschii wheat was grown in our greenhouse and extracted SSPE. Using the optimized IEWB method followed by sequencing, the cross-reacting allergens in A. tauschii wheat were identified. Database analysis showed all but 2 of the durum wheat allergens and all A. tauschii wheat allergens identified in this model had been reported as human allergens. Thus, this model may be used to identify and monitor potential changes to salt-soluble wheat allergens caused by breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0)
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16 pages, 3957 KiB  
Article
Molecular Cytogenetic and Physiological Characterization of a Novel Wheat-Rye T1RS.1BL Translocation Line from Secale cereal L. Weining with Resistance to Stripe Rust and Functional “Stay Green” Trait
by Zhi Li, Qing Jiang, Tao Fan, Liqi Zhao, Zhenglong Ren, Feiquan Tan, Peigao Luo and Tianheng Ren
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(9), 4626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23094626 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2162
Abstract
In this study, a novel T1RS.1BL translocation line RT843-5 was selected from a cross between wheat Mianyang11 (MY11) and Weining rye. The results of MC-FISH, PCR, and A-PAGE showed that RT843-5 contained two intact T1RS.1BL translocation chromosomes. RT843-5 showed resistance to the most [...] Read more.
In this study, a novel T1RS.1BL translocation line RT843-5 was selected from a cross between wheat Mianyang11 (MY11) and Weining rye. The results of MC-FISH, PCR, and A-PAGE showed that RT843-5 contained two intact T1RS.1BL translocation chromosomes. RT843-5 showed resistance to the most virulent and frequently occurring stripe rust races/isolates. Additionally, RT843-5 showed resistance in the field in locations where stripe rust outbreaks have been the most severe in China. Genetic analysis indicated one new gene for stripe rust resistance, located on 1RS of RT843-5, which was tentatively named YrRt843. Furthermore, the chlorophyll content, the activities of catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of RT843-5 were significantly higher than those in its wheat parent MY11, whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation was significantly lower after anthesis in RT843-5 compared to in MY11. RT843-5 had a significantly higher 1000-kernel weight and yield than MY11. The results indicated that RT843-5 exhibited functional stay-green traits after anthesis, that delayed the senescence process in wheat leaves during the filling stage and had positive effects on grain yield. The present study indicated that Weining rye may carry untapped variations as a potential source of resistance, and that RT843-5 could be an important material for wheat breeding programs in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0)
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21 pages, 4842 KiB  
Article
Mapping Resistance to Argentinean Fusarium (Graminearum) Head Blight Isolates in Wheat
by Carolina Sgarbi, Ismael Malbrán, Luciana Saldúa, Gladys Albina Lori, Ulrike Lohwasser, Mian Abdur Rehman Arif, Andreas Börner, Marcos Yanniccari and Ana Maria Castro
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(24), 13653; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413653 - 20 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2560
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is a destructive disease worldwide, reducing wheat yield and quality. To accelerate the improvement of scab tolerance in wheat, we assessed the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative mapping population (ITMI/MP) for Type I [...] Read more.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat, caused by Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe), is a destructive disease worldwide, reducing wheat yield and quality. To accelerate the improvement of scab tolerance in wheat, we assessed the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative mapping population (ITMI/MP) for Type I and II resistance against a wide population of Argentinean isolates of F. graminearum. We discovered a total of 27 additive QTLs on ten different (2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5B, 5D and 6D) wheat chromosomes for Type I and Type II resistances explaining a maximum of 15.99% variation. Another four and two QTLs for thousand kernel weight in control and for Type II resistance, respectively, involved five different chromosomes (1B, 2D, 6A, 6D and 7D). Furthermore, three, three and five QTLs for kernel weight per spike in control, for Type I resistance and for Type II resistance, correspondingly, involved ten chromosomes (2A, 2D, 3B, 4A, 5A, 5B, 6B, 7A, 7B, 7D). We were also able to detect five and two epistasis pairs of QTLs for Type I and Type II resistance, respectively, in addition to additive QTLs that evidenced that FHB resistance in wheat is controlled by a complex network of additive and epistasis QTLs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Wheat 2.0)
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